DOCI7HENT RESWIE

ED 133 281

AUTI-IOR Browne Kinard C.

SO-09 711

TITLE The Vnited States a d Japan A wingspread Coiiferenc eor EditoLs trom Japan and tfl UniWisconsin, November 2.-5, 1915).

INSTITUTIOII International Press Inst., Pitt b r h, Pa.; JohnsonFoundation, Inc., -Racine, Wis.

PUS DATE Sep 76NOTE 25p.AVAILABLE r7c1 The Johnson

(free)

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

IDENTIFIERS

ABSTRACT

ion, Racine, WA onsin 53401

MB-$0.83 HC-$ .67 Plus Postage.*Conferences; Cultural Differences Economicz;_Foreign Countries; Foreign Policy; Global Approach;*International Relations; *News fledia; NewsReporting; Polities; Press Opinion; World Affairs;*World ProblemsJapan; United -t.ates

The purpose of this confe ence of news executivesfrom Japan arid the United States was to exclange views on the'relationship of the-two nations' and to identify areas of commoncencerr. In general, it was agreed that the two nations are gettingalong very well despite their cultural differences. The first sessi ndealt with the U.S.. role in Asia.- The consensus was that Japan hastakea the U.S. pullout from Southeast Asia in stride and is exertingits own influence as best possihle-diplomatically and economically.2he U.S. commitment to South Korea is a touchy area for bOthcountries, and Japan.urged the United States to recognize North Koreaso it can-be brought into the world community. Fear of both KoreaSwas expressed. A conSensus exists for the current American-Japaneseecurity treaty. Speakers warned about enderrating trouble spots suchs China and Russia, Europe, money exchange, access to resource ,

materials, and direct investment policies. A light discussion ensuedof cultural and sociological contrasts, followed.,)by a probe into thevictor-vanquished relationship after World War II. The final sess onconcerned media coverage of one country by the other-and therelationship between the newsmen in crisis times And under ordinaryconditioas. (ND)

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DEPANIMENT OE HEALTH.EDUCATION& WELPATAENATIONAL INSTITUTE CE

EcsucATION

THIS DoCuMEN I HAS BEEN NE PRO,'DUCVO EX AC IL Y A RECtIki ED FROMIH ESSO.OH ONGANIZATION, ATINc, IT POtpiTs Of VIEW OP OPINIONSSTAY ED OD NOT NECPS PIL NEPPE-SENT or Flom_ NAr Or-4kt_ INST ITUTE OFEDUCAT ION PCnITIoN oFt POLify

Mon thirty news executives trom the.UnitedSlates and Jiipan moot to consider what thereaders of each country are learning about theother, the results aro of absorbing interest tosomeone like me, who for many years hasbeen involved with both sides of this informa-tion process.

Given the powerful influence that the pressoxmts on public attitudes In the two countries,the convening of the meeting sponsored by theUnited States and Japan Committees of thoInternatiopal Press Institute and hosted by TheJohnson Feundation at Wingspread, alreadythe fifth in a series of bilateral sessions, Is, I

consider, a respense to a very urgent need tomaintain a strong channel of communicationbetween the peoples of the two countries,

It is nonetheless encouraging and inspiring tofind that the news executives agreed that thetwo nations are getting on very well togetherin the areas that matter most, despite so manycultural differences, Mile agreeing that over-all relations have never boon better, the pan-elists noted -.hat there remained certain areaswhich could conceivably become causes offriction. It seems-to me that such areas of pos-sible communications difficulties are far morelikely to occur In the cultural and psychologi-cal sphere than in the political and economicrealm. In the political and econornic relation-ship, communications between the two coun-tries are generally based on practical consider-ations of national interests, and hence are aptto result in less confusion since a common in-ternational language is used Such is not thecase in the cultural field where the widely dis-parate backgrounds of Americans and Japa-nese may often cause serious difficulties Incommunication between the two peoples. Ow-ing to the extent of these cultural differences,the obstacles of communication are more for-midable between the United States and Japanthan between the United States and Europe.Those common cultural ties between the UnitedStates and Eurone are regularly reflected Inthe media. It is for example, guile usual -tosee the Arneric -I press report on Europeanpersonalities and daily life; similar coverage ofJapanes e figures and society is seldom seen.In the absence of common cultural bonds be-tween the Unite.w.1 States ariC when rela-tions deteriorate, it takes much more to bringthem back to normalcy.

Constant vigilance is required on both sides ifcrImmunication leading to mutual understand-irdg is to be sustained. We must continue towork together to prevent existind communica-tion gaps from widening, and in this importantwork, the role of the press is crucial.

It is forums such as the present ono which, byexchanging views and identifying areas ofcommon concern, are so essential in sustain-ing mutual understanding across the Pacific. I .

commend this report to the reader as yet an-other important link in the fascinating and_corn-olex relationship between the United Statesand Japan.

Genichl AkatanlAssistant Secretary-GeneralOffice of Public Information

United Nations

TH-.

There is a ',5trung rril5on for El new Winrispr,m,freport on rllations between Japan and theUnited States, namely constant chan4e. I be-lieve that the landscape Is never serfn in thesame way, no matter how many timesUidivIdu-als travel the old road. The reason Is simplythat fresh combinations of Ideas are createdby individuals, thus affecting-human events.

An exchange of views on the relationship oftwo nations should not wait until some darkcrisis develops. It is better to have exchangetake place in the sunlight, ,a more favorableclimate for building the trust essential for mu-tual enlightenment.

Sessions like those held at Wingspread arebound to be a mix of past events and presentattitudes. In fact, current views can becomepast tense very quickly Ir thls era of whirlwindchange. It is that rapid pace of human affairswit-icri makes it important for us to put on the,brakes 'at regular intervals, to quiet the clatterand try to find out what motivates us in ourthinking and acting. That was the goal of theWingspread meeting, as it will be during futureWingspread discussions between representa-tives of differing cultures.

