available online at sciencedirect the 2nd largest zamindary of eastern bengal until the abolition of...

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Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 00 (2016) 000–000

www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange.

“Conservation of Architectural Heritage, CAH” 23-27 November 2015, Luxor

A Tribute To The Silent Death Of The Bhawal Raja’s Heritage In Bengal

Ar. Nusrat Ahmed , Ar. Ashik Vaskor *

Depatment of Environment & Geography, Post Grad. Student,University of Dhaka, Nilkhet Rd, Dhak-1000,Bangladesh

Department of Engineering, Architecture Faculty, American International University- Bangladesh, House No. 58/B, Block-B, Rd No 21, Banani,

Dhak-1213,Bangladesh

Abstract

It was not very much far behind that the Bhawal Raja’s has the royal power to rule the 2nd largest Zamindary in

eastern Bengal, including Dhaka city; the capital of modern Bangladesh from mid-17th to the early 19th centuries.

They built many temples, palaces, schools, guest houses & other structures to facilitate the region. But the absence

of authority, poor maintenance, wrong restoration, & rapid unplanned urban & industrial development has already

leads Bhawal’s to a silent death to their own ruled area only after a few years of their depart.

The aim of this paper is to exploring the real history & legacy of Bhawal Raja’s to the world through documenting

their heritage & save the recent pasts future by finding the reasons behind the extinction of their heritage’s & make

some proposal which may help to create an example of conservation of the architectural heritage in the late 21st

century as a part of cultural identity.

© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange.

Keywords: Bhawal RaJa; Origin of the word Bhawal; The Bhawal Raj Estate; Establishments of Bhawal raja; Kali Narayan Temple.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +880-1711456366.

E-mail address: [email protected]; [email protected]

b a

a

b

Comment [S1]: Elsevier to update with volume

and page numbers.

mailto:[email protected]

2 N. Ahmed et al. / A Tribute To The Silent Death Of The Bhawal Raja’s Heritage In Bengal 00 (2016) 000–000

1. Introduction

Bhawal Raja’s was the famous Zaminders of Bhawal (Bengali: ভাওযাল) known as the leading Hindu landlords

having the 2nd largest Zamindary of Eastern Bengal until the abolition of the Zamindary system in 1951. (Islam,S.,

2015) Their capital was settled in Joydevpur, currently fall into Gazipur District, 30 Km North from Dhaka,

(Islam,S., 2015 & Bhawal Estate,2015) carrying the evidences of their legacy all most everywhere around the

region. Though their capital was at Gazipur but they occupied the maximum land of present Dhaka city & also built

many temples, palaces, schools, guest houses & other structures.

Rapid & unplanned urban & industrial development has already destroyed the essence of Bhawals existence on the

particular region. Moreover, in recent time, some of their establishment has destroyed & some are on the process of

extinction and some are the victim of wrong restoration. The absence of authority & poor maintenance is another

reason which increases the urge to take initiatives to save the recent past.

2. Background

2.1 The origin of the word “Bhawal”

Historian has debate about the meaning of the word ‘Bhawal’. The debate found with the Mahabharata & ends with

the Gazi’s of Bhawal. Roy, J. M. (1912) wrote that the soil condition & other ethereal circumstances depict Bhawal

as a very ancient place. He continued, during the war of kurukshetra the ruler of Vaba Pal or Vadro Pal state took

the side of Duryodhana. Some think present Bhawal was the capital of Vaba Pal or Vadro Pal state.he also inscribe

that, the introductory part of the dictionary Written by Sre Ram Komol Sen describes that; some says Bhawal comes

from the name Vogalay which is the capital of Vagadatta inscribed in Mahabharat*.

