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Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair, Epilepsy Division; Prog Dir, Epilepsy Fellowship Program Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

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Page 1: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment

Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018Jeffrey W. Britton, MD

Chair, Epilepsy Division; Prog Dir, Epilepsy Fellowship ProgramMayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA

Page 2: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Faculty/Presenter Disclosure

• Faculty: Jeffrey W. Britton, MD

• Relationships with financial sponsors:– Grants/Research Support: None– Speakers Bureau/Honoraria: None– Consulting Fees: None– Patents: None– Other: Co‐investigator (unpaid) in:

• A Randomized Double Blind Placebo Controlled Study of IVIG in Patients with Voltage Gated Potassium Channel Complex Antibody Associated Autoimmune Epilepsy 

• GW Pharma “Cannabidiol in refractory epilepsy related to tuberous sclerosis”An open label extension study to investigate the safety of cannabidiol (GWP42003‐P; CBD) in children and adults with inadequately controlled Dravet or Lennox‐Gastaut Syndromes.

Page 3: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Disclosure of Financial Support

• Potential for conflict(s) of interest:– Mayo Clinic receives payments covering costs of subjects enrolled in 

• Grifols Pharmaceuticals sponsored trial of IVIG in VGKC encephalitis, a maker of IVIG which is a product that will be discussed in this program

• GW Pharma “Cannabidiol in refractory epilepsy related to tuberous sclerosis” An open label extension study to investigate the safety of cannabidiol (GWP42003‐P; CBD) in children and adults with inadequately controlled Dravet or Lennox‐GastautSyndromes.

Page 4: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Mitigating Potential Bias

• All unapproved treatments marked as unapproved in slides• Efficacy of several immunosuppressants other than IVIG discussed with respect to 

management

Page 5: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Objectives

At the end of the session, the learner will:1. Recognize the clinical features suggesting the diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsies2. Be aware of the characteristic radiologic, EEG features and spinal fluid findings in autoimmune epilepsies3. Determine features suggesting likelihood of positive antibody test results and positive therapeutic response

Page 6: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Case 1

• 39 yo F, 3 years déjà‐vu, olfactory auras, few/month• 7 months prior – “waves”, chills – 20+/d• 2 months prior – left hemiconvulsive seizures • Also memory loss, 20 # weight loss• Valproate, pregabalin, lacosamide – minimal effect• EEG negative during “waves”; witnessed convulsive events deemed “atypical” – dx PNES at NAEC level IV center

• 2nd opinion – subtle temporal discharge in 4 of 20 “waves”• CSF neg, ANA 1:120, SSB+

Page 7: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,
Page 8: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Case 1 (cont’d)

• Neuroimmunology panel + VGKCc 0.62 nmol/L (<0.01 nmol/L)• IV methylprednisolone* (IVMP) 1 gram daily x 5, then weekly x 12• “wave” seizures stopped by week 2 for 6 weeks, then recurred at rate of 6 per week

• Mycophenolate* 500 mg BID, ↓ IVMP• A er 8 weeks, “waves” increased 20/d, ↑IVMP then Rituximab* no benefit

• CBZ helped, seizures ↓ 6 per wk• 2 years after dx – IVMP* d/c’d, 3 years after dx – mycophenolate* d/c’d; auras 5‐6 per week

*not approved for use for this indication

Page 9: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

AUTOIMMUNE EPILEPSY:WHAT IS IT?

Page 10: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Immunologically mediated CNS disorder in which recurrent seizures are a primary featureAutoimmune etiology suggested by:• detection of neural autoantibodies• inflammatory changes on CSF or MRI• other etiologies excludedAntibodies or clear signs inflammation may be absent

WHAT IS AUTOIMMUNE EPILEPSY?

Quek, Britton, Pittock et al. Arch Neurol 2012; 69: 582‐93

Page 11: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Autoimmune encephalitis and Autoimmune epilepsy –Why two terms?

