Autonomic nervous systemThe autonomic nervous system is a part of nervous system which The autonomic nervous system is a part of nervous system which

control involuntary actions, glands, cardiac muscle and plain muscles( control involuntary actions, glands, cardiac muscle and plain muscles( alimentary canal, air passages, bladder ,blood vessels and eye, it alimentary canal, air passages, bladder ,blood vessels and eye, it

control visceral functions of the body.control visceral functions of the body.

The autonomic nervous system divided into central The autonomic nervous system divided into central and peripheral .and peripheral .

The central components are the hypothalamus, brain The central components are the hypothalamus, brain stem ,and spinal cord.stem ,and spinal cord.

The peripheral components consists of the nerves The peripheral components consists of the nerves that innervate the organs of the body which is that innervate the organs of the body which is

classified as either parasympathetic or classified as either parasympathetic or sympathetic nervessympathetic nerves..

This system control arterial pressure, gastro intestinal This system control arterial pressure, gastro intestinal motility and secretion. urinary bladder motility and secretion. urinary bladder

emptying ,sweating, and body temperature ,and many emptying ,sweating, and body temperature ,and many other activities .other activities .

One of the most character is the rapidity and intensity One of the most character is the rapidity and intensity with which it can change visceral functions.with which it can change visceral functions.

The autonomic nervous system is The autonomic nervous system is divided into two division;divided into two division;

1-Symphathatic nervous system. 2-Parasymphathatic nervous system

In any organ the two system is antagonistic to each In any organ the two system is antagonistic to each other .if one system is excitatory the other is inhibitory other .if one system is excitatory the other is inhibitory

Origin ; The autonomic fiber arise from limited areas The autonomic fiber arise from limited areas of CNS.of CNS.

The sympathetic fiber arise all thoracic segments and The sympathetic fiber arise all thoracic segments and the upper three lumber ( thoracolumber)the upper three lumber ( thoracolumber)

The parasympathetic arise from cranial number III,VII.IX The parasympathetic arise from cranial number III,VII.IX and X ,And sacral segments number 2,3,4(crainosacral)and X ,And sacral segments number 2,3,4(crainosacral)

Somatic nerve; It is the nerve which arise from It is the nerve which arise from centre and relay in the organ.centre and relay in the organ.

Autonomic nerve ; It is the nerve which arise from It is the nerve which arise from medulla oblongata and relay in ganglia .medulla oblongata and relay in ganglia .

The autonomic ganglia It is a collection of neurons outside C.N.S It is a collection of neurons outside C.N.S

Function of autonomic ganglia The ganglion act as distributing centre ,preganglionic neuron The ganglion act as distributing centre ,preganglionic neuron

synapses with 8-9 postganglionic neuron. this compensate for the synapses with 8-9 postganglionic neuron. this compensate for the limited distribution of the A.N.Slimited distribution of the A.N.S

Types of ganglia 1- Lateral ganglia; present on both side of the vertebral ; present on both side of the vertebral

Column except in cervical region they are three pairs Column except in cervical region they are three pairs superior ,middle, inferior ,they are for relay of the sympathetic superior ,middle, inferior ,they are for relay of the sympathetic nervous system and so called sympathetic chain.nervous system and so called sympathetic chain.

2-Terminal ganglia ; Present inside the organ ,they are Present inside the organ ,they are for the relay of parasympathetic .for the relay of parasympathetic .

3- Collateral ganglia ; Present at the origin of big Present at the origin of big vessels arising from abdominal aorta, They are for the relay of the vessels arising from abdominal aorta, They are for the relay of the sympathetic& parasympathetic.sympathetic& parasympathetic.

Physiological change in the fight or flight response. Physiological change in the fight or flight response. These response which prepare the body for the stress of threatening These response which prepare the body for the stress of threatening

situation ,emergency .The purpose of the sympathetic system is to provide extra situation ,emergency .The purpose of the sympathetic system is to provide extra activation of the body in a state of stress. This is called sympathetic stress activation of the body in a state of stress. This is called sympathetic stress responseresponse

The reactions includes ; 1-Respiratory system; Increase oxygenation of the blood and remove the co2,through ; Increase oxygenation of the blood and remove the co2,through

bronchi dilatation allow better ventilation bronchi dilatation allow better ventilation Increase depth and rate of respiration Increase depth and rate of respiration 2- Liver ; glycogenolysi;Increase blood glucose level glycogenolysi;Increase blood glucose level 3- Lipolysis ; increase free fatty acids in the blood . ; increase free fatty acids in the blood . 4- Cardiovascular system; Heart ; increase heart rate and force of contraction ; Heart ; increase heart rate and force of contraction Blood vessels ; vasoconstriction leads to rise the arterial blood pressure .Blood vessels ; vasoconstriction leads to rise the arterial blood pressure .

