automotive safety evaluation

B.V. Shamsundara

Dy. General Manager,

SHL, ARAI, Pune

1

A 19 yr old driver lost control of his BMW with 4 other young

passengers inside at over 110mph and took off over the central

reservation and collided full on with a land rover killing over 8

people in total including a 2yr old boy, witnesses described the

crash as being like a "bomb explosion".

The crash was so horrific that counseling was offered to

emergency workers and witnesses because the passengers of the

BMW where spread across the motorway.

Speed the main factor in this crash.

A Bird Hit

YEAR

ROAD ACCIDENTS

(IN THOUSANDS)

PERSONS

KILLED

(IN

THOUSANDS)

PERSONS

INJURED

(IN THOUSANDS)

2004

(Provisional)

429.8 92.5 464.6

2003 406.7 86.0 435.1

2002 407.5 84.7 408.7

2001 405.6 80.9 405.2

2000 391.4 78.9 399.3

1999 386.4 82.0 375.0

1998 385.0 79.9 390.7

1997 373.7 77.0 378.4

1996 371.2 74.6 369.5

1995 348.9 70.6 323.2

1994 320.4 64.0 311.5Sourced From:

Department of Road Transport and Highways.

Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport and Highways. Government of India.

Buckling up is the single most effective thing

you can do to protect yourself in a crash.

In 2008, seat belts saved more than 13,000 lives nationwide.

From 2004 to 2008, seat belts saved over 75,000 lives enough people to fill a large sports arena. During a crash,

being buckled up helps keep you safe and secure inside your

vehicle, whereas being completely thrown out of a vehicle is

almost always deadly. Seat belts are the best defense against

impaired, aggressive, and distracted drivers.

Air bags are designed to work with seat belts, not

replace them.In fact, if you dont wear your seat belt, you could be thrown into a rapidly opening frontal air bag; a movement of such

force could injure or even kill you.

How to buckle up safely:

Follow the guidelines shown in the photo

right. As you can see, the lap belt and

shoulder belt are secured across the pelvis

and rib cage, which are more able to

withstand crash forces than other parts of

your body.

Fit matters.

Before you buy a new car, check to see that

its seat belts are a good fit for you. Ask your

dealer about seat belt adjusters, which can

help you get the best fit. If you need a roomier

belt, contact your vehicle manufacturer to

obtain seat belt extenders. If you drive an

older or classic car with lap belts only, check

with your vehicle manufacturer about how to

retrofit your car with todays safer lap/shoulder belts.

Passenger cars need to meet over 40 safety standards (whereas

LCVs are required to meet only 4 standards). These design and

performance standards include occupant protection during frontal,

side, and rear collisions.

As a result, mainstream cars are required to be designed far more

robustly than LCVs, and this reduces the risk of injury or death to

occupants. However, the level of risk depends on the severity of a

crash and the design and extent of protection offered by individual

models. The risk is therefore reduced but cannot be eliminated.

In rear impact collisions, the head restraints, seat back, seat belts,

and seat anchorages work together to protect the occupants.

In side impact collisions, if the vehicle is equipped with side curtain

air bags, this would reduce the risk of the occupant's head being

struck directly by an intruding vehicle.

Crashworthiness

The ability of vehicle structure to absorb mechanical energy resulting

from collision with another object while maintaining integrity of

passenger compartment.

Crush

The amount of exterior deformation of car involved in a crash.

Intrusion

The reduction in an interior dimension due to door footwear or

bulkhead intrusion.

Biomechanics

The study of the mechanics of living things. It demands knowledge

both of Biology and of the various branches of Physics &

Engineering which comprise mechanics.

Terminology

Crumple-Zone

The structural zone would sacrificially

collapse during frontal impact to help

protect the structural integrity of the

passenger compartment while limiting the

deceleration that the occupant would

experience.

FMVSS Standards related to Crash TestingThe following Federal Motor Vehicle Standards are related to

safety testing.

Interior Testing

FMVSS 201 - Occupant Protection in Interior Impact

FMVSS 202 - Head Restraints

FMVSS 203 - Impact Protection for the Driver from the Steering

Control System

FMVSS 204 - Steering Control Rearward Displacement

FMVSS 205 - Glazing Materials

FMVSS 207 - Seating Systems

FMVSS 213 - Child Restraint Systems

FMVSS 225 - Child Restraint Anchorage Systems

Dash Board


Frontal Impact


Control System



FMVSS 208 - Occupant Crash Protection

FMVSS 209 - Seat Belt Assemblies

FMVSS 210 - Seat Belt Assembly Anchorages

FMVSS 212 - Windshield Mounting

Side Impact



FMVSS 206 - Door Locks and Door Retention Components

FMVSS 214 - Side Impact Protection

Steering Wheel


Control System


Seats


FMVSS 207 - Seating Systems

Seat Belts


FMVSS 209 - Seat Belt Assemblies

FMVSS 210 - Seat Beld Assembly Anchorages

FMVSS 213 - Child Restraint Systems

Rear Impact

FMVSS 223 - Rear Impact Guards

FMVSS 224 - Rear Impact Protection

Rollover



FMVSS 216 - Roof Crush Resistance

Head Rests

FMVSS 202 - Head Restraints

Roof Crush

FMVSS 216 - Roof Crush Resistance.

Interior Testing

ECE R-12

Reg. 12 - Rev.3 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING

THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THE

PROTECTION OF THE DRIVER AGAINST THE STEERING

MECHANISM IN THE EVENT OF IMPACT

ECE R-16

Reg. 16 - Rev.5 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING

THE APPROVAL OF:

I. SAFETY-BELTS, RESTRAINT SYSTEMS, CHILD

RESTRAINT SYSTEMS AND ISOFIX CHILD RESTRAINT

SYSTEMS FOR OCCUPANTS OF POWER-DRIVEN

VEHICLES

II. VEHICLES EQUIPPED WITH SAFETY-BELTS,

RESTRAINT SYSTEMS, CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

AND ISOFIX CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEMS

EUROPEAN REGULATIONS / DIRECTIVES

ECE R-17

Reg. 17 - Rev.4 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS

CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES

WITH REGARD TO THE SEATS, THEIR

ANCHORAGES AND ANY HEAD RESTRAINTS

ECE R-44

Reg. 44 - Rev.1 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS

CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF RESTRAINING

DEVICES FOR CHILD OCCUPANTS OF POWER-

DRIVEN VEHICLES ("CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM")

Dash BoardECE R-21

Reg. 21 - Rev.2 Part 1 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS


WITH REGARD TO THEIR INTERIOR FITTINGS



WITH REGARD TO THEIR INTERIOR FITTINGS

ECE R 32



WITH REGARD TO THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE

STRUCTURE OF THE IMPACTED VEHICLE IN A

REAR-END COLLISION

ECE R 33Reg. 33 - Rev.1 Part 1 - UNIFORM

PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE

APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD

TO THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE STRUCTURE

OF THE IMPACTED VEHICLE IN A HEAD-

ON COLLISION

Reg. 33 - Rev.1 Part 2 - UNIFORM

PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE

APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD

TO THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE STRUCTURE

OF THE IMPACTED VEHICLE IN A HEAD-

ON COLLISION

Frontal ImpactECE R-12

Reg. 12 - Rev.3 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE

APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THE

PROTECTION OF THE DRIVER AGAINST THE STEERING

MECHANISM IN THE EVENT OF IMPACT

ECE R-14


APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITHREGARD TO SAFETY-BELT

ANCHORAGES

ECE R 94

Reg. 94 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING THE


PROTECTION OF THE OCCUPANTS IN THE EVENT OF A

FRONTAL COLLISION

Side ImpactECE R 11


APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO DOOR

LATCHES AND DOOR RETENTION COMPONENTS

ECE R 95



PROTECTION OF THE OCCUPANTS IN THE EVENT OF A

LATERAL COLLISION

ECE R-44


APPROVAL OF RESTRAINING DEVICES FOR CHILD

OCCUPANTS OF POWER-DRIVEN VEHICLES ("CHILD

RESTRAINT SYSTEM")

ImpactECE R-42


APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THEIR FRONT

AND REAR PROTECTIVE DEVICES (BUMPERS, ETC.)