• While epilepsy clearly complicates encephalitis, and presence of evidence of encephalitis clarifies etiology…

• Some pts with inflammatory etiologies lack all signs of  encephalitis, leading to diagnostic delay

• Not all autoimmune epilepsies have identifiable antibody• Failure to identify inflammatory etiology may lead to omission of effective treatment

Page 12: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

HOW COMMON IS IT?  WHEN IS ANTIBODY POSITIVITY SIGNIFICANT? WHAT ABOUT FALSE POSITIVES?

Page 13: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Autoimmune encephalitis epidemiology

• Annual incidence encephalitis ~ 5 to 8 cases per 100,000 persons, 40 to 50% idiopathic1

• Autoimmune 3rd most common– NMDA surpasses that of any single infectious agent2

• NMDA 1% of all young adult ICU admissions3

• LGI1 incidence 0.83 per million/year4

• overall autoimmune epilepsy incidence unclear– Seronegative cases

1. Granerod et al. Lancet Inf Dis 2010; 10:835‐44; 2.Gable MS et al. Clin Inf Dis 2012;54:899‐9043. van Sonderen, A., et al. Neurol 2016; 87: 1449‐56; 4. Prüss H et al. Neurol 2010;75:1735‐1739

Page 14: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Neural Ab prevalence persons with epilepsy

• N=124 children with focal epilepsy–5 (4%) had neural Abs1

• N=66 adults >55 yrs new onset epilepsy –4 (6%) had evidence autoimmune cause2

• N=112 consecutive pts cryptogenic epil–Abs (all) 39 (34.8%)3

• N=82 with DRE unknown cause, 17 (22%) Ab+4

1. Borusiak et al. Paed Neurol.  2016; 20:573‐9; 2. Von Podewils et al. Epilepsia 2017; 58: 1542‐503. Dubey et al. JAMA Neurol. 2017; 74:397‐402; 4. Tecellioglu et al. Irish J Med Sci. 2018; doi:10.1007/s11845‐018‐1777‐2

Page 15: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Neural Abs in disorders other than epilepsy

• N=70 achalasia, n=161 controls1

–Neural antibodies: 25.7% vs 4.4% (p<10‐4)–GAD65 21.4% v 2.5% (p<10‐4)

• GAD65 9‐13yrs in n=4496 non‐diabetics (Norway)2

–1.7% GAD65+ initially; 54% became neg over time–0.4% initially neg became +–GA65 associated w TPO Ab+, HLA‐DQA1/DQB1

1. Kraichely et al. Dig Dis Sci 2010; 55:307‐112.Sørgjerd et al. BMJ Open Diab Res & Care 2015; 3:e000076 

Page 16: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

CLINICAL FEATURES

Page 17: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Clinical features suggesting autoimmune epilepsy

Autoimmune epilepsy work‐up warrantedHigh seizure 

frequency

Subacute onset

Focal epilepsy

Certain MRI, fdg‐PET, EEG features Risk factors for Ca, 

autoimmunity present

Additional neurologic symptoms

Nonimmunologic causes excluded

Derived from: Britton JW. Handbk of Clin Neurol, Vol. 133 (3rd ser), Autoimmune Neurology, S.J. Pittock , A. Vincent, Eds, 2016

Page 18: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

N=32; median age = 56 years (5‐79)Seizure duration = 5 months (3 weeks – 12 years)All had focal (partial) seizuresMedian anticonvulsants tried = 3Seizure frequency – daily 26 (81%)

CLINICAL FEATURES –MAYO AUTOIMMUNE EPILEPSY SERIES

Quek, Britton, Pittock et al. Arch Neurol 2012; 69: 582‐93

Page 19: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

LGI‐1 clinical manifestations ‐ frequency

• Video‐EEG analysis seizures in 16 LGI‐1 pts• 14 with 86 faciobrachial dystonic sz

–µ=0.4/hr (0.1‐9.8)• 11 non‐FBD (53) seizures alone or in addition

– µ=0.1/hr (0.1‐2) 

