automated rubber seed clones identification using reflectance

Automated Rubber Seed Clones Identification Using Reflectance Sensors

And PIC

Mohd zafran abdul aziz,Fairul nazmie osman,Hadzli hashim

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi MARA

40450 Shah Alam

MALAYSIA

[email protected],[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract: - This paper studies automated rubber seed clones identification using Reflectance sensors by create an

intelligent and simple technology using application of Microcontroller PIC 16F877A. In order to recognize

selected best rubber tree series clones based on reflectance at their surface. There are five types of clones from the

same species of rubber seed have been used as samples in this paper which are PB360, RRIM2009, RRIM2011,

RRIM2016 and RRIM2025. There three sensor reflectance (QTR-1A) was used to ensure that all surface samples

taken the reading. Every surface reflects differently of light. The device measure the percentages of reflectance

based on the intensity of light reflected from the seed surface. The Microsoft Office Excel was used to analysis the

average voltage that converts from light reflectance of wavelength by takes 30 samples readings from 5 difference

clones. Analysis results showed the average voltage derived from the data and graph, there are small differences in

voltage for each type of clone. It was found that there are the brightness of brown color at front surface can be used in

order to classify the types of rubber tree clones compare with back surface.

Key-Words: - infrared(IR),

1 Introduction Rubber is an important economic resource for the

world,especially in Malaysia, lots of studies have been

done to improve the quality of latex production in

rubber tree, In Malaysia there are more than 30 clones

of rubber tree, producing clone of so many causes

farmers and agriculture officers difficult to identify

rubber seeds clone. Rubber seeds have different

patterns on the surface, for experienced it is easy for

them to identify to see the difference in the pattern

of clones on the surface of seeds. However, these

methods will consume time, percentage accuracy and

as well as cost in order to trained new worker or farmer

with regards to the identification of rubber seed clones.

Before this the best rubber series clone was recognized

based on range of reflectance of wavelength, shape and

texture of the rubber series seeds through the image

p r oc e s s i n g a nd wave l e t t e c hn i q u e [ 1 -4 ] .

This paper present to classify rubber seed clones by

identify the diffrence color reflected from color and

pattern by analyze the reflectance of wavelength for 5

rubber seed clones types. The 5 clone were PB360 ,

RRIM2009, RRIM2011, RRIM2016 and

RRIM2025.The main objective of this paper is to

determine difference output voltage for each clone

based on light reflectance.Distinguish each of the

rubber seed were analyzed by determining the average

voltage is taken from reflectance sensor.The outcomes

data will be statically analyzed.

1.1 Clone characteristic

(a) RRIM2009 (b)RRIM2011 (c) RRIM2016

(d) RRIM 2025 (e) PB360

Figure 3 Types of rubber seed clones

Recent Researches in Circuits, Systems, Electronics, Control & Signal Processing

ISBN: 978-960-474-262-2 55

A) RRIM2009 (recommended): The seed is small in

size,smooth and shining with light brownish seed

coat. It has square to slightly rounded shape.

Overall growth and seed production of this clone is

good. This is the best type of clone and was

recommended for both latex and timber.

B) RRIM2011: The seed feature and size of this

clone mostly like same with RRIM2009 but the

RRIM2009 more bright compare this clone. Overall

growth and seed production of this clone is good.

This clone also recommended for both latex and

timber production [1].

C) RRIM2016: The seed features of this clone are

most likely same with RRIM2009 but it has square

shaped of seed. Overall growth and seed production

of the clone isvery good. This clone was also

recommended for latex andtimber production [1, 2].

D) RRIM2025: The seed is small in size, smooth and

shining with dark brownish seed coat. It has square to

slightly rounded shape. Overall growth and seed

production of this clone is good. This is the also best

type of clone and was recommended for both latex

and timber production [1].

E) PB360: The seed size of this clone is medium. It

was smooth and brownish seed coat. The shape is

square to slightly rectangular. The color is more

bright compare with other clones. This clone not

commercial the production but used as sample in

research of rubber seed clones.