Journalists areexceptionally well prepared toexplain matters to each other. Their professionis communication, and it puts them at the cross-roads (news centers) of hurnan affairs. Whenthis is combined with the freedom to report,trio result is Kitality and a good chance of ex-pressing trutfit In terms of influencing citizenopinion and also official relationships, the roleof the journalist can be the difference betweenaMity or enmity, When nations slip into a posi-tion of enmity, the avenues to accurate per-ception and mutual Progress are blocked, in-cludino trade, sharing of technology and cul-tural inteichange, Risks of conflict may thenbe created, followed by the violation of humanrights, including at times the right to life ItselfMeetings like the Wingspread Conference areIn the class of'. conflict prevention, broughtabout by thoughtful dialogue which influencesopinion and policies.

Are there differences in the ways in whichJapanese and Arneriean colleagues approachdiscussions? Yes, there are drfferences, basedorf heritage. I believe we should not try to im-pose change, on each other, but accept thecultural differences and construct bridges ofmutual trust. The Wingspread meeting accom-plished this. -

These are among the reasons for publishinghigh:ights of the "Japan-United States Editors'Centerence," and why we appreciate the con-scientious work 9f our Japanese colleaguesand those of the International Prers Institute.The Johnson Foundation will continue to sup-port similar exchanges in the future The chang-ing tide of human affairs requires this se thatour future is not manipulated by the wheel ofchance but directed by intelligence for thebenefit of human development and dignity.

Leslie Paffrath -

PresidentThe Johnson Foundation

A REPORT OF A CONFERENCEJAPANESE AND UNITED STATESFOUNDATION,. NOVEMBEFI 2-5, '1

THE UNITED STATES & JAPAINFor two sodieties with so manycultural differences, the UnitedStates and Japan are getting onvery well together in the thin gethat matter most.

For two peoples with languagesas difficult for each other to lee:m,they are coMmunicating yore ef-fectively in the language of inter-national economic and politicalcooperation.

When President Ford told anAmerican audienee shortly afterthe visit of Japaree Emperor andEmpress that American-Japaneserelations have never been better,he was capsuling a,sentimentspelled out in reassuring detailby expert observers meeting with30 news executives from bothcountries. The four-day discus-sion at Wingspread, The JohnsonFoundation conference centernear Racine, Wisconsin, coveredpolitical, economic, military, cul-tural, sociological and journalis-tic relations.

The meeting was the fifth in aseries of bilateral and bilingualsessions sponsored by the Amer-ican and Japanese netionarcorn-rnittees of the International PressInStitute. It was the feet sincethe end of the Vietnam War andthe first to consider the questionsU.S. withdrawal has posed aboutthe future defense of the West-ern Pacific and America's futurerole in Asia.

The clear consensus was that'Japan has taken the U.S. pell-o utfrom Southeast Asia completelyin stride: and that Japan is mov-ing in as best it can, diplomati-cally and economically, to rnakeits own influence felt there. TheAmericans conceded that sEAro(Southeast Asia Treaty Organiza-tion) is dead, or at least beingphased out in deference 'to Thaiand Philippine unhappiness overtreaty ties with the U.S. The Jap-anese pinned high hopes onASEAN (Association of South-east Asian Nations) as a newfive nation bloc based in Jakarta,Indoneeta, to rival the pull of theHanoi-led Communist bloc inIn dochina.

A much touchier area for both-countries, it was agreed, is-Seuth

OF EDITORS FROM JAPAN AND THE UNITED STATES, CONVENED BY THEdorniirrEES OF THE INTERNNTIONAL PRESS INSTITUTE, AND THE JOHNSON975. Written by, Millard C. Browne

Korot' whore the U S. is com-mitted to stand firm. Tile Japa-nese hope that this coreeetrn orewill not be weakened or tested

any time soon. ,

ome Japanese said they wouldappreciate a U.S. move tb rec-ognize North Korea, or any other-action to bring the isolatedPyongyang regime into contaetwith the world community.

Spokesmen for both sidesseemed convinced that, at pres-ent, it is in the interest of bothKoreas and all four major powersconcerned China, Russia, Ja-epan _and the U.S. to avoid re-

newal of the ;Korean War. TheJapanese indicated (as Profes-sor Toru rano of Kyoto Univer-sity put it) that they were as muchafraid of a provocation comingfrom the South Koreans as fromNorth Korea.

All speakers on this subject in-dicated that any major renewalof warfare would be very hardto contain within Korea or to fightwith convehtional troops or weap-ons. If this meant seriously con-,sidering resort to tactical nuclearweapons, one American speakerwareed with most of the Japa-nese nodding solemn agreement

the U.S.-Japanese allianceprobably could not survive, andthe U.S. very probably would bedenied use of Japanese bases.

Barring such provocation, theconsensus Was that there is nogreat push from either side torewrite the American-Japanesesecurity treaty. Some Americanspokesmen indicated there is talkwithin the U.S. di plornatic and mil-itary establishments about push-ing Japan to enlarge Its contri-butions toward the joint defense,but seyeral Japanese speakerswere emphatic that Japan hasno desire to do so. They saidthat even if the U.S. flirted withdrawing back-To-a nnid-Pacificdefense line of Guam, Tinian andSaipan (which Asian Studies Pro-fessor Nathaniel B. Thayer ofJohns Hopkies and Harvard saidmight be in the cards), therewould be little interest in Japanin increasing its defense budgetbeyond the present 1 percent ofgross national product.