Aurangzeb et al. Seizure 2017; 50:14‐7

Page 20: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Phenotypes, outcomes LGI‐1 & CASPR‐2

• N=196 LGI1, n=51 CASPR2, n=9 dual in lab database• CNS: LGI1 81%, CASPR2 47% (p<0.00001)• Limbic encephalitis, cognitive, depression more common with LGI1 than CASPR2

• Paroxysmal dizzy spells 17% LGI1

Gadoth et al. Ann Neurol. 2017; 82:79‐92

Page 21: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Faciobrachial dystonic seizures

Page 22: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Faciobrachial dystonic seizures

Page 23: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Ictal fear, panic– multiple per day

Page 24: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Autoimmune epilepsy vs HS

Lv and Shao et al.  Ann Clin Transl Neurol.  2018; 5:208‐15

Page 25: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

NMDA encephalitis – Initial clinical features

Titulaer MJ, McCracken L, Gabilondo I, et al. Lancet Neurology. 2013; 12(2): 157‐65.

Page 26: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

NMDA ‐ catatonia

Page 27: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

NMDA – oral dyskinesiasNMDA – oral dyskinesias

Page 28: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

NMDA – speech disorder, behavior, seizures, dyskinesia NMDA – speech disorder, behavior, seizures, dyskinesia 

Page 29: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

EEG

Page 30: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

EEG in autoimmune epilepsy

• Abnormal in 80%– May be normal if not encephalopathic

• Bitemporal sharp waves and seizures• Generalized rhythmic delta – “extreme delta brush” ‐ NMDA• Multifocal epileptiform abnormalities

Britton JW. Handbk of Clin Neurol, Vol. 133 (3rd ser), Autoimmune Neurology, S.J. Pittock , A. Vincent, Eds, 2016

Page 31: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

EEG in ANNA‐1 encephalitis – limbic & non‐limbic

Rudzinski LA, Pittock SJ, McKeon A, Britton. Epilepsy Research. 2011; 95(3): 255‐62

Page 32: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Sz # 8

Left temporal seizure – VGKC (LGI‐1)

Page 33: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Sz # 14

Right temporal seizure – VGKC (LGI‐1)

Page 34: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

LGI‐1 EEG depends on seizure type

• N=18 pts• 4 ‐ faciobrachial dystonic (FBD) seizures only

– Ictal EEG normal in all

• 6 ‐ non‐FBD seizures only– EEG abnormal in all

• 8 – FBD + other seizure types– Typically FBD then temporal seizure– EEG abnormal in all

Chen et al.  Epilepsy Behavior 2017; 77:90‐5

Page 35: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

EEG in LGI‐1 FBD seizures

• N= 4 patients with FBD seizures, LGI‐1• low frequency analog 0.07 Hz filter• Pre‐spasm infraslow activity (ISA) preceded clinical spasm by 1.2 sec

• Contralateral to spasm

Wennberg et al. Clin Neurophys 2018; 129:59‐68

Page 36: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Generalized rhythmic delta 48 F (NMDA)

Page 37: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

NMDA – 48F ‐ 4 months later

Page 38: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

NMDA – 24 F – evolution of EEG patterns

Page 39: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

EEG in autoimmune epilepsy

• Ab+ PWE (20) vs seronegative PWE (21) (blind)• 71% Ab+ continuous Ɵ or ∆, compared to only 25% of those who were seronegative

• 40% Ab+ showed FIRDA, compared to 24% seronegative group• Delta brush only seen in NMDA

Baysal‐Kirac et al. Clin EEG Neurosci.  2016; 47:224‐34

Page 40: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Hashimoto’s – EEG manifestations

• All showed mild to severe generalized slowing• Triphasic waves, IEDs, photoparoxysmal• Recorded myoclonus in 8, no EEG correlate

Schauble B, Castillo PR, Boeve BF, et al. Clinical Neurophysiology. 2003; 114(1): 32‐7.