Another thought was, during 10th century Ptolemy describe ancient Bhawal as ‘AtmikBhol’ in Greek language

which is a transformation of Sanskrit Bhual word. Later on these ‘Bhual’ transform into ‘Bhawal’. As the Bhumi

(lands) of the area were enclosed through several raised land called Ailes to deposit water, the word Bhawal may

comes from ‘Bhual’ or ‘Bhu Jukto Ailes’ means ‘land with several raised land’. (Islam & Rashid, A., 2012)

But, no proper evidence has been found about these beliefs rather history shows strong evidence that Sufi

Karfarma’s (the founder of GAZI dynasty) descendant Bhawal Gazi (during the rule of Sher Shaha) rename the area

Bhawal after his own name in between the late 12th century & the beginning of 13th century. (History of Gazipur

District, 2015 &Yowashi, M., H., 1992)

2.2 Historical chronology & the rise of Bhawal Raja

The ancestor of Bhawal Gazi was karfarma shah, Islam’s great preacher, reached ancient Bhawal’s eastern region

Kaliganj by boat to spread Islam during the Sena Emperor & settles his establishment at Choira. The ruler of Delhi

Thughlok was especially grateful by karfarma shah. Allen, B.C (1912) wrote karfarma shah went to Delhi & there

received from the emperor the grant of Pargana Bhawal.

After the death of ‘karfarma shah’ his ideal successor Bhawal Gazi imposed his kingship in all the petty territories

one after another & renamed the area after his name. The first renowned chief of Bhawal was Fazl Gazi, a close

* The Mahabharata or Mahābhārata is one of the two major Sanskrit epics of ancient India. The Mahabharata is an epic narrative of the

Kurukshetra War and the fates of the Kaurava and the Pandava princes.

N. Ahmed et al. / A Tribute To The Silent Death Of The Bhawal Raja’s Heritage In Bengal 00 (2016) 000–000 3

associate of Isa Khan, one of the leading Baro Bhuiyans** of Bengal. Bahadur Gazi, one of his descendants, received

a ‘jaigir’ of 22 Parganas in East Bengal from the Mughal Emperor Akbar. The zamindary was retained by the Gazi

family who originally settled at Kaliganj till the time of Daulat Gazi when, in 1645 A.D (Islam,S., 2015 & Yowashi,

M., H., 1992) .

Daulat Gazi failed to exercise proper supervision over his affairs; his revenues were not paid up punctually and it is

alleged that the Mughal authorities deprived him of the zaminderi and settled it with three of his Hindu servants,

Balaram, Krishna ram chowdhury & Pulasana Ghose (Allen, B.C., 1912). Thus his zamindari has been passing

through the hands of Hindu zaminders who were originally the Dewans of Daulat Gazi. The first Hindu raja of

Bhawal was Kush Dhhaja Ray who settled here in 1738 (Islam,S., 2015 & Yowashi, M., H., 1992 ). After him the

Bhawal estate has been owned by his descendants (Fig: 3) for long. Thus the ruling of Gazi’s has ended in the

Bhawal territories at 1736AD. (Islam,S., 2015). Fig: 1 shows the land area of Bhawal Raj Estate during the Bhawal

Gazi at 1736 A.D & after him at 1738 A.D.

a. b.

Fig: 1shows the map of Bengal in 1778 & the map of modern Bangladesh, all together, denoted the land area of Bhawal Raj Estate (a) during

the Bhawal Gazi at 1736 A.D. & (b) after the division of land when it handed over from Bhawal Gazi to his Hindu servants at 1738 A.D.

2.3 Bhawal raja - genealogy & contributions

In 1738 Bal-Ram-Roy son of Kush Dhhaja Ray, the ancestor of the Rajas of Bhawal removed all Muslim rulers

from the Gazi’s clan and established lordship over the entire administrative regions of Bhawal (Islam,S. ,2015&

History of Gazipur District , 2015 ). After his death his son Krishno-Roy became lord and according to his intent the

capital was transferred to PiraBari from Chandona. In 1743, son of Sri-Krishna lord Joydev-Ray bought 2 ana of

land from Pulasana Ghose & renamed PiraBari to Joydevpur after his own name. Presently Joydevpur is positioned

in Gazipur district’s administrative region. After him, his son Indra Narayan Ray becomes the lord who built a small

‘Siva Temple’ & named it after him as ‘Indershawar Temple’ which is now known as ‘Shib Bari’. The area of

‘Siddheswari’, Dhaka has named after Loko Narayan’s wife Siddheswari Devi.