On the poetical and economktfronts, speakers on both sideswarned against undevating suchpotential trouble spots as:Chine arid Russia Japan Ismore interested than the U.S. ,Inopening up contacts with 'Chinaand less interested in detentewith Russia_Europa While the U.S. main-tains close end intimate ties;Japan's relations with most Eu-ropean trading r ivels reflect whatone U.S. spokesman called a"healthy mutual disrespect."Money Japan, as a trading na-tion, likes fixed exchange rates;the U.S. prefers to keep themfloating.Access to inetwiels Japan Isfar more urgently dependent thanthe United States upon importsof basic resources, especially olland food, and the Japanese pes-simistically foresee an almostcertain decline in living stan-dards with Inflated resource costsa permanen t feature of theeconomy.Direct investment pa/idlesBoth countries, badly hurt by re-cession, keep flirting with restric-tions on inyestrnents In each,other's economies and with in-vestment rivalries elseweere.

The liveliest give-and-take ses-sion was devoted to a light-hearted discussion of culturaland sociological contrasts be-tween the two countries. Thiswas followed by a bit more self-conscious probing of the victor-vanquished relationship .aeterWorld War

The final sessions inevitablewhen editors get together= con-sisted- of mainly shop talk, onmedia coverage of each countryby the other and the relationshipbetween the rn in both crisistimes and under more ordinaryconditions.

As one heard all these concernsaired in two languages, with ear-phones carrying simultaneoustranslatioh, the process itselftook On _an added credibility.However any epeaker appraisedhis own or the other-countrYspolicy or viewpoint, there was---a=kind of instant replay of assent,dissent; comment or criticismfrom a dozen or more well-

informec: citizens of the countryreferred to. So, for each pa:tici-pant, the impression carried awaywas not just a ii5137ture of variedviewpoints, but something sub-tler: a rough "sense of the rriet-ing" on each topic discussed.

THE U.S. ROLE IN ASIAA STATE DEPARTMENT VIEWThe conference opened Sundayevening with welcoming rernarksby Leslie Paffrath for the hoJohnson Foundation; by WilliamBlock, Chairman of the U.S. Na-tional Committee of the Interna-tional Press Institute, as confer-ence -chairman; and by GeorgeChaplin and Yasuo Takeyarna,respective chairmen of the U.S.and Japanese delegations. Anoff-the-record and informal dis-cussion of the United States rolein Asia by Deputy Secretary ofState Robert Ingersoll followed.It was the first comprehensiveupdating of official Americanpolicy that most of the confer-ees had heard since the U.S.withdrawal from Indochina, Itamounted -to a previeW of the"new Pacific doctrine" that Pres-ident Ford enunciated in his De-cember 8 speech in Honolulu, onthe way home from China, Indo-nesia and the Philippines. ,

The United States had ever in-tention, Mr_ Ingersoll indicated,of remaining a Pacif ic power withan important role to play,in AsiaBut the lesson it- had learnedabove all in Southeast Asia wasthat American support could onlysupplement and never supplantlocal initiatives in meeting-threatsto the peace or independenceof small nations. Many Americanofficials naw recogpize that pri-marily militaryi-responses toproblems of social upheaval areinadequate and even potentiallycounter-pOductive. They alsorecognize/that U.S. interests inEast Asia are ench..7ieg and thatthereAs little chance of creatinga stable equilibrium in that areawithout effectitre U,S. participa-

_Mon.

In its reassessment of Asianrealities after Vietnam, the StateDepartment had concluded, thatthe basic.structure'of major pow-er equilibrium is essentially un-

--changed, with three key stabiliz-ingfactors: (1) the persistent

Pet., Ring ler. Chairman.Executive Weal.

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Katuta tohIfliru, MalAkhlShimbun 0106. and

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University. weeks aboutfuture 1.1.5.-.4ep011 pueltheirot ntiOns. George Chaplin!.Chairmen U,a. Pelegetlers

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SIno-Soviet rivalry, (2) the con-tiouing firm U.S.-Japanese friend-ship, and (3) the continuing pros-perity of the Pacific regioneconomy.

In Southeast Asia itself, howevthe American position has beentrausformod, with influgncethoughout the Indo-China pen-insula eradicated, with Hanoidominant and its ambitions un-certain. The non-Communist na-tions of the region have notoverreacted, as some domino-theorists had feared, but havemoved toward greater self-reliance and a more diversifieddiplomatic strategy. Thailand andthe Philippines in particular'havequestioned the-value of U.S. mil-itary help, and at their insistehCelSEATO is being phased out. \Butthey still want a continuing Arrer-ican presence, and they want theU.S. generally, involved, militailfyand economicially, in the affarsof the region So the U.S. gove rn-ment, while waiting for the duetto settle in Indochina, isj Listing its profile in gradual re-sponse to the \attitudes of theother nations ,in the region.Meanwhile, It Is devoting new at-tention as the President's sub-sequent post-Peking visit to In-donesia and the Philippinesunderscored to both bilateraland multilateral relations with theASEAN (Association of South-east Asian Nations) states.

In Korea, the State Departmentposture was likewise describedin,terms similar to those-later setforth in the "New Pacific Doc-trine"with assurances to SouthKorea of America's continuingmilitary preSence, but with a par-allel effort to ease North-Southtensions on the Korean penin-sula. The U.S. veto of applicationsfor U.N. membership by both

-Vietfiams, cast because the ad-mission of South Korea was ex-cluded, was described as typicalof current U.S. policy a readi-ness to take constructive steto relieve tensions, but not tccountenance any undercutting ofbasic U.S. interests or thbse ofits allies. The U.S. effoitin SouthKorea's behalf was described asone of the strongest diplomaticcampaigns ever-waged at theU.N.an efforfrnotivated in parby a fear that the Algerianolution excluding South Kormight be/destabilizing enoughldprod Seoul into a rash action/

U.S. relations with China Were-described as firm and durable.

'The great Chinese emphasis-on

America's "error" in pursuingdetehte, with the Soviet Unionwas described as not particularlynew.

The US,' relationship with Japanwas described as the real cor-nerstorte of American policy inEast Asia.

FROM' HIGH POLICY.. TO DOMESTIC POLITICS

The ,onference turned on Mon-day," morning to a joUrnalisticlook at some lower-level domes-,tie- politics, American- andJepanese-style.

Ps veteran Washington bureauchief for Asehi Shimbun of To-kyo,, Yukio Matsuyama, skillfullyclissectecl "Post-Watergate Amer-loan Politics," while a formerNortheast Asia bureau chief forthe Washington Post, Don Ober-dorfer, countered with a candidportrait of "Post-Tanaka Japa-nese Poll tics,"

Post-Watergate AteeiicanPolitics A Japanese ViewMr. Matsuyama established hisanalyst's credentials with a smil-ing admisSion that his first ap-praisal of Gerald Ford, in late1963, described him es an honeitbut . mediocre Republican con-gressman whosehighest politicalgoal was to be House speakerand whose_ irfterests were mainlyin Nlichigan with no prospect thathe would ever pay much atten-tion 'bathe international situation,01 to/Japan. "How wrong canyeulbe" he asked, about the first

/President to visit Japan and thefirst to play host to an unprec-edented grand tour of the U.S.by an Emperor of Japan? To theJaparese saying that you cannotforecast the autumn weather orthe nnind of a woman, -Mr. Mat-suyama said, he would now add"the mind (or mindlessness) ofAmerican politics."

He and Mr. Oberdorfer agreedon one great contrast betweenthe two countries in politics: InJapan, the more things changethe more the faces stay the same;in America, the kaleidoscope ofchanging faces is movingconstantly.

Mr. Matsuyama noted that toriyears ago the six bid names ofthe Liberal Democratic Party inJapan were Miki, Tanaka, Fuku-Oa, Ohira, Shiina and Nakasene;-today, all of them still remainas the strongmen of the party."In Anterica, when he returned in1971 after an absence of arilfive years, he found few familiafaces; of Mansfield, Fulbright,

HooVer, Bundy, McNareara,Rusk, Rostow, Walter Jenkinsand Bobby Baker only Mans-field remained unchanged asSenate, majority leader.

Another of Mr. Matsuyama's vividimpressions: "Being a Washing-ton correspondent is tantamountto covering a perpetual crisis"Berlin, Cuba, race riots, Mideasteruptions, Vietnam war and thetesting of a 50-megaton bomb.After covering all that, he ratherappreciated, he said, the compar-ative tranquility of the post-Watergate Ford era. ,But oneaspect of this era makes him"sadly disappointed and dissat-isfied- with both Mr. Force andthe Americans. After being great-ly impressed with the way, thiscountry grappled with the prob-lem of immorality in the longnightmare of Watergate, "the af-termath is a different story.Arneficans appear to regard Wa-tergate as simply a spectacularscandal caused by an abnormal-ly immoral politician." But, heasked, wasn't Mr. Nixon's politi-cal character widely, known\ be-fore he became President, andwho gave him his 1972 landslidevictory?

fl would.thInk the American at-tention needs to be directed moreto the political. process whichproduced' the Nixon Presidency,"said Mr. Matsueema, "than te anyanalysis of the Maori psychosis.He noted the vivid cqntrast be-tween the seriousness, sincerity,intelligence and sophistication ofthe Nixon impeachment hearings,and the "atmosphere of the rabid,raucous primaries, conventionsand campaigns" that producedthe McGovern-Nixon candidacieswhich in turn produced' theNixon landslide, "The House Ju-diciary Committee kept talking

8

about political morality and de-cency," he mused, "but wherecould we find morality, decencyor Intelligence in the primary orthe convention? It was easier tofind MachlaVellism, money, prop-aganda and demagoguery."

Mr. fvlatsuyarna raised tbe bicen-tennial-year question: Where are

Aoday's counterparts to the first-rete figures who produced theAmerican Revolution? Are theytoday preoccupied with some-thing other than politics?

Noting his ,own eountry's tradi-tion cf copying every sort oftrend or fad from the U.S., Mr.Mateuyarna said he hoped Amer-ican politics after W'atergatewould produce some reforms thatJapan might else copy. He closedwith some "energetic preachingon American politics" that wasactually directed at Japaneseears.

What he missed in post-Water-gate Washington, he said, wasany compelling drive for reform.President Ford "seems to be act-ing as if Watergate.never was."In Congress, 98 Watergate-related bills have been proposed;none has passed. The Nixon par-don, he said, had a remarkableeffect in putting Watergate intothe past tense. But when oreremembers the Tokyo and Nur-ernberg trials, -where the leaderswere condemned even when theyhad nb direct responsibility forthe crimes of their subordinates

you will understand how' for-eigners feel about the. pardon."

If foreigners seem to worry un-duly about American politics, itis with no wish to intervene, saidMr. Matsuyama. It is only becausethe system of the leader of thewestern democracies, "has suchuntoward influence over our ownnation's course, we: just can'thelp worrVing." What worried himmost, he/ said, was tco muchpower cOncentrated in the WhiteHouse -,which, needs to be dis-persed as soon as possible if theUnited States is not again to bedriven to the brink of totalitafian-

. ism.- He agreed, he said, withthe Chicago professor who saidthat if King John had his Magna.C;harta, King Charles his Bill ofRights and King George III hieAmerican Constitution, "theNixon Administration ehou Id haveno less glorious a mohurnent topolitical reform and liberty .. ahistoric document should be proeduced with the express Intent tohold%in theck the power of the

American presidency, no matterhow ambitious or greedy for in-fallible .power the presidentialoccupant may prove to be."

Post-Tanaka Japanese PoliticsAn American View

lrj giving his American-eye viewof "Post-Tanaka Japanese Poli-tics," Mr. Oberdorfer said the firstthing he'learned about coveringJapanese politics is that it isn'tvery helpful to try toaranslate theintricate maneuvering within Ja-pan's dominant Liberal Democrat-ic Party into American politicalterms. The two systems, despitesuperficial similarities, areextremely different beneath the

,surface, and one of the key dif-ferences is that political leadersin Japan tend to have lifetimeemployment. The maneuveringpfor position within the system'tend to have no more direct im--pact on the public than do thesimilar maneuvers °and personnelchanges within the great eorpe-ratiens of Japan.

Parliamentary politics, in Mr.Oberdorfer's view, 'is not a pri-mary moving force within ,Japa-nese life despite the enormous'media coverage given to it. Thereis a lack of inanan-the-alreet in-volvement that keeps much of

) the maneuvering private and notintended for public view. It is asystem which, in America, wouldoutrage the press concept ef a''public right to know," yet is ac-cepted in Japanese journalismby the practice among newsmenof attaching themselves to thegreat figures of Japanese politicsin order to "wheedle" informa-tion out of them.

These and other "baffles- in the a.Japanese system, said Mr. Ober-dbrfer, help cushion it againstabrupt changes and have con-tributed to giving the conserva-tive LOP party the longest periodaf raletean almost uninterrupted30 yekSiSinee World War II ofanydJeale party in any parliamen-tary democracy in the world (un-less one counts the CongressParty of India, the democracy ofwhich may now be in question).

But time, he said, may be run-ning but for the ,LDP. The LDPhad begun a long, slow, steadydecline before it turned from theSato.,, leadership to the -feudal-

-. ized bulldozer," Tanaka, as afresh face to try to reverse thetrend. Tanaka came in like awhirlwind in mid-1972, quicklyseemed to gain popularity withhis recognition visit- to Peking

and other international and do-mestic moves, and sought to cap-italize on this with a December1972 election. But the LOP con-tiqued to lose ground in thatelection, and came into the Dietwith 276 of the 491 seats, only30 over the abaelute majorityneeded to operate tale parliamen,tary system succeesfully.

ThuS Tanaka fell, While this vvaatechnically triggered by a mag-azine expose of a relatively minorscandal taat was Magnified insome eyes to resemble-the down-fall of Richard Nieon'over Water-gate, the Tanaka regime eeasabout. to fall anyway, Mr. Ober-dorfer said. /

In naming Premier haliki asTanaka's successer, other lead-

pers of the LDP were gr ping, inMr. Oberdorfer's view, or eithera transitional figure or as henow appears to have Aimed out-e-a figure to put off e!tansition inJapahese politias tor enother yearor so. Premier Mild's eovernnlent,he said, has proved unable tomake any rnejor adjestments, andhis popularity has/dropped dra-matically from abeut 47 percentin one poll where' he took officeto about 23 perceat most recently.The Miki era, he predicted, is al-ready drawing t a close. .

On the future of the LOP, Mr.Oberdorfer to9k e more iffy view.If its decline /is not arrested, theJapanese political system vvi IIsoon be facieg a greater changethan any sitice the end of thewar; and atherec are no moreMikis in the wings to execute aholding operation while the partysorts itself out." M. Oberdorfer's

- "guess" Was that the Japaneseability ea adapt and adjust, asshown rieeeatedly in economicand international affairs, vvillcome into plai, in domastic poli-

' tics and produce either a viableconservative-democratic socialistcoalition, or some changes inthe parliamentary rules to mod-erate the need ter an absolutemajority, or make other adjust-

ments thet will keep the maineldrnents of the present corrser-vative leadership in power.

The Oberdorfer and Matsuyamatalks triggered livefy discussion.Mr. Matsuyarria's concein aboutthe "morality" of the example setby "the exemplar of democracy,the Unitea States," touched offa spirited argument among U.S.participants, who differed sharp-ly on the role lhat "morality"should pley in politics.

Emmett Dedmen of the ChicagoSun-Times and Deily News notedthat he is always suspicious whenpoliticians or lawyers speak ofmorality. The U.S. tradition, hesaid, due to the- pluralism of itsinstitutions, makes morality anindividual matter. Perhaps unlikeJapan, he said, "We have no con-sensus on morality, and our sys-tem assumes the public arena Isnot where merality will be deter-mined but is based rather dn anassertion of rival seleinteresis,checks and balances to keepthem in line." A politics thusbased on self-interest, he added,is "not necessarily bad."

James L, Greenfield of the NewYork Times agreed. Watergate:he said, "waS not a question- of'morality but legality. Nixon brokethe law! We don't rely on thegoodness of people; one man'smorality can be another man'scrime. But we insist that theyobey the law."

Crocker Snow, Jr., Vice Chair-man of the United States delega-tion and assistant to the publisherof the Boston Globe, said he-was"not as embarrassed" as his col-leagues to judge some Americanacts immoral. The American Im-age in the world is not a legalis-tic one, he in isted. "Vietnamwas not only .mIstake but ablack mark on o r image. It wasimmoral, and I'm not embar-rassed to aay so. Our Wit:meanChile were not illegal, in domes-tic law, but were certainlyimmoral."

On the downfall of PresidentNixon, Akira Ogata of NipponHoso Kyokai thought Nixonshould, despite the sins of Water-gate, get credited for what hetried to do in restoring a freeeconomy and ,opening the way .

to detente with Sovidt Russia andChina. Mr, Matsuyama replied-that he had received credit forthese things but that what he didwas cancelled out by the mattersthat brought his resignation.

higeSizOrnori ofi'Asahi Shim-bun was struck by the clumsi-ness of the impeachment pro-cedure and the WatergateInvestigations and thought a par-liamentary type of no-confidencevote was much easier way toget rid of an unwanted leader.

On Mr. Matouyarna's call for aconstitutional reform to curb thepower of the American. presi-dency; some Americans repliedthat, in the wake of Watergate,they feared as much a pendulummovement in the opposite direc-tion a Swing toward too muchCongressional probing and un-dercutting to the point wherethe executive powers might beemasculated.