Page 41: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

NEUROIMAGING

Page 42: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

VGKCc (not subtyped) – neuroimaging

• 33/42 patients (78.6%) showed mesial temporal enlargement, T2‐hyperintensity

• Hippocampal atrophy ‐ 16/33 (48.5%)• Restricted diffusion on DWI in 8/13 (61.5%)• Basal ganglia can be involved (T1 or T2 hyperintensities caudate, putamen)

Kotsenas, Watson, Pittock, Britton et al. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004; 25: 807‐808Flanagan et al. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2015; 2(6): e161.  

Page 43: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

NMDA – structural & functional MRI

• Structural imaging normal in 50‐75%• Functional imaging

–reduced functional connectivity between hippocampi & default mode network

–DTI ‐ extensive white matter changes, most prominent in the cingulum

Finke C, Kopp UA, Scheel M, et al. Annals of Neurology. 2013; 74(2): 284‐296.

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Page 45: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

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Page 46: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

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Page 47: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

MRI FLAIR hyperintensity claustrum

• Claustrum FLAIR 4/34 with autoimmune encephalitis• All 4 ‐ explosive onset seizures, cognitive and behavioral disturbance

• EEG frontal, parasagittal epileptiform activity• 1 GAD‐65, 1 Ma2, 2 seronegative

Steriade et al. Epilepsia Open. 2017; 2:476‐80

Page 48: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

CASE SELECTION FOR TESTING AND TREATMENT

Page 49: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

CASE SELECTION IMPORTANCE

• Antibodies of uncertain significance may be encountered

• Some Abs/syndromes less responsive to immunotherapy than others

• Work up and treatment are costly and have risks

Page 50: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

CLINICAL APPROACH1. Clarify syndrome, and Ab type if present

– determines immunotherapy potential, tumor risk

2. Determine duration since symptom onset– Shorter the better re: chances of success of immunotherapy

3. Determine cognitive status, risk, and review imaging to gauge irreversibility

4. Identify metrics you can follow to assess progress– seizure frequency, cognitive testing, imaging, EEG

Page 51: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Diagnostic criteria: Definite autoimmune encephalitis Diagnosis can be made when all four* have been met: 1. Subacute onset (rapid progression < 3 mos) working memory deficits, 

altered mental status, psychiatric symptoms 2. Bilateral brain abnormalities on T2/FLAIR MRI or fdg‐PET highly 

restricted to the medial temporal lobes3. At least one of the following: 

– CSF pleocytosis (WBC > 5 cells per mm3) – EEG with temporal epileptic or slow‐wave activity

4. Reasonable exclusion of alternative causes* = if neural Ab positive, only 2 of first 3 required

Graus, Titulauer, Dalmau et al. Lancet Neurology 2016; 15: 391–404 

May be too restrictive, impacting sensitivity

Page 52: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Who to test, who to treat? APE and RITE

• APE – Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy–Predicts likelihood of antibody positivity–Score > 4: sens 97.7%, spec 77.9%

• RITE – Response to Immunotherapy in Epilepsy–Determines potential for response to immunotherapy–Score > 7: sens 87.5%, spec 83.8%

• APE2, RITE2 – improved specificity

Dubey D et al. Epilepsia 2017 (in press); doi: 10.1111/epi.13797  

Page 53: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Antibody Prevalence in Epilepsy (APE2) 

Dubey D et al. J Neuroimmunology 2018;  323:62‐72; doi:  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.009

APE 2 Yes/No (Y/N)New onset, rapidly progressive (1‐6 weeks) mental status changes or seizures, within 1 year of eval 1 pt

Neuropsychiatric (agitation, aggression, emotion lability) 1 ptAutonomic dysfunction (sustained supra/bradycardia, OH, hyperhidrosis, labile BP, VTach, asystole) if no prior hx 1 pt