The zamindary was experienced it’s pick at the time of Raja Kali Narayan Ray Choudhury (Fig: 2).In 1851, he

bought the zamindary of J Wise, an indigo planter. Through this purchase the family became the owner of the entire

Bhawal pargana. In 1838 he built the main fabric of the Joydevpur Palace & the Dighi of the palace. He patronize in

education & health sector too. He built Rajendar Narayan School at Rajendrapur also contributed to build the

Mitford Hospital & still a scholarship has been given in the University of Dhaka named after him. In 1878,

Kalinarayan Roy Chowdhury got the hereditary 'raja' title from the British raj (Islam,S. ,2015).

** The Baro-Bhuyans (spelled variously as Baro-Bhunias etc.) were warrior chiefs and landlords (zamindars) in medieval Bengal and Assam

who maintained a loosely independent confederacy.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamindars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam


Allen, B.C (1912) wrote kailnarayan ray was the first gentleman in Eastern Bengal to receive from the government

the title of ‘RAJA BAHADUR’. Kaliganj & the temple of shamasn ghat at gazipur named after him as ‘Kali Narayn

Temple’.Kali Narayan died in 1878 and was succeeded by his son, Raja Rajendra Narayan Dev Bahadur, who died

in 1901. He had three sons: Ranendra, Ramendra and Rabindra Narayan. The eldest two did not survive long and as

they left no issue, the youngest succeeded to the inheritance.

a. b. c.

Fig: 2(a) Raja Kali Narayan Ray Chowdhury (b) Raja Rabindra Narayan Ray Chowdhury (c) Raja Rabindra Narayan Ray Chowdhury & his wife

Fig: 3 show the Genealogy Chart of Bhawal Raja’s (1738 A.D - 1946A.D) (Yowashi, M., H., 1992) & highlight some important contributor of

the society among them.

But the second son, Ramendra Narayan, has came back after 12 years of his death & claim his right who was

announced as dead & cremated at Darjeeling in 1909. Thus started the famous bhawal case (1935) that made news

and gossips all over Bengal and beyond for a decade and became the subject of literature, theatre and cinema in

many languages of India. Fig: 2 show the portrait of some family members & Fig: 4 picture some events of Bhawal

family, all of which are preserved in National Archive of Bangladesh


a. b. c.

Fig: 4 (a) Anandamani Devi & his son on an occasion (b) shows an image of Raja Ramendra Narayan Ray Chowdhury (c) the cover a novel

named ‘A Princely Imposter’ by Partha Chatterjee, based on Raja Ramendra Narayan Ray’s controversial death & come back as a shannass.

As the Family left no successors, the British court of wards became the custodian of the Bhawal Lordship

permanently in 1936 after the real death of Raja Ramendra Narayan (Islam,S., 2015 & Yowashi, M., H., 1992 ).

After the independence of Bangladesh, since, 1995 the Court of Wards is operating under the “Land Reform Board”,

the government's assigned body for taking care of the Bhawal Estate (Islam,S., 2015).

3. Significant establishments

During the lordship of Bhawal rajas’ Bhawal Estate spread over 579 square miles (1,500 km2) (Bhawal Estate,

2015) where they owned an army of elephants, horses and zoos, fleets of cars and scores of palaces & temples which

represent their excellence in architectural sagacity. There is a description of the significant establishment which

facilitates & host the aristocracy of their Zamindary has enlisted below an enlistment with of their present

establishment is given below.

3.1 The Recreational Palace

3.2 The Palace of Bhawal Raja

3.3 Indreshawer Temple (Shiva Temple)

3.4 Kali Temple & Manikoo Madhob Temple

3.5 Kali Narayan Temple

Fig: 5 Shows a map, which indicate the location of present establishment of Bhawal Rraja’s in Gazipur city.