Japanese participants raisedquestions about the role of theAmerican press in presidentialelections. One wondered whymost American papers took sidesby making editorial endorse-ments, Mr. Dedmon felt news-papers had an obligation, just asvoters do, to indicate a choice,and that it would be "a cop-ournot to do so. Mr. Greenfield andMillard Browne of the S'uttaloEvening News agreed that theyregarded not endorsing as a cop-out, but Mr, Brewne noted that itwaS a much-debated ,questionamong editorial page editors andthat a number of leading papers,including the Los Angeles Times,Wall Street Journal, and News-day, had made a virtue of declin-ing to endorse in presidentialraces. Robert Gibson of the

/Las Angeles Times said his pa-per felt that, far frorn,copping-out,it gained credibilitY for its edi-torials on campaign issues bydeclining to take sides on presi-dential candidates, Mr. Block ofthe Pittsburgh Pest-Gazette didn'tthink editorial" endorsementswere nearly as important in most .voters' minds as all the other in-fluences at work on them duringa campaign. but he agreed withthe view tharnewspapers shouldtake positions.

In commenting on Mr. Oberdor-fer's survey of Japanese politics,Shiro Mikumo of the SankeiShimbun noted that the LDP wasnot the only party having difficul-ties. The minority parties werefacring the same problems. "Thecloser they come to the possibil-'ity of sharing power, the moredifficulties they seem to have."

The Japanese delegation chair-man, Mr. Takeyama, added that

Masakunl KumlaJapan NeVaitg

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John Hughaa, Edn 7Chrollen Science, ;OWL'

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Premier Miki Is anxious to dis-solve the lower house but thatthe regime would be In a poorposition to face the electoratejust now. He added, as a foot-note to Mr. Oberdorfer's corn-rnentS about the LIDP's transition-al difficulties and continuingdecline, that Japan has an effi-cient and competent bureaucra-cy, but many of its members arelosing confidence in themselves.To which Mr. Oberdorfer repliedthat Japan is a "Look, Ma, nohands- sort of country. "Youcan't find out who's steering iSomebody is, obviously, but theprocess which operates muchthe same way in business andjournalism as in governmentIs often baffling to outsiders."

AS JAPAN AND THEUNITED STATES SEE THEIRFUTURE IN' ASIAThe conference turned, on Mon-day afternoon to internationalpolitics. Professor Nathaniel B.Thayer of Johns Hopkins andHarvard started with "The UnitedStates and Japan PoliticalProblems for the Future." Pro-fessor Toru Yano of Kyoto Uni-versity followed with "The Roleof Japan in Asia."

Professcr Thayer said that theUnited S ates has been the dom-inant power in Asia for at leastthe past quarter centOry. In thefuture, however, the United Stateswill 'have to share power withJapan. Both nations have similargoals in Asia: they speak of try-ing to create conditions toachieve peace, democracy andprosperity_ But the two nationsalso have differences: they dif-fer over tactics to achieve goalsin Asia; they differ over the de-gree of importance to attach tothe nations of Asia. Asia hasgrown greatly in world impor-tance. For 200 years world poli-tics centered on Europe; now thatcenter is drifting towards Asia,which will soon embrace half theworld's people. How Japan andthe United States work out their,differences in Asia will have ma-jor implications for the worldorder.

The Asian superpowers, asThayer saw it, are Japan and theU.S. Other Asian nations dependon them for investment, marketsand technology; they are eachother's best overseas customer.But they see Asia, China, Russiaand each other very differently."Japan accords China first pri-

10 ority. America accords Russia

Publieher, PlrfeburghGaren* and Toledo Blade

end Chairmen, ArneriCenCommittee, Intern/1110ml

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George Chaplin, Ediler.M.Chief, The Honolulu

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Hiroshi Morita, HokkaidoShimbun.

first priority. Japan believesCh lee must be brought Into Asia.America recognizes that Russiawill be part of Asia."

Chiee, according to ProfessorThayer, is trying to build anautorkic economy; the rest ofAsia le building an integratedeconomy, China may ea doingwell, but the rest of Asia is do-ing defter. Japan has realizedthe! ita great task is not to con-frorit China, but to draw Chinainto fall participation. In currentnegotiations, the Chinese are in-sistirig that Japan cooperate withChina to limit the power of theRussians, and many Japaneseappear willing to do so. -Therets little room in Japan's conceptof ,Asla for Russia.- For Arneri-cane, lay contrast, Russia is stillthe principal concern, with Chinaseen os a rival to Russia, andnormalization of U.S. relationswith China seen as a way to in-fluenee Russian behavior.

In overall U.S.-Japanese rela-tion% Professor Tha , er saw noserious problems on t e irnrnedi-ate horizon, but man potentialdifferences and ditficul ieS in themiddle distance. "Currently botheconomies are depressed andpressures are off Within a yearor Iwo, wrfen both rebound,Thayer foresees three probabledevelopments:1. Japan's economy will gr wfaster than America s.2. 44panese businessmen willcontinue to canvass' the U.S.market searching for inefficien-cies and weaknesses they canexplOit, Although American econ-omists may applaud Japanese ex-ploitation as ultimately strength-ening the American economyand deeefiting the American con-sumer, American bureaucrats andpatiticlens will see Japanese ac-tiona as Imminently threateningto American industry andworkers, .

3. The Japanese will be invest-ine heavily overseas. Their Asianinvestreeet will probably outpaceU.S, Asian investment with the

,restilt that the Japanese may reapgreater economic benefit thanthe Arnericans.

These developments will re-awakel American dissatisfactionwith the Japanese relationship.Pressure will build in the Unitedstees 10 tak6 unilateral actions,which would slow down the Jap-anese ecanomy. Am'erican ac-tforta'Would provoke counterac-

tions in Japan, which mightinjure segments of the Ameri-can economy but certainlywould make difficult cooperationbetween the United States andJapan. We could fall into anotherperiod, as we did in 1972, whereshort-range satisfactions takeprecedence over long-rangegoals.