Viral prodrome (in absence Ca history last 5 yrs) 2 ptFacial dyskinesia in absence FBD seizures 2 ptFaciobrachial dystonic (FBD) seizures 3 ptSeizures refractory 2 or more AEDs 2 ptCSF inflammatory (protein > 50 mg/dL, WBC > 5 cells/μL 2 ptMRI findings of limbic encephalitis (T2/FLAIR hyperintensity one or both medial temporal lobes, or multifocal grey/white matter or both c/w demyelination/inflammation) (no MRI="n")

2 pt

Underlying malignancy < 5 yrs neurologic onset 2 ptTotal 0 Abnl >= 4

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Response to Immunotherapy in Epilepsy (RITE2) 

Dubey D et al. J N

euroim

mun

ology 20

18; 32

3:62

‐72RITE 2 Yes/No (Y/N)

New onset, rapidly progressive (1‐6 weeks) mental status changes or seizures, within 1 year of eval 1 pt

Neuropsychiatric changes (agitation, aggression, emotion lability) 1 ptAutonomic dysfunction (sustained supra/bradycardia, OH, hyperhidrosis, labile BP, VTach, asystole) if no prior hx 1 pt

Viral prodrome (in absence Ca history last 5 yrs) 2 ptFacial dyskinesia/FBD movements 2 ptFaciobrachial dystonic (FBD) seizures 3 ptSeizures refractory 2 or more AEDs 2 ptCSF inflammatory (protein > 50 mg/dL, WBC > 5 cells/μL 2 ptMRI findings of limbic encephalitis (T2/FLAIR hyperintensity one or both medial temporal lobes, or multifocal grey/white matter or both c/w demyelination/inflammation) (no MRI="n")

2 pt

Underlying malignancy < 5 yrs neurologic onset 2 ptImmunoRx within 6 months onset 2 ptNeural plasma membrane autoantibody detected (NMDAR, GABAAR, GABABR, AMPAR, DPPX, mGluR1, mGluR2, mGluR5, LGI1, IgLON5, CASPR2 or MOG)

2 pt

Total 0 Abnl  >=7

Page 55: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Autoimmune epilepsies ‐managementDisorder Tumor screen ImmunoRx? Other Rx

LGI1/CASPR2 10% thymoma Yes No

VGKC (‐/‐) 10% thymoma Poor response No

NMDA Ovarian teratoma Yes Teratoma surgery

GAD65 Low yield Poor response None 

GABA‐B Small cell lung Yes Cancer

GABA‐A Thymoma Yes Thymoma

AMPA SCLung, Thym, Breast Yes Cancer

Ma2 Testicular seminoma Poor response Cancer

Hashimoto’s TPO Low yield Yes No

Onconeural Ab Yes Poor to moderate Cancer

SLE No Moderate No

Celiac No Unknown Diet

SNALE Unknown Moderate Unknown

NORSE/FIRES Low yield Poor response Anakinra? Others?

Page 56: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

TREATMENT APPROACH AND PUBLISHED OUTCOMES

Page 57: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

AEDs do have a role in autoimmune epilepsy

• Metanalysis 6 autoimmune epilepsy studies• N=139 patients• AEDs efficacious in 10% overall:

– Seronegative = 18%, VGKC = 11%, GAD65=8%

• 73% of AED responders did so to Na+ channel blockers

Cabezudo‐Garcia et al. Seizure 2018; 59:72‐6

Page 58: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

AEDs in autoimmune epilepsy

• N=50 autoimmune encephalitis with epilepsy• Levetiracetam used 42/50, unhelpful in all• 27/50 seizure‐free

– 18 (36%) with immunotherapy alone– 5 (10%) AEDs alone– 4 (8%) AEDs after immunotherapy failure

• Sodium channel blockers most effective

Page 59: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Surgery in autoimmune epilepsy• N=13, sz onset age µ=23 yrs, epil duration not stated, seizure rate: µ=20/month, 5 encephalitic phase

• All had temporal lobe surgical procedures (1 RF)• MRI: unilateral temporal abnl 9, bilateral 3, normal 1• Abs: GAD65 (8), Ma2 (2), Hu(1), LGI‐1(1), CASPR2(1) (five discovered after surgery)

• 2/13 were Engel I, 3/13 Engel II (38% Engel I or II)– 2 GAD65, 1 Ma2, 1 LGI‐1, 1 Hu

• Path: perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates 7/12Carreño et al. Epil Research. 2017; 129:101‐5

Page 60: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

If No:  Stop, consider trial of acute option not previously used

or consider other immunotherapies (rituximab*, others?)