3.1 The Recreational Palace

A map is shown in (Fig: 6), Locating at 47, Nolgolla by the Buriganga River the Recreational Palace of Bhawal’s

which still bear testimony to one of the most powerful zamindars in our history. The residence is situated on around

one acre land. There are at least five structures in the compound. The Main grand residential building was two-

storey & represents the colonial influence of architecture in Bengal.

a. b. c.

Fig: 6(a) Shows “The retreat of Bhawal Rajas at Nolgola now being used as a place of making cement bags and manufacturing recycled plastic

products (right). A part of the decorative tiled walls of the abode (left).” D. Ghias (2007). (b) According to M. A. Khan and P. Roy (2011), “the

rickety steel columns, huge wooden doors, marble tiles and well-curved arches” still can be found inside the palace. (c) But “Lack of sincerity of

the government has put the historic Bhawal Raja’s residence at Nalgola, Imamganj near Mitford Hospital in Old Dhaka on the verge of

destruction.”, A. Azad (2014).

3.2 The Palace of Bhawal Raja

This extensive palace is located at Joydevpu, now Known as Gazipur sadar, which occupied an area of about fifteen

acres of flat-land, is highly irregular in plan, with its main axis from north to south measuring about 400’-0” in

length represents the colonial influence. The total Raj bari complex houses a wide range of functions with some

dedicated structures.

The entrance portico

‘Baro-Dalan

Nat-mandap’

Family Shrine

‘Rani-Mahal’

Open courts

The residential quarters

Superintendent of police’s office

Baro-Dalan; its double-storied entrance portico on the south projects about 20’-0” beyond the main building and is

supported on four pairs of round columns. The porch is backed by a wide veranda. On either side of the hall there

are three sets of rooms each, to the east and the west. A broad wooden staircase, accommodated within the entrance

hall on the right, gives access to the upper floor, which is similarly laid out in plan. This front block, known as Baro-

Dalan was reserved for European guests.

a. b.

Fig: 7(a) shows The Palace of Bhawal Raja (b) shows a map of The Palace of Bhawal Raja


Nat-Mandap Behind the “Baro Dalan” there is a 100’-0” square open court, occupied by a ‘Nat-mandap’, which is

covered with a humped-back corrugated iron roof carried on a series of slender concrete pillars. Looking inward to

the ‘Nat-Mandap’ there are two-storied blocks of residential apartments on the southern, eastern and western sides

with an uninterrupted verandah in front with semi-circular arches. The verandah on the fourth side, however, is

supported in a number of Corinthian columns. Above it is an open terrace, flanked on either side by two, ‘chau-

chala’ shrines, and behind it raises the plain upper storey.

Family Shrine Further to the north and behind the first court there is another open court, which is surrounded on

three sides by tow-storied residential apartments with paired round columns in front. On the remaining northern side

there is the family shrine. The verandah in front of the shrine rests on two parallel rows of six round columns, each

ringed around with a series of slender Ionic columns supporting the semi-circular arches above.

Rani-Mahal Beyond the family shrin and further to the north there is a north-south running block of residential

apartments, accessible through a narrow corridor to the west.This long block has a projecting wing on the west

which is at right angles to the main block and which is known as the ‘Rani-Mahal’ or the ‘harem’ of the palace. The

‘Rani-Mahal’ which is also two-storied has a semi-circular projection on its southern side with a large airy balcony,

supported on a series of semi-circular arches. This part of the complicated palace is enclosing on the west by a low

boundary wall and 200’-0” wide face which runs the whole length of the Rajbari and behind.

The residential quarters Across the moat to the south-west, is a small dilapidated bungalow, said once to be the

residential quarters of the family doctor.

Superintendent of police’s office immediately behind the ‘Rani-Mahal’ and further to the north there is an east-west

running blocks which now house the superintendent of police’s office. It was originally a single-storied building but

recently a second storey has been added.

Dewankhana & Stable Outside the Rajbari, across a meadow on the south, stood the manager’s office, the

dewankhana and two stable blocks where, in 1909, forty horses and carriages, including a silver mounted carriage

and twenty elephants were housed.