2 Hardware Design There are 4 important components in completing this

paper, consisting of analog sensors, the internal ADC,

the Microcontroller and LCD as a display.

Figure 1 controller and display

Figure 1 shows the hardware design. PIC 16F877A is

a microcontroller operated based on program created

by using MPlab software and it interfaces with three

reflectance sensor QTR-1A, The sensors are used to

measure total of light reflected from the rubber seeds

surface using analog-to-digital (ADC) .These values

are subsequent by converted into voltage value by

using equation 1. PIC 16F877A has five different

port, A, B, C, D and E. To read analog input QTR-1A

must interface with port A.The QTR-1A reflectance

sensor carries a single infrared LED and

phototransistor pair. The phototransistor is connected

to a pull-up resistor to form a voltage divider that

produces an analog voltage output between and

(which is typically ) as a function of the

reflected IR.Lower output voltage is an indication of

greater reflection. Figure 5 shows QTR-1A

sensor.LCD Display 16x2 is used as indicators to

Display the type rubber seeds clone.

(1)

Figure 5 QTR-1A sensor

3 Experiment Figure 2 and 3 shows the overview of the rubber seed

clones detector.

Figure 2. Rubber seed clones detector


ISBN: 978-960-474-262-2 56

Figure 3. Rubber seed clones detector

Various experiment has been conducted to realiaze

the proposed technique.The maximum light

reflection is very important when obtaining

readings. The sensors are arranged in parallel, to get

three different readings on the position, the top

(AN2), middle (AN0) and bottom (AN1). The three

sensors connected to port A 0, 1 and 2 because the

paper using the internal ADC is available on port A

for 16F877A.The sensors will scan the sample 255

times to get an average reading of the ADC. The

ADC values have been obtained will be changed to

voltage output by using the equation 1 :

Figure 6 ADC and voltage value

The scanning process was done at the Advanced

Signal Processing (ASP) and robotic Lab Faculty of

Electrical Engineering UiTM Shah Alam. The black

background is choosing to prevent the effect of

reflectance of light from environment surface. The

scanned light reflectance information was directly

extracted using MPlab software.Then the data will

be arranged to Microsoft Office Excel.

The Microsoft office Excel was used as statistical

measurement to represent the average reflectance of

wavelength by using graphical method.

For graphical method, a test was designed to study

different voltage for each clone. The average value of

the voltage difference will be used to create program

Lighting and position of rubber seed clones for each

experiment very important to get accurate readings.

4 Result Graph below shows the results that are taken during

experiment session. The reading involved 30 samples

for each clone which are PB360, RRIM2009 ,

RRIM2011 , RRIM2016 and RRIM2025.

Figure 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 shows the voltage value

from three sensors, AN1, AN2 & AN3. The voltage

values were obtained from 30 different samples.

From the results, it can be concluded that the voltage

values obtained from AN1 & AN2 do not differ

much, except for AN3, the voltage are much higher.

Figure 7 RRIM2009

Figure 8 RRIM2025

Figure 9 PB360


ISBN: 978-960-474-262-2 57

Figure 10 RRIM2011

Figure 11 RRIM2016

These experiments are performed to collect

frequencies of wavelength that have been reflected.

In order to record the necessary range of average

voltages, all the possibilities had taken.Table 1

tabulates the average voltage of rubber seeds clone.

Figure 12, 13 and 14 show three different graphs

plotted on the difference of voltage reading for 5

clones taken from three different sensors, namely

AN0 (middle sensor), AN1 (bottom sensor) and AN2

(top sensor).

Table 1

CLONE AVERAGE

AN0 AN1 AN2

RRIM2009 2924.667 3051.667 3638.633

RRIM2025 2974.500 3047.667 3691.833

PB360 1908.167 2238.500 2869.667

RRIM2011 2869.167 2956.000 3589.667

RRIM2016 2625.033 2757.833 3451.167

Figure 12 Middle Sensor (AN0)

Table 2, 3 & 4 tabulate the summarization of graph

plotted in Figure 12, 13 and 14 respectively. It depicted

the voltage range for 5 different clones.