General immunotherapy approach

Autoimmune epilepsy diagnosed

IV methylprednisolone* 1 g IV or IVIG* 0.4 ‐1 g/kg IV

daily for 3‐5 days, then weekly x 6 wks then every other week x 6 weeks

or PLEX* (severe attacks)

? Improved

If yes:  Gradual taper IVMP/IVIG over 6 mosConsider chronic immunosuppressant (e.g. mycophenolate*, 

azathioprine*, cyclophosphamide*, methotrexate*)Toledano, et al. Neurology 2014; 82(18):1578‐86

*None are approved for use by FDA for this indication

No

Yes

Page 61: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Immunotherapy results

• N=29 patients treated (23 IVMP, 6 IVIG)• 18 (62%) responded, 15 to first selection

–10 seizure free (34% of whole cohort)–12/15 responders did so in first 4 weeks, 6 within first week

• Earlier treatment correlated with response–Responders: treatment median 9.5 mos after seizure onset, nonresponders 22 mos (p = 0.048)

Toledano, Britton, Pittock Neurology 2014; 82(18):1578‐86

Page 62: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Immunotherapy – Antibody type matters

Toledano, Britton, Pittock Neurology 2014; 82(18):1578‐86

Page 63: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

LGI‐1 encephalitis and FBD seizures – early Rx

• N=103 pts ‐ FBD seizures & LGI‐1 Abs• 9/89 (10%) controlled w AEDs alone• 51% experienced control w immunoRx in 30d

–earlier in cognitively normal pts

Thompson et al. Brain 2018; 141:348‐56

Page 64: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Predictors of outcome in autoimmune epilepsy

• meta‐analysis, 46 studies – 186 responders, 96 non‐responders

• Responders:–Older ‐ µ=43yrs vs 31 yrs (p<0.01)–Cell‐surface Abs – 68% vs 39% (p<0.05)– Shorter duration symptom onset to treatment – 80 vs 554 days (p<0.01)

Dubey et al.  Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2016; 9:369‐77

Page 65: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Autoimmune epilepsy outcome• N=34 pts, retrospective; µ=44.9 yrs• Abs+ in 26/34 (76.5%):

–VGKC (8), NMDA (7), TPO (5), GAD (4), GABA‐B (2)

• 19/32 (63.3%) >50% seizure reduction–5/8 seronegative responded to immunoRx

• time from symptom onset, dx shorter in responders than non‐responders (p<0.005)

Dubey et al. Seizure 2015; 29:143‐7

Page 66: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Seronegative autoimmune limbic encephalopathy (SNALE)

• N=28 recent onset TLE, MRI and clinical indicators limbic encephalitis

• 100% had seizures, 86% impaired cognition• Following pulse steroids*: 

–13 (46%) seizure‐free (>2 months)–48% MRI improved–57% cognition improved, 32% worsened

Von Rhein et al.  Acta Neurol Scand. 2017; 135:134‐41*=treatment not approved for this indication

Page 67: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Autoimmune epilepsy seropositive and seronegative treatment response

• N=61 with autoimmune epilepsy• Abs+ in 39

–VGKC 23, NMDA 9, GABA‐B 6, anti‐ amphiphysin 1

• Seronegative = 22• Ab status affected ImmunoRx efficacy:

–84.6% Ab+ responders versus 40% of seronegative

Lv and Shao et al.  Ann Clin Transl Neurol.  2018; 5:208‐15

Page 68: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

MRI amygdala enlargement ‐ possible sign of autoimmune epilepsy?