BLOOD ; is shifted from inactive organs( SKIN ,SPLANCHNIC AREA) to active organs ( cardiac BLOOD ; is shifted from inactive organs( SKIN ,SPLANCHNIC AREA) to active organs ( cardiac and skeltal muscles)and skeltal muscles)

4- spennic contraction : leads to increased blood volume thus more oxygen is supplyied : leads to increased blood volume thus more oxygen is supplyied to tissuesto tissues

5- sweating 6- Increased field of vision in the eye due to: - pupillo dialatation,widding of the palpebral fissure - pupillo dialatation,widding of the palpebral fissure -Exophthalamus -Exophthalamus 7-piloerection 8- Inhibition of gastro intestinal secretion and motility . . 9- Increased secretion of adrenalin from adrenal medulla increase all of

these reactions. 10- sweating

Functions of the sympathetic Functions of the sympathetic nervous systemnervous system;;

Head and neck; Eye:

Stimulation of dilator pupillae muscle( dilatation of the pupil)Stimulation of dilator pupillae muscle( dilatation of the pupil)Contraction of superior and inferior tarsal muscles ,leading to Contraction of superior and inferior tarsal muscles ,leading to

retraction of the eye lids and widening of the palpebral fissureretraction of the eye lids and widening of the palpebral fissureMotor to retro-ocular muscle ( Muller muscle) ExophthalmosMotor to retro-ocular muscle ( Muller muscle) Exophthalmos..

Glands;Salivary glands ; increase their secretion( Concentrated, small Salivary glands ; increase their secretion( Concentrated, small

amount ,rich in organic material)amount ,rich in organic material) Vasoconstriction ob blood vesselsVasoconstriction ob blood vessels Motor to myoepeithelial cells around acini to produce evacuation.Motor to myoepeithelial cells around acini to produce evacuation.

Horner's syndromeHorner's syndrome It is a lesion of innervations of sympathetic supply of the It is a lesion of innervations of sympathetic supply of the

head ,neckhead ,neck Causes: Injury in the superior cervical gangliaInjury in the superior cervical ganglia Injury of the upper two lumber segments.Injury of the upper two lumber segments. Symptoms; Potosí's : Dropping of the eye, backward retraction of the eye in : Dropping of the eye, backward retraction of the eye in

the orbit .the orbit . Meiosis: constriction of the eye pupil.: constriction of the eye pupil. Anhydrosis;; Loss of sweating due to paralysis of sympathetic nerve supply of Loss of sweating due to paralysis of sympathetic nerve supply of

sweat glandsweat gland Enophthalamus; Paralysis of the Muller muscle of the orbit ; Paralysis of the Muller muscle of the orbit Vasodilatation of the skin vessels ;The skin become worm & ;The skin become worm &

redred . .

Cardio-pulmonary functions; Heart:Heart: Increases all properties of the cardiac muscle as Increases all properties of the cardiac muscle as

contractility ,conductivity ,excitability ,Rhythmicity contractility ,conductivity ,excitability ,Rhythmicity Vasodilatation of coronary blood vesselsVasodilatation of coronary blood vessels.. Lung: Bronchodilator.Bronchodilator. Slight Slight vasoconstriction of pulmonary blood vesselsvasoconstriction of pulmonary blood vessels

To abdominal and pelvic viscera: Stomach ,small intestine ,proximal part of large intestine inhibit tone and Stomach ,small intestine ,proximal part of large intestine inhibit tone and

movements but excites their corresponding sphinctermovements but excites their corresponding sphincter Motor to the capsule of the spleen to empty the R.B.C into circulation.Motor to the capsule of the spleen to empty the R.B.C into circulation. Vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels .Vasoconstriction of renal blood vessels . Increase secretion of adrenaline from adrenal medulla .Increase secretion of adrenaline from adrenal medulla . Increase metabolic rate.Increase metabolic rate.

