auxwea final chapter 01
TRANSCRIPT
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AUXILIARYOPERATIONAL
SPECIALTY COURSE
Weather
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CREDIT FOR GRAPHICS
In addition to the original graphics in this CD,thanks are due to the following Federal Agencies
for the limited use of their graphics, which are in
the public domain: DOT, FAA, USCG; DOC,
NOAA, NWS; DOD, USAF,USN. The author.
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PRODUCTION CREDITSThis DISTANCE LEARNING COURSE has
been produced in cooperation with the office of
DIRAUX, USCG, 7th USCG District, Miami,Florida, under the direct leadership of Douglas
Simpson, Supervisor and by William N. Seiler,
DVC-T(a) and Albert E. Rhea, BC-T(a),DIRAUX ANNEX-WEST, USCG Auxiliary,
Venice, Fl.
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WELCOME TO THE
AUXILIARY OPERATIONALWEATHER COURSE
This PowerPoint presentation represents the entirecourse, excluding the final examination.
The final is a proctored, closed-book exam based onthe study questions at the end of each chapter. Studythem closely.
Smooth sailing, light seas, clear skies.ALL THE BEST FROM DIRAUX WEST!
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STUDENT NOTES
It is strongly suggested that you complete theSTUDY QUESTIONS at the end of each
chapter of the AUXOP Weather Text, or thosesame questions at the end of each chapter of thispower-point presentation.
Your FINAL EXAM will be based on thesequestions, along with others covering thephysical principles demonstrated in this course.
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CHAPTER 1
Our Atmosphere
1.Vertical Structure2.Introduction To Temperature
3.Composition
4.Standard Atmosphere
5.Pressure & Density
6.Latitude & Longitude
7.Study Questions
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LAYERS OF THE
ATMOSPHERE
With respect to ACTIVE WEATHER, only TWOatmospheric layers are addressed in this course.
TROPOSPHERE
STRATOSPHERE
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Vertical Structure of the
atmosphere(for weather purposes)
Tropopause
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DEFINITION OF WEATHERInstead of defining the term, it is much better to
DESCRIBE what we refer to as weather, and
call it a definition.
WEATHER, therefore, will include every termsuch as clouds, wind, precipitation, heating,cooling, climate, etc., AND their combined
effects on our atmosphere, visible ornot.
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TWO CONTROLLING
ELEMENTS OF ALL
WEATHER
1. TEMPERATURE
2. MOISTURE
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A WORKING DEFINITION
OF TEMPERATURE
Temperature is a measure of the efficiencyof the result of the relationship between HEAT
ENERGY and the VOLUME containing it.
It is something which we measure on aninstrument we call a thermometer.
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If there were NO water vapor in this air parcel, thisparcel of air would contain almost NO HEAT and if there
were almost no heat in it, it would have ALMOST NOTEMPERATURE.
It works like this:
T=70
Air Parcelor bubble
Free Heat
XX
SPECIAL NOTE: the only element in our atmosphere, for
practical purposes, that can readily absorb free heat energy,is WATER VAPOR, which is water in the gaseous state.
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TEMPERATUREHow itworks
xxxInternal T=85
3 pcs. Of FREE Heatxxx
xxx
New internal T might be 95
Same 3 pcs of free heatbut much smallervolume to heat up.
The efficiency of the relationship has beenincreased. Heat works better.
Fig.A
Fig. B
85
95
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Air is a gaseous mixture.
Free to move in all directions
It can be compressed and expanded.
Air has both MASS and WEIGHT.
General Atmospheric properties
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Composition of The Atmosphere
Air is a Mixture of several Gases
Oxygen --------21% by VolumeNitrogen -------78% by Volume
Other Gases ---1% by VolumeWATERVAPOR varies from a minimum of from near
0% to about 5% by volume to a maximum of 100%.
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PROPERTIES ofThe U.S. STANDARDAtmosphere
Surface is defined to be Mean Sea Level
Surface Temperature ---------- + 15 C ( +59F )
Surface Pressure --- 29.92 hg (mercury)
or.. 14.7 lbs/in or 760mm Hg
Chemically DRY (No water vapor content)
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Pressure and Density Atmospheric Pressure (barometric pressure ) is the
FORCE exerted on any surface, by the weight of the
column of air above it.
Both Pressure andWeight can be equated to this force.
ExpansionCompression
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Variation of Density
Vol.=1 cm
Less Dense Mixture
FIG. A
More Dense Mixture
FIG.B
Vol.=1 cm
= Dust, water vapor, etc
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A TWO-COORDINATE grid system, consistingof a North-South line (Longitude) and an East-
West line (Latitude), the intersection of which, is
used to describe a point of position, relative to the
surface of the earth.
LATITUDE & LONGITUDE(Brief Treatise)
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Equator0
30 South
60 North
90 North
60 South
90 South
30 North
North Pole
South Pole
Point A is Located at 30 North Latitude
A
PARALLELS OF LATITUDE
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MERIDIANS OF LONGITUDENorth Pole
South Pole
Point A is Located at 30 N Latitude - 90W Longitude
A
180w EQUATOR
120w 60w
30N LAT
90w
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
1.Air at the earths surface is more _____
than at higher altitudes.
a. Thin
b. Coldc. Dry
d. Dense
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REVIEW QUESTIONS2. The _____ separates the troposphere and the
stratosphere.
a. Tropopause
b. Thermopausec. Mesosphere
d. Ionosphere
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
3. Air is matter (mass) and has weight. Since it is a
gas it is_________.
a.incompressible
b.compressible
c.visible
d.not a mixture
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
4. Almost all weather occurs in the ______or the
lower reaches of the________.
a.troposphere/stratosphere
b.tropopause/ionosphere
c.stratosphere/ionosphere
d.mesosphere/thermosphere
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
5. The parallel circumscribing the greatest
distance is at______degrees latitude and is also
known as the________.
a.30/Horse Latitudes
b.90/Greenwich Meridian
c.0/Equator
d.60/Great Circle
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REVIEW QUESTIONS
6. One degree of latitude( on a mercator projection)
is approximately _____.
End of study questions for chapter 1
a.60 statute miles
b.60 linear miles
c.60 nautical milesd.60 knots