• N=40, µ=51yrs (10‐73), duration µ=11mos• Ab neg; CSF 5% pleocytosis, 31% ↑ protein

–Only sign amygdala enlargement• immunoRx (steroids) – 36; 50% of seizure free • Resolution of amygdala enlargement correlated with seizure improvement– Enlargement improved – 71% sz‐free, enlargement not resolved – 19% (p=0.003)

– Path on 1 showed no inflammatory change

Malter et al.  Epilepsia. 2016; 57:1485‐94

Responder –A1 before, A2 after Rx – decreased amygdala size

Non‐responder –D1 before, D2 after Rx – no change in amygdala size

Page 69: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

All 472 treated All 472 treated  N=251 Pts who responded to 1st line RxN=251 Pts who responded to 1st line Rx

N=96 failed 1st line, no 2nd line RxN=96 failed 1st line, no 2nd line Rx N=125 failed 1st line, received 2nd lineN=125 failed 1st line, received 2nd line

NMDA treatment results

Titulaer et al. Lancet Neurol2013; 12: 157–65

Page 70: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Rituximab in autoimmune LE

• N=80 autoimmune encephalitis treated, 81 not treated (controls), registry (Korea)

• Treatment group: 30 surface Ab+ (NMDA 27, LGI1 3), 15 (onconeural), 35 (seronegative)

• Efficacy not affected by Ab status (onconeural group improved as well)

Lee et al. Neurology 2016; 86:1683‐91 *not approved for this indication

Page 71: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Tocilizumab (TCZ) in Rituximab‐refractory autoimmune encephalitis

• TCZ ‐ anti‐interleukin 6 Ab• N= 91 refractory 1st line & rituximab Rx (retro)• 30 – TCZ; 31 – additional rituximab; 30 – Ø• TCZ more favorable than other groups• Majority with improvement @ 1 month showed durable improvement

ALL TCZ

Ritux Ø

Lee et al. Neurotherapeutics. 2016; 13:824‐32*Tocilixumab – not approved for this indication

Page 72: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Interleukin‐2* in autoimmune encephalitis

• IL‐2 restores balance regulatory and effector T‐cells

• N=10 low‐dose IL‐2• 6 improved MRS by 1 point (p=0.014) compared to baseline

Lim et al. 2016; 299:107‐11;*IL‐2 not approved for this indication

ALL

NMDA

Ab ‐

Page 73: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

CONCLUSIONS

• Autoimmune epilepsies and encephalitis are potentially treatable with immunotherapy – recognition essential

• Case selection helps identify persons with autoimmune epilepsies and identify those most likely to respond to treatment

• Weighing clinical factors can inform decisions about selection of patients for testing and treatment in those diagnosed

Page 74: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Autoimmune neurology section colleagues:• Sean Pittock, Andrew McKeon, Eoin FlanaganNeuroimmunology laboratory:• Vanda Lennon, Neuroimmnology labNeuroradiology colleagues:• Robert Witte, Amy Kotsenas, Residents, fellows:• Divyanshu Dubey, Avi Gadoth, Amy Quek, Michel ToledanoBenefactor:• Mr. and Mrs. David J Hawk charitable gift

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Page 75: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

Questions?