The stupendous mass of this irregularly laid out palace, the largest in Bangladesh, which contains more than 360

apartments of varying dimensions, now houses the newly created headquarters of the Gazipur district (Ulysses.,

2006).

3.3 Indreshawar temple

Indra narayan has situated a Shiba Temple only 1.5 mile distance from the Bhawal Rajbari & named it as

Indreshawar Temple which is now known as Shib Bari. Still people worship here but this temple has transformed

from its previous appearance.

a. b.

Fig: 8(a) shows the present image Indranarayan Temple (b) shows the present image of the Kali Temple


3.4 The kali temple & the Manikoo Madhob Temple

This kali temple was built by Raja Rajendra Narayan Ray which is very near to the Bhawal Rajbari & during the

constriction a statue of God ‘Manikoo Madhob’ was found when digging the mud & therefore Raja Rajendra

Narayan Ray has established another temple for the God Madhob which is now known as ‘Manikoo Madhab’

temple. Both of this temple has reformed & redecorated several time by the people who worship there yet.

3.5 The Kali Narayan Temple

A new architectural significant has observed in Bhawal Raj family to dedicate a temple after the death of the rajas’or

very significant one which has started with the death of Raja Kali Narayan Ray Chowdhury in 1878 following his

wife Shattaya Vama Devi in 1890, his son Rajendra Naraya Ray in 1901, his grandsons Ranendra Narayan Ray

Chowdhury in 1910, Rabindra Narayn Ray Chowdhury in 1913; making an end in 1946 with the death of Raja

Ramendra Narayan Ray Chowhury. These entire temples make a temple complex at the bank of Chilai River at

Gazipur Sadar (Joydevpu), represents different architectural features according to their built period from 1878 AD

to 1946 AD, known as Shamshanwashri.

Fig: 9 show the plan of the Temple Complex.

The first of the many temples is an octagonal spire and the smallest and simplest on the compound locating at the

east corner of the complex which is dedicated to Raja Rajendra Narayan Ray Chowdhury after his death in 1901.

Then the temple which dedicated to Rani Shattya Vama Devi has stands, is rectangular in plan having a conical

shaped tower with a Ratna on its roof top.

Adjacent to this, the Kali Narayan Temple has found which is the largest & tallest among all. It’s a Pancharatna type

temple. Its Ratnas are very tall & consist of some gradually diminishing domes on octagonal towers & topped by

miniature pointed towers. The central tower is the tallest. The first story of the temple consist a square room

surrounded by eight vaulted room, which were interconnected by archways. Its second story is a small square room

with an opening of each side. Over in the tallest central tower has been made. Rest four towers are placed on four

corner of the story. The temple is about 2.03m square building with a 2.13 m of the south the height of the temple is

21.33m.The temple is embellished with huge stucco work on its architectural borders. Floral decorations, median

designs, stucco made Venetian shuttered windows; ionic columns etc are the main decorative motifs of the temple

(Ahmed,B., Alam, M. S., Chowdhury, N.& Unesco Office, 2005).

On the west side of the Kalinarayan Temple, there are two more temples dedicating to Raja Ranandra Narayan &

Rabindra Narayan Ray Chowdhury. The 1st one is octagonal in plan having an inner & outer chamber. The outer

chamber consist eight columns forming three arches on the front whereas the inner chamber has four share walls.

The main constriction materials are Brick & plaster masonry having iron within the roof. The 2nd temple is

rectangular in plan having two compartments on its inner side, one is for god & another is for the priest. These

temples have passed through a restoration process by the local community who merely has any idea about the

restoration or the conservation of heritage buildings. (See Fig: 13)


Fig: 10 show a complete computer Generated view of The Temple Complex containing the existing views (below) of the temples through their

timeline.

Fig: 11 show existing images of motifs & other architectural features of The Kali Narayan Temple & the Ttemple Complex.

At the west corner the temple dedicated for Raja Ramendra Narayan is showing the colonial influence. It is square in

plan with an inner chamber for the Mandapa. The outer front faced consist three decorative arches. It has five

domes on the roof top where four are locating at the corner & the larger one is at the middle. The domes are uplift

with columns where they are connecting with arches.

