–

Automation of a Greenhouse

(Controlling Temperature &

Humidity)

Introduction: Internet of Things

PARVESH TANEJA 130020201057

During the period 1995 to 2050, the world's

population is projected to increase by 72

percent and will reach to 9.7 billion.

Raspberry Pi 2 Model B v1.1

v1

-FAO (USA)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the Project entitled “Automation of a Greenhouse

(Controlling Temperature & Humidity)” which is being submitted by-

S. No. Name Enrolment Number

1. Parvesh Taneja 130020201057

is a bonafide work done under my guidance & supervision.

Dr. Sandeep Nagar

(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to take this opportunity to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to

my guide Dr. Sandeep Nagar for his exemplary guidance, monitoring and constant

encouragement throughout the course of this thesis.

I am obliged to staff members of GDGU especially Mr. Lallji Mauryia & Mr. Smruti

Ranjan for the valuable information provided by them in their respective fields. I am

grateful for their cooperation during the period of my assignment.

At last I would like to thank GD Goenka University for introducing this course (IoT) in our

curriculum.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this project is to make a SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition)

system, which automatically controls the environmental condition (Humidity and

Temperature) of the greenhouse (Supervisory Control) as well as will enables us to

remotely control and view the status (Conditions) of the greenhouse (Remotely monitoring

and controlling).

For healthy growth of crops certain conditions should be favourable like temperature, Sun

Light, Water and humidity etc.

Global Warming and is one of the biggest threat to crops so we need to control all the

conditions which might destroy our crops, Moreover with increase in human population

land for farming will decrease, which will ultimately result in increased of food items.

Terrace farming (rooftop farming) also saves money one can grow vegetables at 50p/kg1.

This project is based on Raspberry pi (credit-card sized computer) which will control the

system, will monitor the system and will log all the data to database (LAMP Server).

It will keep track of-

Temperature

Humidity

All of the processes can be controlled and monitored remotely.

1 For More information- http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Go-for-terrace-farming-for-organic-veggies-at-50p/kg/articleshow/48992436.cms

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION: INTERNET OF THINGS .................................................................................... 1

2. SOME POPULAR APPLICATIONS OF INTERNET OF THINGS ................................................... 2

1. SMART HOME ............................................................................................................................ 3

2. SMART CITY .............................................................................................................................. 3

3. SMART GRIDS ........................................................................................................................... 3

4. SMART FARMING ...................................................................................................................... 4

3. LIST OF COMPONENTS USED/ ITEMS REQUIRED .................................................................... 5

4. DETAILS/SPECIFICATIONS OF COMPONENTS USED ............................................................... 6

1. RASPBERRY PI (MODEL B V1.1) .............................................................................................. 6

2. CONNECTING WIRES / JUMPER WIRES ............................................................................... 12

3. HUMIDITY & TEMP. SENSOR: DHT 11 OR DHT22 ................................................................. 13

4. RELAY MODULE (8 CHANNEL RELAY MODULE) .................................................................. 18

5. DC AXIAL COOLING/VENTILATING FAN ................................................................................ 21

6. POWER OUTLET ..................................................................................................................... 21

7. POWER CORD ......................................................................................................................... 22

8. HEATING BULB & BULB HOLDER ........................................................................................... 22

5. MAKING OF DEVICE . ................................................................................................................. 23

1. INSTALLING RASPBIAN ON RASPBERRY PI ......................................................................... 23

STEP 1: DOWNLOADING NOOBS .............................................................................................. 23

STEP 2: PREPAIRING SD CARD ................................................................................................ 24

STEP 3: COPYING FILES TO SD CARD ..................................................................................... 24

STEP 4: CONNECTING RASPBERRY PI .................................................................................... 24

STEP 5: FOLLOW INSTRUCTION ON SCREEN ......................................................................... 25

STEP 6: FOLLOW INSTRUCTION ............................................................................................... 25