Page 76: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

References 1. Aurangzeb, S., et al., LGI1‐antibody encephalitis is characterised by frequent, multifocal clinical and subclinical seizures. Seizure, 2017. 50: p. 14‐17.2. Avi, G., et al., Expanded phenotypes and outcomes among 256 LGI1/CASPR2‐IgG–positive patients. Annals of Neurology, 2017. 82(1): p. 79‐92.3. Baysal‐Kirac, L., et al., Are There Any Specific EEG Findings in Autoimmune Epilepsies? Clin EEG Neurosci, 2016. 47(3): p. 224‐34.4. Borusiak, P., et al., Autoantibodies to neuronal antigens in children with focal epilepsy and no prima facie signs of encephalitis. Eur J Paediatr Neurol, 2016. 20(4): p. 573‐9.5. Brenner, T., et al., Prevalence of neurologic autoantibodies in cohorts of patients with new and established epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2013. 54(6): p. 1028‐35.6. Cabezudo‐Garcia, P., et al., Efficacy of antiepileptic drugs in autoimmune epilepsy: A systematic review.Seizure, 2018. 59: p. 72‐76.7. Carreno, M., et al., Epilepsy surgery in drug resistant temporal lobe epilepsy associated with neuronal antibodies. Epilepsy Res, 2017. 129: p. 101‐105.8. Chen, C., et al., Seizure semiology in leucine‐rich glioma‐inactivated protein 1 antibody‐associated limbic encephalitis. Epilepsy Behav, 2017. 77: p. 90‐95.

Page 77: Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition Treatment ASM... · Autoimmune Epilepsy: Recognition & Treatment Canadian League Against Epilepsy September 21, 2018 Jeffrey W. Britton, MD Chair,

References 9. Dubey, D., et al., Neurological autoantibody prevalence in epilepsy of unknown etiology. JAMA Neurology, 2017. 74(4): p. 397‐402.10. Dubey, D., et al., Evaluation of positive and negative predictors of seizure outcomes among patients with immune‐mediated epilepsy: a meta‐analysis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord, 2016. 9(5): p. 369‐77.11. Dubey, D., et al., Retrospective case series of the clinical features, management and outcomes of patients with autoimmune epilepsy. Seizure, 2015. 29: p. 143‐7.12. Dubey, D., et al., Predictive models in the diagnosis and treatment of autoimmune epilepsy. Epilepsia, 2017. 58(7): p. 1181‐1189.13. Feyissa, A.M., A.S. Lopez Chiriboga, and J.W. Britton, Antiepileptic drug therapy in patients with autoimmune epilepsy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm, 2017. 4(4): p. e353.14. Finke, C., et al., Functional and structural brain changes in anti–N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor encephalitis.Annals of Neurology, 2013. 74(2): p. 284‐296.15. Gable, M.S., et al., The frequency of autoimmune N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor encephalitis surpasses that of individual viral etiologies in young individuals enrolled in the California Encephalitis Project. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2012. 54(7): p. 899‐904.16. Graus, F., et al., A clinical approach to diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis. The Lancet Neurology, 2016. 15(4): p. 391‐404

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References 17. Kaneko, A., et al., Pitfalls in clinical diagnosis of anti‐NMDA receptor encephalitis. J Neurol, 2018. 265(3): p. 586‐596.18. Kotsenas, A.L., et al., MRI findings in autoimmune voltage‐gated potassium channel complex encephalitis with seizures: one potential etiology for mesial temporal sclerosis. AJNR, 2014.19. Lee, W.J., et al., Rituximab treatment for autoimmune limbic encephalitis in an institutional cohort. Neurology, 2016. 86(18): p. 1683‐91.20. Lee, W.J., et al., Tocilizumab in Autoimmune Encephalitis Refractory to Rituximab: An Institutional Cohort Study.Neurotherapeutics, 2016. 13(4): p. 824‐832.21. Liimatainen, S., et al., Clinical significance of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in patients with epilepsy.Epilepsia, 2010. 51(5): p. 760‐7.22. Lim, J.A., et al., New feasible treatment for refractory autoimmune encephalitis: Low‐dose interleukin‐2. J Neuroimmunol, 2016. 299: p. 107‐111.23. Limotai, C., et al., Predictive values and specificity of electroencephalographic findings in autoimmune encephalitis diagnosis. Epilepsy Behav, 2018. 84: p. 29‐36.24. Lv, R.J., et al., Seizure semiology: an important clinical clue to the diagnosis of autoimmune epilepsy. Ann ClinTransl Neurol, 2018. 5(2): p. 208‐215

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