The main construction material is brick & plaster masonry having iron within the roof. The entire temple complex

has already enlisted as one of UNESCO world heritage site.


4. Present vs. past

When the estate became government property, and then began the story of the Bhawal legacy's slow disintegration.

According to the survey and settlement records of 1917, the Bhawal family possessed 4,59,163 acres of land but

Khan, M., A., and Roy, P. (2011) wrote, in the early 19th century when the Bhawal kings managed the estate, it

owned 30,421 acres of land where the government acquired 24,143 acres & about 3,762 acres of land was recorded

as Khas land where Currently, only 443 acres of the total Bhawal land is registered in the name of its custodian who

are actually the deputy collectors of Dhaka and Gazipur.

The onslaught on the estate peaked in the last 20 years when land prices soared with the arrival of real estate

companies. Moreover the industrial growth has also make an impact on the land value of Bhawal territory.

Fig: 12 shows some map which indicate the land area of Bhawal Raj Estate then & now, witnessed the decay of land area through time for lack of

maintenances of its custodian.

The high land value, poor maintenance & Negligence of authority have already created impact on the Bhawal estate

which leads the estate towards decay. Through some red dots (Fig: 12) show the existing few lands of Bhawal

estate. Risks also increase for their other significant establishment. The Recreational Palace at Nolgola, Dhaka (see

Fig: 6) has reported several times for conserving as it lost its significant features day by day. The Kalinarayan

Temple Complex at Gazipur Sadar is now became a profitable choice for the developer companies. More over The

temple has faced the wrong restoration (see Fig: 13) process which erases many motifs from its façade.

a. b.

Fig: 13 (a) show the recent image of the Temple complex where (b) show the earlier image. These represent the decay of architectural features

through time for the lack of maintenances of its custodian.

5. Recommendation

There is no doubt that the heritage of bhawals are now facing the last stage of their decay one after another & it is

high time to realize that the governing body is not enough efficient to deal with the properties of Bhawal estate. As

the heritages of Bhawals are a significant part of the Gazipur city, there arises the demand of a place, a place where

the recent history & Urbanization perhaps have a dialogue. The heritage buildings of Bhawals can be proposed as


cities open space; a space for all where people can interact & participate with different recreational, cultural &

educational activities as the growing city has already processes these demands. This might evolve some design

approach, changes in policies & proper implementation of guidelines.

As a part of design approach, an illustration of theses project done in back by Ar. Ahmed, N. (2012) is enclosed

here, where the Kali Naryan Temple Complex has chosen to attribute Bhawals legacy. As the temple complex is a

cemetery of Bhawal dynasty, it seems a rebirth of their legacy once again where they are cemented now.

The project proposed many functions through which people can engage with the essence of the Bhawals legacy &

enjoyed the vastness of their zamindary. It suggests separating the governing body from Land Reform Board & built

a new, energetic & efficient body which will set in around or nearby the Temple complex At Gazipur. This newly

formed body may involve in operating the estate, organize the events, patronize researches about the heritage

buildings etc. to enhance people’s participation with the heritage buildings as well as the history. It also suggests

some design approaches & proposed a heritage museum & tourist spot on the particular site.

A- Administration

0’ Level: Office, Research & Preservation,

Multipurpose Hall, Services.

+12’ Level: Office, Library, Restaurant,

Services.

B- The museum

- 5’ Level: The museum. .

0’ Level: The Temple Complex, Exhibition

Space, Amphitheatre.

C- The Rest House

0’ Level: Lounge & Other Services.

+12’ Level: Rest house, Restaurant &

Other Services.

D- Landscape & The Glass Box

Fig: 14 show the proposed master plan with its functional zoning of the Heritage Museum & Tourist Spot at Gazipur.