Rollover

ECE R-21

Reg. 21 - Rev.2 Part 1 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING

THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THEIR

INTERIOR FITTINGS

Reg. 21 - Rev.2 Part 2 - UNIFORM PROVISIONS CONCERNING

THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES WITH REGARD TO THEIR

INTERIOR FITTINGS

Head Rests

ECE R-25


APPROVAL OF HEAD RESTRAINTS (HEADRESTS), WHETHER

OR NOT INCORPORATED IN VEHICLE SEATS

Sr.

No.Standard Description

Facilities available at

ARAI

1

AIS-005

(ECE R-

16)

Safety Belt Assemblies

2

AIS-015

(ECE R-

14 )

Safety Belt Anchorages

3

AIS-016

(ECE R-

17)

Seats, Their Anchorages and

Head Restraints

4

AIS-023

(ECE R-

80)

Seat their anchorages and

head restraints for passenger

vehicles of the categories

other than M1 and Goods

vehicles of category N

Standards Already Implemented

Sr.


5

IS:11939

(ECE R-

12)

Evaluation of Steering Column

Displacement against Front

Collision

6

IS:15223

(ECE R-

21)

Interior Fittings

7IS: 12009 Side Door Strength for

Passenger Cars

8

IS:14812,

IS:14682

(ECE R-

58)

Rear and Lateral Under Run

Protection Devices


Sr.

No.Standard Description Facilities available

1AIS-029

ECE R-29

Survival Space of the

occupants of

Commercial Vehicle

2AIS-031

ECE R-66

Strength of Super

Structure

3AIS-006

ECE R-42

Front and Rear

Bumpers

4ECE R-93

AIS-069

Front Under Run

Protection


Crash Related Standards to be ImplementedSr.


1ECE R-94

AIS-098

Protection of occupant in the event of

frontal collision (Offset frontal)

2ECE R-95

AIS-099

Protection of occupant in the event of

Lateral Collision

3ECE R-32

AIS-096

Requirements of vehicle in head-on

collision

4ECE R-33

AIS-101

Rear End Collision

5ECE R-44

AIS-072

Child Restraint System

6EEVC WG17

AIS-100

Pedestrian Protection

7AIS-052

ECE R-107

Bus Body Code: Large Passenger Vehicles

General Construction

Facility Overview

Bungee Sled Facility

Payload 650 kg.

Velocity 65 km/h

Max. G Level 40 g.

PU Tube Stopping Device with ECE Regulatory pulses

Sled Facility

ECV system

Onboard Data Acquisition 80 channels from Kyser Threde, Germany

Full Frontal and Offset Frontal Barriers

Rear Impact and Side Impact Trolleys

Motion Analysis - 2-D and 3-D Motion Analysis Software

from SAI, USA

Photo-pit 4m X 3m X 2.5m (facility under installation)

Crash Test Facility

Facility Overview

Hybrid III family of Dummies 3 numbers

Side Impact Dummies - One each of ES-I and ES-II

Child Dummies Planned under facility expansion

Comprehensive Dummy Calibration Facilities available

Crash Dummy Facilities

Facility Overview

Photography and Lighting

Make Redlake, USA

Model 6 No. HG100K and 2

MotionPro

Resolution 1504 x 1128 Pixels @ 1000

FPS

Max Frame

rate

1,00,000 FPS

Lighting High Intensity Flicker Free

Lighting System

1.5 Lac Lux level

Facility Overview

Facility Expansion Plans Electrical Drive with a capacity of 3500 kg mass with propelling velocity of 80 km/hr.

30 Barrier Tests and Pole Barrier Test facility

Decelerating Sled with a payload capacity of 1000 kg and 80 km/hr

velocity and maximum G level of 60.

9 additional High Speed Cameras and 2 mini-High Speed cameras

2 new FILM-PIT facilities of size 6m 3m 3m with lighting system

Europe USA

Test v(km/h)

Test v(km/h)

1365 kg, 27

54

1100 kg

38

1500 kg

48,3-52

48,3-52

Europe USA

Test v(km/h)

Test v(km/h)

4 4

50 48.3-52

56 48.3-52

960 kg

50

1800 kg

32-35

Rear and rollover CrashFront and Side Crash

Feasibility of Tests with Expanded Facility