STEP 6: CONFIGURE RASPBERRY PI AFTER INSTALLING RASPBIAN .................................. 26

STEP 7: FINISH AND SHUTDOWN RASPBERRY PI .................................................................. 26

2. INSTALLING LAMP SERVER ON RASPBERRY PI .................................................................. 28

STEP 1: INSTALLING LAMP ........................................................................................................ 28

STEP 2: CREATING MYSQL PASSWORD FOR DATA BASE ..................................................... 29

STEP 3: OPENING WEBSITE (LOCAL SERVER) ........................................................................ 29

STEP 4: INSTALLING PHP .......................................................................................................... 30

STEP 5: INSTALLING WIRING PI ................................................................................................ 30

STEP 6: INSTALLING DRIVERS FOR DHT22 SENSOR ............................................................. 30

3. INSTALLING THE TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR ............................................... 31

STEP 1: CONNECTING SENSOR TO RPI ................................................................................... 31

STEP 2: CHECKING DATA FROM SENSOR ............................................................................... 31

STEP 3: INSTALLING SENSOR DATABASE ............................................................................... 32

STEP 4: ACCESSING SENSOR DATABASE FROM BROWSER ................................................ 32

STEP 5: CREATING CRONJOB ................................................................................................... 33

4. INSTALLING RELAYS ............................................................................................................. 34

STEP 1: WIRING RELAYS ........................................................................................................... 34

STEP 2: OPENING CONTROLLING BUTTONS IN BROWSER ................................................... 34

STEP 3: CONNECT POWER SOCKET AND BULB HOLDER ...................................................... 35

5. INSTALLING DC FAN .................................................................................................................. 36

STEP 1: WIRING FAN .................................................................................................................. 36

STEP 2: SETTING THRESHOLD VALUE..................................................................................... 36

STEP 3: CREATING CRONJOB ................................................................................................... 36

6. REFEERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 37

1

1. INTRODUCTION: INTERNET OF THINGS

The Internet of Things (IoT) as the name suggests is the system (web) of physical articles like gadgets,

vehicles, structures and different things, inserted with hardware, programming, sensors, and system

availability that empowers these items to gather

information.

"Things," in the IoT sense, can allude to a wide

assortment of gadgets, for example, heart checking

inserts, biochip transponders on ranch creatures,

electric shellfishes in beach front waters, autos with

implicit sensors, DNA examination gadgets for

natural/sustenance/pathogen observing or field

operation gadgets that help firefighters in hunt and

protect operations.

Lawful researchers recommend to take a look at "Things" as close blend of equipment, programming,

information and administration. These gadgets gather valuable information with the assistance of different

existing advancements and afterward self-ruling stream the information between different gadgets.

Current business sector illustrations incorporate sharp indoor regulator frameworks and washer/dryers that

utilization Wi-Fi for remote observing.

Internet of Things is one of the platforms for today's Smart City, and Smart Energy Management Systems.

Figure 1

“Because the Internet of Things has the

potential to awaken 99 percent of the

devices around us, it’s more important

than ever for educational institutions and

organizations to remain on the cutting

edge of this evolution,”

- Rus adds.

2

2. SOME POPULAR APPLICATIONS OF INTERNET OF

THINGS

Here are ten most popular applications of IoT according to www.iot-analytics.com (http://iot-

analytics.com/).

Figure 2

3

1. SMART HOME

Smart Home unmistakably emerges, positioning as most noteworthy Web of Things

application on all deliberate channels. More than 60,000 individuals as of now scan

for the expression "Smart Home" every month.

More organizations are dynamic in smart home than some other application in the

field of IoT. This rundown incorporates noticeable startup names, for example,

Home or AlertMe and in addition various multinational enterprises like Philips,

Haier, or Belkin.

2. SMART CITY

Smart city traverses a wide assortment of utilization cases, from movement

administration to water conveyance, to waste administration, urban security and

ecological checking. Its prominence is energized by the way that numerous Smart

City arrangements guarantee to mitigate genuine agonies of individuals living in

urban communities nowadays. IoT arrangements in the territory of Smart City tackle

activity blockage issues, diminish commotion and contamination and make urban

communities more secure.

3. SMART GRIDS

Brilliant networks is a unique one. A future brilliant matrix guarantees to utilize data

about the practices of power suppliers and customers in a robotized style to enhance

the effectiveness, dependability, and financial aspects of power. 41,000 month to

month Google seeks highlights the idea's notoriety. Notwithstanding, the absence of

tweets (Only 100 every month) demonstrates that individuals don't have much to say

in regards to it.

4

4. SMART FARMING

Smart cultivation is a regularly neglected business-case for the internet of Things.

This thought has not yet achieved huge scale consideration. Brilliant cultivating will

turn into the essential application field in the overwhelmingly agricultural item.

5

3. LIST OF COMPONENTS USED/ ITEMS REQUIRED

S. No. Name of Component/ Item Name Quantity

1. Raspberry Pi 1

2. Connecting Wires / Jumper Wires 30-35approx.

3. Humidity & Temp. Sensor (DHT11) 1

4. Relay Module 1 (8 channel relay module)

5. DC Axial cooling/ventilating fan 1

6. Power Cord 1

7. Power Outlet (Power Socket) 1

8. 2N222 Transistors 1

9. 10k resistors 1

10. Heating Bulb 1

11. Bulb Holder 1

12. Power Supply (Mobile Charger) 1

13. Empty Plastic Box 1

14. Multipurpose PCB 1

15. LED 2

16. Laptop/PC2 1

2 It is not a part of the Device, It was used to access Raspberry Pi using SSH.

6

4. DETAILS/SPECIFICATIONS OF COMPONENTS USED

1. RASPBERRY PI (MODEL B V1.1)

Figure 3

FEATURES

The Raspberry Pi 2 Model B is the second generation Raspberry Pi.Compared to the

Raspberry Pi 1 it has:

A 900MHz quad-core ARM Cortex-A7 CPU

1GB RAM

4 USB ports

40 GPIO pins

Full HDMI port

Ethernet port

Combined 3.5mm audio jack and composite video

Camera interface (CSI)

Display interface (DSI)

Micro SD card slot

7

RASPBERRY PI HARDWARE

GPIO

General Purpose Input/Output pins on the Raspberry Pi, One powerful feature of the Raspberry Pi is the

row of GPIO (general purpose input/output) pins along the edge of the board.

Figure 4

These pins are a physical interface between the Pi and the outside world. At the simplest level, you can

think of them as switches that you can turn on or off (input) or that the Pi can turn on or off (output).

Seventeen of the 26 pins are GPIO pins; the others are power or ground pin

Figure 5

You can program the pins to interact in amazing ways with the real world. Inputs don't have to come

from a physical switch; it could be input from a sensor or a signal from another computer or device, for

example. The output can also do anything, from turning on an LED to sending a signal or data to another

8

device. If the Raspberry Pi is on a network, you can control devices that are attached to it from

anywhere and those devices can send data back.

Connectivity and control of physical devices over the internet is a powerful and exciting thing, and the

Raspberry Pi is ideal for this.

Working of GPIO

Ignoring the Pi for a moment, one of the simplest electrical circuits that you can build is a

battery connected to a light source and a switch (the resistor is there to protect the LED):

Figure 6

When we use a GPIO pin as an output, the Raspberry Pi replaces both the switch and

the battery in the above diagram. Each pin can turn on or off, or go HIGH or LOW in

computing terms. When the pin is HIGH it outputs 3.3 volts (3v3); when the pin is LOW

it is off.

Here's the same circuit using the Raspberry Pi. The LED is connected to a GPIO pin

(which can output +3v3) and a ground pin (which is 0v and acts like the negative terminal

of the battery):

9

Figure 7

A note on pin numbering

When programming the GPIO pins there are two different ways to refer to them: GPIO numbering and

physical numbering.

GPIO numbering

These are the GPIO pins as the computer sees them. The numbers don't make any sense to humans, they

jump about all over the place, so there is no easy way to remember them. You will need a printed

reference or a reference board that fits over the pins.

Figure 8

10

Physical numbering

The other way to refer to the pins is by simply counting across and down from pin 1 at the top left

(nearest to the SD card). This is 'physical numbering' and it looks like this:

Figure 9

11

Power Supply

The device is powered by a 5V micro USB supply. Exactly how much current (mA) the

Raspberry Pi requires is dependent on what you connect to it. We have found that

purchasing a 1.2A (1200mA) power supply from a reputable retailer will provide you

with ample power to run your Raspberry Pi.

Typically, the model B uses between 700-1000mA depending on what peripherals are

connected; the model A can use as little as 500mA with no peripherals attached. The

maximum power the Raspberry Pi can use is 1 Amp. If you need to connect a USB

device that will take the power requirements above 1 Amp, then you must connect it to an

externally-powered USB hub.

The power requirements of the Raspberry Pi increase as you make use of the various

interfaces on the Raspberry Pi. The GPIO pins can draw 50mA safely, distributed across

all the pins; an individual GPIO pin can only safely draw 16mA. The HDMI port uses

50mA, the camera module requires 250mA, and keyboards and mice can take as little as

100mA or over 1000mA Check the power rating of the devices you plan to connect to the

Pi and purchase a power supply accordingly.

Figure 10

12

2. CONNECTING WIRES / JUMPER WIRES

Figure 11

There are 3 types of Jumper Wires-

1. Male to Male Jumper wires (Wires on Right side in Fig. 11)

2. Female to Male Jumper wires (Wires in between in Fig. 11)

3. Female to Female Jumper wires (Wires on Left side in Fig. 11)

13

3. HUMIDITY & TEMP. SENSOR: DHT 113 OR DHT22

Figure 12

Humidity and Temperature sensor measures temperature and humidity. DHT11 has been

used in this project. It is recommended to use DHT22 instead of DHT11 for better results.

There are 3 pins Vcc, Ground and Data (Signal)

3 Data sheet of DHT 11 attached in last part of this report.

14

Working and Principle of DHT11 / DHT22

Figure 13

These humidity and temperature sensor consist of 2 components-

1. Humidity Component

2. Thermistor (or NTC temperature sensor)

Connected to an IC behind the sensor.

15

Humidity Measurement

Strictly speaking no sensor measures humidity directly but measures the effect (property)

like change in resistance when temperature increases or humidity increases.

Here a moisture holding substrate (usually a salt or conductive plastic polymer) is used it

hold (absorbs for short time) water vapors that are present in the air.

This substrate is present between electrodes (Attached surface to surface) as the moisture

increases the substrate ions are released which increases conductivity (Decreases

resistance) between both the elctrodes.

This change in resistance is measured and processed by the IC which and sends the

processed signals to Raspberry Pi.

Figure 14

16

Temperature Measurement

NTC4 temperature sensor (thermistor) is used for measurement of temperature.

A thermistor is a variable resistor whose value of resistance changes with change in

temperature.

These sensors are made by sintering of semi conductive materials such as ceramics or

polymers.

Figure 15

4 A Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) is a condition wherein the resistance or ( some other characteristic) of a material decreases with increasing temperature

17

Comparison between DHT11 and DHT22

Table above shows the difference between both DHT11 and DHT22.

DHT 22 is more costly than DHT11. DHT 22 is recommended but here for this project

one can use DHT 11, if maximum and minimum temperature falls within the range.

Since, operating voltages and maximum current is same any of them can be used with

same setup.

18

4. RELAY MODULE (8 CHANNEL RELAY MODULE)

Figure 16

Relays5 are electromechanical switches as the name suggests it electronic + mechanical device, relay has

an inductor coil inside it which energises when current is passed through it and acts like a magnet. This

inductor coil is responsible for opening and closing of switch.

5 Here in this project SPDT (Single pole double throw) relay have been used.

19

Working and principle of a relay

Figure 17

Principle behind working of a relay is that whenever a current is passed through a coil

(inductor) magnetic field is generated which is responsible for the mechanical mechanism

(attraction of Armature) which results in closing and opening of the circuit.