Fig: 15 show the sectional views of the proposed Heritage Museum & Tourist Spot at Gazipur.

a’ a

b’ b

D

Section aa’

Section bb’


The heritage museum shows all exhibits of Bhawal Rajas as much as possible including their lands. Here the design

has proposed to have a journey through a walk way which is actually a Glass Box Standing behind the Temple

Complex, while enjoying the exhibits of the museum. The walk way invites the visitors to go up through a ramp &

enjoy the land views of bhawal’s territory, creating an essence that, as far as they can see, the lands belongs to the

Raja’s of Bhawal. Watching from the front of The Temple Complex, the Glass Box creates a visual dialogue with it

(see Fig: 15, Section aa’). A dialogue, which describes, the past is holding by the present through framing the entire

Temple Complex with a Glass Box.

6. Conclusion

The 21st centuries city formation may affect the recent past until the people of the city are not involving with it.

Finally it’s the people who experience the city & involving them with cites heritage or history can bring some hope

to preserve the cultural identity of cities fabric.

The silent death of Bhawal Raja’s heritage in the growing city of Gazipur is only an example of thousand of those

cities which experience threat to loss their heritages, their historical evidences as well as the main fabric on which

the current cities are growing.

The enlistment of Bhawal Rajas heritage recalls the heart of ancient Bengal once again. The example of the design

proposal might not be the only but it’s an approach towards the hope. The hope where history itself works as a

dynamic source of performance which urge people to save & enjoy the most recent past with the essence of present.

Acknowledgements

Special Thanks to Dr.Farid Hossin & Ar. Anwarul Haq for their help and support during the survey on Bhawal Raj

Estate.

Appendix A. An example appendix

References

Ahmed,B., Alam, M. S., Chowdhury, N.& Unesco Office (2005) Selected Hindu temples of Bangladesh (1st ed). Dhaka: UNESCO.

Ahmed, N. (2012), Bhawal Heritage Museum& tourist spot At Gazipur. BArch. thesis project, American International University-Bangladesh.

Allen, B.C. (1912). Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers (1st ed). Allahabad: The Pioneer Press Publication.

Azad, A. ( 2014) 'Govt blamed for destruction of Bhawal Raja's residence ', Dhaka Tribune, 3rd August, p. 16.

Bhawal Estate, (wiki article), July 5, 2015, Available at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhawal_Estate (Accessed: 16, October, 2015)

Ghias, D. (2007) 'Dhaka's Hidden Pearls-2', The Dali Star, 5(1028), pp. [Online]. Available

at: http://archive.thedailystar.net/2007/04/23/d704232501149.htm (Accessed: 16, October, 2015).

History of Gazipur District ( 2015) , Available at: http://gazipur.net/en/(Accessed: 16, October, 2015).

Islam,S. (2015) Bhawal_Estate, Available at:http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bhawal_Estate (Accessed: 16, October, 2015).

Islam, S.; Rashid, A. Gazipur zillar Itihash

Khan, M., A., and Roy, P. (2011) 'Bhawal Estate 1-A kingdom of neglect', The Dali Star, 4th January , p. 1.

Roy, J.M. (1912). Dhakar Itihas vol.1 (1st ed). Kalkata: Sre Mohon Roy.

Roy, J.M. (1914). Dhakar Itihas vol.2 (1st ed). Kalkata: Sre Mohon Roy.

Roy, P. ( 2011) 'Bhawal Estate 2- A kingdom lost to grabbers', The Daily Star, 22th January , p. 1.

Steel, T. (2014) 'The Bhawal estate scandal', Dhaka Tribune, 8 November, p. 9.

Uddin, G. (2009) Bhawal Estate, Available at:http://www.demotix.com/news/22480/bhawal-estate#media-22729 (Accessed: 16, February, 2015).

Ulysses. (2006) On the Grounds of Bhawal Raja, Available at:http://backtobangladesh.blogspot.com/2006/02/on-grounds-of-bhawal-

raja.html(Accessed: 16, October, 2015).

Yowashi,M.,H. (1992) Pargone Bhawal & Shannashy Kumar (1st ed). Gazipur Sadar: Saleha Akter Hossin.

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