Pelvic: Retention of urine: through the excitation of the internal urethral through the excitation of the internal urethral

sphincter.sphincter. Retention of faeces :through inhibition of the large intestine and excitation Retention of faeces :through inhibition of the large intestine and excitation

of the internal anal sphincter.of the internal anal sphincter. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels of erectile tissue of penis & clitorisVasoconstriction of blood vessels of erectile tissue of penis & clitoris→ →

shrinkage.shrinkage. In man : Motor to the plain muscle of vas difference ,seminal vesicle ,and Motor to the plain muscle of vas difference ,seminal vesicle ,and

ejaculatory ducts.( ejaculation of semen).ejaculatory ducts.( ejaculation of semen). In woman: uterine ant peristalsis during sexual intercourse. uterine ant peristalsis during sexual intercourse.

Functions of parasympathetic nervous Functions of parasympathetic nervous systemsystem;;

It is anabolic systemIt is anabolic system It inhibits the cardiac activity and so it saves its energy to ovoid its loss as It inhibits the cardiac activity and so it saves its energy to ovoid its loss as

in case of sleep or during rest.in case of sleep or during rest. It stimulate the secretary and motor functions of the digestive system to It stimulate the secretary and motor functions of the digestive system to

supply tissues with food stuff used for growth and synthesis of glandular supply tissues with food stuff used for growth and synthesis of glandular secretion.secretion.

Oculomotor( III Cranial nerve)Function pupilloconstriction: Contraction of constrictor pupillae pupilloconstriction: Contraction of constrictor pupillae Contraction of ciliary muscle leading to increase power of lens which is Contraction of ciliary muscle leading to increase power of lens which is

important for adaptation of near visionimportant for adaptation of near vision

Facial (VII) Salivary & lacrimal glands secretion and vasodilatationSalivary & lacrimal glands secretion and vasodilatation Anterior 2/3 of the tongue vasodilatationAnterior 2/3 of the tongue vasodilatation

Glosso-pharyngeal (IX) Salivary glands true secretion and vasodilatation (Parotid G)Salivary glands true secretion and vasodilatation (Parotid G) Posterior 1/3 of the tongue vasodilatation Posterior 1/3 of the tongue vasodilatation

Vagus nerve (x) It contain 70% of parasympathetic fibersIt contain 70% of parasympathetic fibers Functions Heart; Inhibition of all properties of cardiac muscle ,Decreased coronary blood flow, and o2 Inhibition of all properties of cardiac muscle ,Decreased coronary blood flow, and o2

consumption of the heart.consumption of the heart. Lungs; Bronchoconstricition, increased bronchial secretion ,vasodilatation of pulmonary Bronchoconstricition, increased bronchial secretion ,vasodilatation of pulmonary

blood vessels. Gastrointestinal tract: Motor to the esophagus ,stomach ,small intestine and proximal part of large Motor to the esophagus ,stomach ,small intestine and proximal part of large

intestine, but inhibitory to sphincters.intestine, but inhibitory to sphincters. Secretory to the glands of the stomach & pancreasSecretory to the glands of the stomach & pancreas Gall bladder: motor to the wall but inhibitory to the sphincter of oddiGall bladder: motor to the wall but inhibitory to the sphincter of oddi→evacuation of →evacuation of

the gall bladder.the gall bladder. Function of the vagus on the sacral outflow;

Vagus nerve is the motor nerve of micturation ,defecation erectionVagus nerve is the motor nerve of micturation ,defecation erection throughRectum; Defecation due to contraction of the wall of the rectum and inhibitory to internal anal Defecation due to contraction of the wall of the rectum and inhibitory to internal anal

sphincter.sphincter.

Bladder ;Micturation through contraction of the wall of the bladder but inhibitory to the internal ;Micturation through contraction of the wall of the bladder but inhibitory to the internal urethral sphinctersurethral sphincters

Male genetalia; secretory to seminal vesicle and prostate ; secretory to seminal vesicle and prostate Vasodilatation of the blood vessels of the penis→ erectionVasodilatation of the blood vessels of the penis→ erection

Female genitalia erectionof the clitoris.: erectionof the clitoris.: