availability of high-tech metals - new developments in research, exploration and the raw materials...
TRANSCRIPT
Availability of High-Tech Metals - New Developments in Research, Exploration and
the Raw Materials Markets
5. Astana Mining and Metallurgy Congress
AMM, Astana,12.-13. June 2014
Volker SteinbachFederal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR), Germany
source: (Berner 2000)
Market penetration times on the US market
Commodity 2006* 2030* Future Technologies
Gallium 18% 397% Photovoltaic, IC, WLED
Indium 40% 329% Displays, Photovoltaic
Scandium low 231% SOFC Fuel Cells, Al-Alloys
Germanium 28% 220% IR optical Technologies
Neodym 23% 166% Permanent Magnets, Laser
Tantalum 40% 102% Micro Capacitors, Medicine
Source: Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung, Institut für Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung (2009)* BGR counted by new data
Foto: DG-Solartechnik Foto: PerkinElmer OptoelectronicsFoto: Zeiss Foto: Voith AG
Relation between recent worldwide production and the demand for future technologies
Global Raw Materials Demand for Future Technologies 2006 and 2030
Commodity 2006* 2030* Future Technologies
Gallium 18% 397% Photovoltaic, IC, WLED
Indium 40% 329% Displays, Photovoltaic
Scandium low 231% SOFC Fuel Cells, Al-Alloys
Germanium 28% 220% IR optical Technologies
Neodym 23% 166% Permanent Magnets, Laser
Tantalum 40% 102% Micro Capacitors, Medicine
Source: Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung, Institut für Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung (2009)* BGR counted by new data
Foto: DG-Solartechnik Foto: PerkinElmer OptoelectronicsFoto: Zeiss Foto: Voith AG
Relation between recent worldwide production and the demand for future technologies
Global Raw Materials Demand for Future Technologies 2006 and 2030
Commodity 2006* 2030* Future Technologies
Gallium 18% 397% Photovoltaic, IC, WLED
Indium 40% 329% Displays, Photovoltaic
Scandium low 231% SOFC Fuel Cells, Al-Alloys
Germanium 28% 220% IR optical Technologies
Neodym 23% 166% Permanent Magnets, Laser
Tantalum 40% 102% Micro Capacitors, Medicine
Source: Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung, Institut für Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung (2009)* BGR counted by new data
Foto: DG-Solartechnik Foto: PerkinElmer OptoelectronicsFoto: Zeiss Foto: Voith AG
Relation between recent worldwide production and the demand for future technologies
Global Raw Materials Demand for Future Technologies 2006 and 2030
Commodity 2006* 2030* Future Technologies
Gallium 18% 397% Photovoltaic, IC, WLED
Indium 40% 329% Displays, Photovoltaic
Scandium low 231% SOFC Fuel Cells, Al-Alloys
Germanium 28% 220% IR optical Technologies
Neodym 23% 166% Permanent Magnets, Laser
Tantalum 40% 102% Micro Capacitors, Medicine
Source: Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung, Institut für Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung (2009)* BGR counted by new data
Foto: DG-Solartechnik Foto: PerkinElmer OptoelectronicsFoto: Zeiss Foto: Voith AG
Relation between recent worldwide production and the demand for future technologies
Global Raw Materials Demand for Future Technologies 2006 and 2030
Commodity 2006* 2030* Future Technologies
Gallium 18% 397% Photovoltaic, IC, WLED
Indium 40% 329% Displays, Photovoltaic
Scandium low 231% SOFC Fuel Cells, Al-Alloys
Germanium 28% 220% IR optical Technologies
Neodym 23% 166% Permanent Magnets, Laser
Tantalum 40% 102% Micro Capacitors, Medicine
Source: Fraunhofer-Institut für System- und Innovationsforschung, Institut für Zukunftsstudien und Technologiebewertung (2009)* BGR counted by new data
Foto: DG-Solartechnik Foto: PerkinElmer OptoelectronicsFoto: Zeiss Foto: Voith AG
Relation between recent worldwide production and the demand for future technologies
Global Raw Materials Demand for Future Technologies 2006 and 2030
Major metals
By productsFe Al
Mg
Ti
Sn
Ni
CuPb
Zn
Cr
Mn
Ag
Au
PGM
Ga
GeInCd
Co
AsBi Pd
NiRhIr
Os
Co
Ru
BiAs
PtSe
Te
AgAu Pb Mo
Zn
FeCa/Si Hg
Sb
Mg
Mn
Fe
CuHg
SbTi
Ca/Si
Ca/Si
VAl
Fe
Mg
Mg
Pb
Ca/SiAl Cu
Co FeNi
As
Pb Zn
AlV
SnMgMn Cu
Cr TiAs
V Ga
Li
MnCuFe
Zn
CrTi
Cl
B
Mn
Br
Fe
Ni
Al
V
NbCrFe
SnAl
MgMn
ZrTa
Ag In
AuCuAg
Pt
RuTe
Os
Ir
Co
Se
Rh
W
BiSbCu
ZnAs
NbPbTa
MgFe
Hg
Ca/Si
CrSb
As
sulfide and oxide oresulfide
ore
oxide ore
With specialinfrastructure
Limitedinfrastructure
No infrastructure→ tailings
The Metal Wheel: after Reuter et al. and Verhoef et al.
Foto: Zeiss
Fiber optic cables, IR optical technologies
Production 2006 - 2010: 100 - 120 t
Demand 2030 : ca. 300 t (72 + 220 t)
Development of production until 2030
Active and planned mine capacities ca. 300 t / year
Other sources / technologies:Recycling potentialImproved recovery technologies
ca. 40 - 80 t / year
Situation alarmingHigh country concentration, country risk (China)
Production: By-product from Zn-Cu-ores (USA, China) and coal (China, Russia)
German-info.com
Germanium: Global demand for high-tech applications in 2030 compared to the production in 2006
15 Mt slags from 80 years of production (Kipushi Ge-rich Zn-Cu ore plus stratiform Cu-Co ores)Core: 0.4 % Co, 12.5 % Zn, 1.3 % Cu, 250 ppm GeMargin: 1.2 % Co, 12 % Zn, 2 % Cu, 100 ppm Ge
STL plant (since 2000)55 % OM Group (U.S. - Finland)25 % Groupe Forrest (Congo D.R.)20 % Gécamines (Congo D.R.)Production: 4,000 t Co, 2,500 t Cu, 15,000 t Zna few tons of Ge p.a. (?)
Potential > 2,250 t Ge~ 20 years of world supply !
“Big Hill“ of Lubumbashi, DRC: a possible source of germanium
Position of the largest Ge–coal deposits of the World. 1 — Novikovsk2 — Bikinsk3 — Pavlovsk4 — Shkotovsk5 — Lincang6 — Wulantuga7 — Wumuchang(Seredin & Finkelman, 2008, Int J Coal Geol)
1060 t 850 ppm
1665 t 700 g/t
2600 t 300 g/t
1015 t 450 g/t
880 t 1043 g/t
1600 t 270 g/t
4000 t 30-50 g/t
13,000 t Ge reserves in 7 coal fields
The Eastern Asian Germanium-rich Coal Province
Germanium: Recycling
• Little recycling from postconsumer scrap
• 25-35% of total Ge used from recycled scrap
• Infrared optics: 30% production from recycled
material
• Fibre optics: 60% recycled material; recovery from fibres 80%; 0.3-1 g
GeO2 per km cable
• Electronics, solar: 50% waste accumulation, recycled
• Polymerization catalysts: 10-70 ppm in PET bottles, no recycling of Ge
possible
German-info.com
• MoU on cooperation in the fields of geology and mining
• BGR / DERA commissioned for its implementation - primary task: re-evaluation of mine projects in Kazakhstan (2012-2013)
• Agreement for the disclosure of "analytical" data (information on occurrences and mineral deposits in Kazakhstan)
• Survey of selected projects and verification through on site inspection
• Presentation of the results to the German and Khazakh industry at an industry workshop in Hannover in December 2013
Kazakh-German Raw Materials Partnership
Methodological approach
Screening of 318 projects; pre-selection of 80 projects
Pre-assessment (deposit quality, reported metal contents and grades, further technical parameters)
Review of data by the Technical Working Group (40)
Project factsheets (15 projects)
Final product: Investor's Handbook
Vanadium project(South Kazakhstan)
318 mineral deposits, waste dumps and tailings projects considered
Information sources
Nmber of projects
Tauken Samruk 59Private companies 8
Geological Committee 251
Total 318
*IM = industrial MineralsNi = primary commodityW = possible by-products
PGM, Cu, Co
Ga, In, Ge, Co
Ga, In, Ge, Co
Ga, V
REE, Mo, U
W
Zn, Pb, Au, W
PGM
Mo, PGM, Te, Rh, Se, Ni. Fe
Sn, Ta
Ta, U, REE
REE
Rh
U
In, W
Cu, Sb, Ag
BGR Project: Re-evaluation of mine projects in Kazakhstan
Ta Nb
SbGe InREE
YNi
PGECo
Key aspect
Development of a new research topic at BGR:
World-wide raw material potentials for metals of strategic
economic importance to secure a future supply to the German industry
► Characterisation of complex non-conventional deposit types for an
identification of new potentials for high-tech metal supply
(process-oriented research, trace metal distribution, exploration indicators)
► Potential for high-tech metals in mine residues
► New technologies for extraction of trace metals (e.g., using bio-leaching)
Availability and new potentials for mineral resources
Securing the supply of raw materials in the EU – current initiatives
Hochtechnologie-Elemente in MMR
(c) Marum
(c) NOAA
4000 – 6000 m
1000 – 2500 m
1800 – 3000 m
Deep-ocean mineral deposits as source of high-tech metals
► Ferromanganese nodules
(Co, Li, Nd, Ga, Ce, Tb, Dy, Mo)
Ferromanganese crusts
(Co, Te, Se, Pt, Tb, Dy)
► Marine sulfides
(Ag, Au, In, Ga, Ge, Se, Te, Sb)
Indium enrichment in marine sulfides
Natural resources(ores, concentrates)
Enhanced recoveryof by-product metals from ore (e.g., indium from zinc ore)
Development of non-conventional deposit types for high-tech metals
Making recycling of metals of strategic economic importance more efficient
Material efficiency of Critical Raw Materials
Source: Modified from Faulstich (2010)
Foto: PerkinElmer OptoelectronicsFoto: Voith AGFoto: DG-Solartechnik
Conclusion, High-Tech Metals
• Germany is dependent on the world markets• According to the geology: no shortages for high-tech metals• Shortages caused by the marked situation
country concentration, geostrategic risks, conflict minerals• High-tech metals are mostly by-products (co-elements);
their production depends on the production of major elements (like Pb, Zn, Cu)• Technical realisation of the production of co-elements by metallurgical
treatment (e.g. Ge from coal ash) is needed• Development of non-conventional deposit types (marine mineral resources,
oxydized ores)• Low recycling rates