Electric relay contact types

SPST – Single Pole Single Throw

SPDT – Single Pole Double Throw

DPST – Double Pole Single Throw

DPDT – Double Pole Double Throw

20

Figure 18

Single Pole Double Throw

Figure 19

These single pole double throw type connections are used in this project.

NC = Normally Closed

NO = Normally Open

C = Common

B-M = Break-Make

21

5. DC AXIAL COOLING/VENTILATING FAN

Figure 20

These are normal CPU fans that are used for cooling and ventilating. Here in this project

they are used ventilation Fan for exhausting water vapours.

These fans operate on 5 Volts which can be easily supplied by Raspberry Pi.

6. POWER OUTLET

Figure 21

This is a normal socket to plug in Pump. In this project 220V AC has been used.

22

7. POWER CORD

Figure 22

This is for connecting AC supply to socket.

8. HEATING BULB & BULB HOLDER

Figure 23

23

5. MAKING OF DEVICE .

1. INSTALLING RASPBIAN ON RASPBERRY PI

STEP 1: DOWNLOADING NOOBS

Figure 24

NOOBS is an installer package for Raspberry Pi for installing an Operating System.

It can be downloaded for free from http://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/

24

STEP 2: PREPAIRING SD CARD

Plug in your memory card to your laptop, you can use a card too if you can’t directly plug

it into your laptop.

Format your memory card to FAT.

Minimum 16 GB and a class 10 memory card is recommended to use in Raspberry Pi.

STEP 3: COPYING FILES TO SD CARD

Unzip the downloaded NOOBS zip folder and copy all the files directly to your SD card

and unmounts it safely from laptop/PC.

STEP 4: CONNECTING RASPBERRY PI

Connect HDMI cable, USB keyboard, USB mouse and Network cables along with the

Micro USB Power Supply directly from your mobile charger.

Don’t forget to plug in your memory card.

25

STEP 5: FOLLOW INSTRUCTION ON SCREEN

Figure 25

STEP 6: FOLLOW INSTRUCTION

Select Raspbian and press enter.

26

STEP 6: CONFIGURE RASPBERRY PI AFTER INSTALLING RASPBIAN

Figure 26

When Raspbian is installed open Terminal either clicking from menu or simply by

pressing “Cntrl+T ”.

Type sudo raspi-config , change password “qaz”(in my case) and enable SSH

server.

Set time and date and boot to command line.

STEP 7: FINISH AND SHUTDOWN RASPBERRY PI

Type sudo halt -p and press Enter in the command line to shut down your

Raspberry Pi.

27

This is how your screen will look like when you restart your raspberry pi.

Figure 26

28

2. INSTALLING LAMP SERVER ON RASPBERRY PI

LAMP is a standard model of web service solution of its original four open-source

components.

L = Linux operating system (Raspbian).

A = Apache HTTP Server.

M = MySQL (Relational database management system (RDBMS)).

P = PHP (Programming Language).

Since SSH has been enabled now one can access it using SSH client like Putty and can

control everything without using screen, keyboard and mouse.

STEP 1: INSTALLING LAMP

Install LAMP by entering sudo apt-get install apache2 mysql-server php5-mysql build-essential git-core

When asked to install type y press enter to confirm

Figure 27

29

STEP 2: CREATING MYSQL PASSWORD FOR DATA BASE

Figure 28

Enter password “qaz”(in my case).

STEP 3: OPENING WEBSITE (LOCAL SERVER)

Checking if everything is working fine open browser and write IP in browser

Figure 29

30

STEP 4: INSTALLING PHP

Install PHP5 module for Apache2

sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5

STEP 5: INSTALLING WIRING PI

Install Wiring Pi

git clone git://git.drogon.net/wiringPi

cd wiringPi

./build

STEP 6: INSTALLING DRIVERS FOR DHT22 SENSOR

Install the DHT22 Sensor drivers.