Table 2

NO TYPE RANGE VOLTAGE (mV)

1 RRIM2009 2700-3300

2 RRIM2025 2900-3100

3 PB360 1500-2500

4 RRIM2011 2000-3300

5 RRIM2016 2100-2700

Figure 13 Bottom Sensor (AN1)

Table 3


1 RRIM2009 2700-3200

2 RRIM2025 2900-3300

3 PB360 2000-2500

4 RRIM2011 2600-3300

5 RRIM2016 2500-3000


ISBN: 978-960-474-262-2 58

Figure 14 Top Sensor (AN2)

Table 4


1 RRIM2009 3500-3800

2 RRIM2025 3600-3700

3 PB360 2800-3300

4 RRIM2011 3100-3900

5 RRIM2016 3400-3600

TABLE 5 tabulates the average voltage range

suitable for 5 types rubber seed clones. Types PB360,

RRIM 2009 and RRIM16 have different voltage

range but for RRIM 2025 and RRIM 2011 but for a

and b of the voltage range they are very close to each

other. Figure 15 shows example for 2 types of clones

PB360 and RRIM 2016.

Table 5

NO RANGE VOLTAGE (mV) TYPE

1 1500-2500 PB360

2 2800-3400 RRIM2009

3 3600-4000 RRIM2025

4 2500-2700 RRIM2016

5 3500-3700 RRIM2011

(a) Result for PB360

(b) Result for RRIM 2016

Figure 15 Example result display

5 Conclusion The five types of rubber seed clones

PB360.RRIM2009, RRIM2011, RRIM2016 and

RRIM 2025 are being tested in order to observe the

differences among the clones in terms of maximum

percentage reflectance of wavelength. Data extracted

from hardware design were analyzed with statistical

method. From the observation, the surface of rubber

seeds has different reflection percentage. By taking a

significant difference on the 3 surface, the process of

differentiation will be easier. The maximum

percentage reflectances of wavelength are

distinguishing each type of clones series can be done

by for front surface. The voltage range of PB360,

RRIM2016 and RRIM2009 clones series distinguish

each other but RRIM2011 and RRIM2025 clones

series have same range of voltage. Therefore, it can

conclude that analyzing more surfaces of rubber

seeds can be used in order to classify the types of

rubber seed clones.

References:

[1] M. Z. A. Aziz, D. R. Othman, D. M. Benong, and

D.O. S. Huat, RRIM2000 SERIES CLONES :

Characteristic and Description: RUBBER

RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF MALAYSIA,

1997.

[2] H. M. Salleh, "An Automated Shape Recognition

for Rubber Seed Cloth rough Imaging

Techniques," in Faculty of Electrical Engineering,

vol. Bsc.Eng(Hons.) Electrical. Shah Alam:

Universiti Teknologi MARA, 2007, pp. 9.

[3] A. E. Darani, "A Study on LED Reflectance for

Various Rubber Seeds Clone," in Faculty of

Electrical Engineering, vol. Bsc.Eng (Hons.)

Electrical. Shah Alam: Universiti Teknologi

MARA,pp.10.

[4] E. A. Anua, "An Automated Texture Recognition

for Rubber Seed Clones through Wavelet

Techniques, " in Facultyof Electrical Engineering,

vol. Bsc.Eng (Hons.) Electrical. Shah Alam:

Universiti Teknologi MARA,pp10.

[5] Li Jinwei, Liao Guiping, Xiao Fen, "Rapeseed

Seeds Colour Recognition by Machine Vision," in

Institute of Agricultural Information, Human

Agricultural University, Changsa 410128, P. R.

China.


ISBN: 978-960-474-262-2 59

automated rubber seed clones identification using reflectance

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