Professor Thayer discounted thelikenhond of competition betweentt- United States and Japan over

cess to raw materiale andsearch for markets in other parts'of the world. If such competitionWere anticipated, it would haveappeared by now. However, Ja-pan is far more dependent onother countries for raw materialsand markets than is the UnitedStates. In, this respect, Japan iscloser in her Interests to Europe..At present, he said, Europe andJapan have little in common ex-cept a "healthy mutual disre-spect," but that can change aseconomic interests converge.Thus, Professor Thayer saw agrowing identification betweenr 'Tope and Japan.

Another major potential, problem,said Professor Thayer, Concernsrespective roles in the militarydefense of Asia. Some Americanshave seen the Japanese as en-joying a free ride with the UnitedStates bearing the burden for thedefense of Asia, including Japan.They argue ehat Japan should bemade to 130ar a greater share ofthe burden. Professor Thayerpointed out that a rearme Japanwith an overseas military role'wouicl more worry than protectthe other Asian nations. Further-more, the greatest security threatin the various Asian nations isinternal insurgency. Japan canbest help foster political stabilitythrough trade, aid, and inv t-alent.

12

But Japan should be expectedto strengthen her own defense.Ideally, Professor Thayer argued,3 new security treaty hould bewritten. The present tr aty Is ob-solete, It gives to- he UnitedStates a power that it no longerneeds. This power makes it dif-ficult for the Japanese govern-ment to increase Its defenseeffort.

-Specifically, the present treatygives to the United States thepower to use bases in Japan tomaintain peace and security inthe Far East. Japanese opposi-tion partlea have argued that thispower may drag them Into a warrather than protect them trimwar. Their argument has beentelling. The treaty has never beenable to muster a majority In thepublic opinion pont.

The Japanese popular fear ofinvolvement in an American warhas prevented the Japanese gov-ernment from cooperating withthe American government Inplanning a joint defense of Japan.

During the early seventies, theUnited States has redefined itsAsian defense responsibilities. Itwill provide a shield if a nuelearpower threatens an ally. In othertypes of aggression, it will furnishmilitary and economic assistancebut will expect the threatened na-tion to provide the manpower forits defense. The United States isprecluded from maintaining nu-

, clear weapons on its Japanesebases. Thus, the Japanese baseshave only marginal value for Asiandefense.

Since 1967, Japan's investmentin, trade with, and aid for mostAsian nations has equalled ortopped that of the United States.If the Asian policy of the U.S. isto build prosperous nations inan open economic system, Jap-anese cooperation Is essential,Japan's eoperatibn is' best elic-ited by underwriting its security.American interest in the securityof Japan is of a different magni-tude than in the security of otherAsian nations. The United Statesshould be willing to write a newtreaty uncoupling the security ofJapan from that of the otherAsian nations.

A new treat,/ whose venue waslimited to Japan would probablybe accepted in Japan by both theruling and opposition parties andthe public. Such acceptancewould permit the Japanese gov-ernment eo cooperate with the

American- government in plan-ning the defense of Japan. A jointplan could lead to the preciseapportionment of defense re-sponsibilities between the twonations. A better and probablycheaper defense Would result.The United States couH reduceher defense commitments with-out heightening Japanese anxi-eties .or encouraging Sovietadventurism.

Professor 'Thayer saw only a"minimal" likelihood of renewedKorean hostilities, with no majorpower seeing any benefit fromsuch, an outbreak, and all prob-ably seeking to avoid it. Hevoiced serious conceir about the'.recent situation when U.S.authorities spoke openly aboutusing nuclear Weapons if South

-Korea were placed under attack.If the Americans even contem-plated resort to tactical nuclearweapons, Thayer warned, theU.S. alliance with Japan wouldimmediately be in jeopardy. Sev-eral Japanese promptly agreed.

So. 11

did- Professor Yano of theCenter for Southeast Asian Stud-ies Of Kyoto University, who saidthat Japan.views the SouthKorean issue basically as a diple7,matic And not-a military one, andhopiras for the preterit-to see're-i-lations frozen atlhey-are withNorth:South tensions_eased butwithout anyunification-of Korea.

The.Japenese, heisaid, woeld ap-preciate a continuing U.S. mili-tary presence in Korea "for fivemore years" and even __after-that, they would not appreciatean "unconditional U.S. retreat," -

but would hope that the U.S. mightuse any pullback as diplomaticleverage to draw the North Kore-ans into international society.Both Koreas and all the majorpowers Russia and China as,well as the U.S. and, Japanshare a desire for 'no-war inKorea. But there is cause forconcern in the internal situationin South Korea, and in the -lackof sensitivity4and doctrinairecharacter" of the-North Koreans.The basic ',Merest of Japan is topromote an easing of tensionswithin Korea and to developdeepening economic ties withNorth Korea. Asked if it would,e helpful to Japan for the United

-ites.to establish diplomatic re-ns with Pyongyang, Proles--into said emphatically; -Yes,

uch."

lyama, later urged cau--iis point as a matter of

timing. He told of heading a del-egation to Pyongyang and find-ing North 1<prea one of the mostregimented places_ in the world:"We only relaxedTphe'n we gotout from Pyorigclang10 Peking," ,he said, "and we relaxed morewhen we got from Peking to HpngKong." Mr. Takeyama urged acareful "ster-by-steR" approachin dealing with Nortff-Korea; forJapan, he said, he had advocatedextending some long-term loans,but 6xclusively for consumergoods at the initial step.

On the qbestion of renegotiatingthe U.S.-Japanese security treaty,Professor Yano differed with Pro-fessor Thayer's view that it couldbenefit from some rewriting. Ja-pari.Would oppose any such pro-posal, he thought, because it"would not expect that any bet-ter treaty arrangement could beachieved than the one we have

He cited four points of concernthat Japan has in preserving thebasic security treaty: (1) it is notmerely a set of security arrange-ments but an "everlasting friend-ship" treaty; ,(2) It facilitatesJapan's adjustment ii)f ita basicdefense philosophy to meet theneeds of the years just ahead;(3) it preserves Japan againstembarking on very hazardousarmament adventures; and (4)the crucial reason it is func-tioning effectively, so that Japancan contribute much to the re-gional security of Asia.