Type cd ~ to return to your home directory.

git clone https://github.com/technion/lol_dht22

cd lol_dht22

./configure

sudo make install

31

3. INSTALLING THE TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR

STEP 1: CONNECTING SENSOR TO RPI

Wire the DHT22 sensors to raspberry pi

Ground to black - pin 6

VCC to 3.3v red - pin 1

Data to pins any of one yellow - pins 3, 5, 7

Figure 30

STEP 2: CHECKING DATA FROM SENSOR

Login by typing your user name and password and open terminal

type: sudo loldht 8

If everything is fine you will see all the data (current values of temperature and humidity)

32

STEP 3: INSTALLING SENSOR DATABASE wget http://www.raspiviv.com/databases/datalogger.sql

mysql -u root -p < datalogger.sql

Create a new Mysql user

mysql -u root -p

CREATE USER 'datalogger'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY

'datalogger';

GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON datalogger . * TO

'datalogger'@'localhost';

STEP 4: ACCESSING SENSOR DATABASE FROM BROWSER

Make sure to copy all the files provided on github by me.

(https://github.com/TanejaParvesh)

sudo php /var/www/html/sensor.php

Figure 31

33

STEP 5: CREATING CRONJOB

Type sudo crontab -e in the terminal and press Enter

Add the sensor cron job: * * * * * php /var/www/html/sensor.php

Add the history cron job: 59 23 * * * php /var/www/html/history.php

Press Ctrl+x save by pressing y and Enter

34

4. INSTALLING RELAYS

STEP 1: WIRING RELAYS

Wire the relays -

ground pin 6

5v pin 1

Signal to relay by physical pins 11, 12

STEP 2: OPENING CONTROLLING BUTTONS IN BROWSER

Open a browser and Open IP of your Raspberry Pi buttons will be shown.

LED indicator lights along with the classic relay click will let you know they're working.

Figure 32

35

STEP 3: CONNECT POWER SOCKET AND BULB HOLDER

Connect power socket and bulb holder

One wire from relay

Other wire directly from supply

36

5. INSTALLING DC FAN

STEP 1: WIRING FAN

Connect the positive fan wires to 5 volt pin

Connect the negative terminal of fan wires to E (Emitters) of the transistors

Ground both C (Collectors) of the transistors

Connect pin 18 to B (Base) of the transistors with a 10K resistor.

Figure 33

STEP 2: SETTING THRESHOLD VALUE

Set the fan's humidity threshold

sudo nano /var/www/html/fanh1.php

Edit the threshold to your desired value

STEP 3: CREATING CRONJOB

Create a cron job to regulate humidity.

*/5 * * * * php /var/www/html/fanh1.php

37

6. REFEERENCES

S. NO. Sources

1 http://www.acumera.net/2015/07/white-paper-protecting-your-network-from-vendor-

vulnerabilities/

2 http://iot-analytics.com/10-internet-of-things-applications/

3 https://www.raspberrypi.org/

4 http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/NTAwWDUwMA==/z/BcAAAOSwxp9W3DYq/$_12.JPG

5 http://cmostronics.in/product_info.php/humidity-temperature-sensor-dht-p-313

6 http://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/dht11-dht22-sensors-temperature-and-

humidity-tutorial-using-arduino/

7 http://howtomechatronics.com/tutorials/arduino/dht11-dht22-sensors-temperature-and-

humidity-tutorial-using-arduino/

8 http://hub360.com.ng/shop-2/8-channel-relay/

9 http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/io/io_5.html

10 http://www.phidgets.com/docs/3051_User_Guide

11 http://www.amazon.in/Axial-Cooling-Fan-SIZE-9-2x9-2x2 5cm/dp/B01A7E74N4?tag=googi

nhydr 18418-21&tag=googinkenshoo-21&ascsubtag=96977eea-ff9f-4b9e-ba9e-

6e263c8a6302

12 http://www.amazon.in/Anchor-Multi-Socket-30373 White/dp/B00V4VIHH2?tag=googinhydr

18418-21&tag=googinkenshoo-21&ascsubtag=96977eea-ff9f-4b9e

13 http://teamnovak.com/shop/index.php?main_page=index&cPath=14_59

14 http://news.mit.edu/2016/mit-professional-education-announces-new-online-course-internet-

things-0408

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