Professor `rano also noted thatgreater. rather than less, depen-dence on the U.S. treaty is cen-tral to the thinking of the Jape,nese Defense Agency in planningJapan's basic defense posturefor the years ahead. He indicatedJapan has no expectation of in-creasing the approximate 1 per-cent of gross national product itnow allocates for total defenseexpenditures. It is planning a mil-

13

itary capability, therefore, foronly a very-limited surprise-at-tack, or for aggression on its soilof small dimensions.- it will bea -defense aimed mainly at cop-ing with_ natural disastere_and-keeping domestic order.

Underlying this Japanese ap-,proach to defense, said Profes-sor Yana, is a somewhat nervousexpectation that Asia will seeless , and less international/ten-sion and aiore rand more emphe-sis an great-power detente. Thegreater concern-of -the next- fewyears, in Japanese eyes, will befor economic issues. But inpressing a Whole range of nego-tlations with China, the Japanese

, are "very worried" about the suc-cesdion problem and possible

: cicimestic conflicts in Peking 'ona very high level." So the Jap-anese feel no need to hasten thepace af negotiations to mach afinal friendship treaty with thePeople's Republic. In its rela-tions with the Soviet Union, too,he described Japan as taking a"very cool attitude" and "verymuch worried about Soviet diplo-matic aggressions in our vicinity."

Professor Yano noted that oneof the most significant develop-ments since the Vietnam Warhasbeen the rapid rise in internation-al influence of the Associationof Southeast Abian Nations. Ja-pan, he said, has welcomed theopportunity to develop increas-ingly -close relations with the

. ASEAN bloc, at the same time- that it has hurried to normalize

relations -with Hanoi as potentialand responsible leader 9f thesocialist camp in Indochina.

Given the policy options of beingpro-ASEAN, or working to keep ,

the ASEAN and'Indochina blocsin power, or of developing closerrelations with Hanoi, he said, Ja-pan has apparently chosen thesecond, balance-of-power option.It is working hard both to renewrelations with Hanoi and to helpthe ASEAN nations. In ProfessorYana's View, Hanoi Is "net nec-essarily willing to be beholdento either the Peoples Republicof China or the USSR," andtherefore not only welcomes Jap-anese aid but "would also wel-come° a normalization of relations, and especially financial aid,from the U.S.

Professor Yano described "flvestrikingly peculiar features" ofthe Japanese foreign policy-making jYrocess.

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Japolisphenomenal growth ratatad clintaxed end dista% growth mom CouldPe wspdotol tow Me diedWoe*.

First, all e)dlicies are formulatedby a ring of section chiefs whowork problems out tolgether. Theymust get further sanctions fromhigher levels, but usually notmuch further input. This is a"traditional habit in our bureauc-racy, and it is hardly possible tochange it."

A second feature i$ that beforeany decision is made, "you mustcansult with al/ persens con-cerned with the nlattgr4? Thistakes great time and 'involvesringing up many people some-times as many as 100 in 16 or 18ministries. Tads usually means,said Mt-. Yance that "the begt op-tion can never be adopted," that"the second Or third-best" is merelikely to win all the requiredapprovals.

Third, 'Japan has good "countrydesks" and a good "global desk,'so its country and global policieaare usually OK, but it most oftenblunders in Its regional policyformulations fbr, say, the Mid-dle East, or Asia.

A fourth "peculiarity" of Japa-nese foreign policy-making, hesaid, is its tendency to discrim-inate by region, giving U.S. andEuropean relations the highestpriority, with Asia, Middle East,Africa, and Latin America neg-lected In study, diplomatic skilland effort ex Pended,

The final "peculiarity' 1/2C ited al-though some Americans weren'tso sure it Nryas peculiar to Japan

was that foreign-policy ideasceme from two different sources;one reflecting an analysis oftrends outside Japan, the otherreflecting the domestic politicalclimate.

A TRIOUBLED WORLDECONOMY HOW SERIOUSFOR THE U.S., JAPAN?How much are the American andJapanese economies hurtingfrom the world economic reces-sion and how much will theirrelationship with each other bestrained as various economies re-

' boynd at different speeds? Is themiracle of Japan's swift rise toeconomic superpower statusending, or Is it only waiting toeatc.b its second wind? Are suchp s sures as those of the OPECiartel for higher raw materials

prices, and from Third .World.countries for a redistribution ofthe world's wealth, merely creat-ing manageable adjustment prob-lems tor the American and Jap-

anese economies or ar9 theycreating a "whole new ball game-and -Effundamenta1 worsening ofprospects, 'or !retswitieach other?

These were some of the hardquestions faced Tuesday morn-ing. The speakers were JunichiKada, chief of the editorial boardof Yorniuri Shimbvp, ot' Tokyo,and Hugh Patrick, a Yale Univer-sity professor of. Far EasternEconomics, -They d 1.rerged chiefly .*on the resiliency and strength ofthe Japanese economy withMr. Kada taking a distinctly morepessimistic view than ProfessorPatrick.

Mr. Kada opened the discussionby noting that, since the periodof Japan's "super-raPid econom-ic growth" in the 1960's, therehas been a "great qualitativechange in the conditions prevail-ing." Japan, he said, "could notpossibly find itself in the 1970'sand the 1980's on a simple lineprojected from the 1960's."

He cited four -basic conditions,"internal and external, Which en1abled his small Insular countryto achieve "a growth unparal-leled in history" dnd to becomea major power: Three of the fourconditions, he said,- "have beenshaken to the roots and are un-dereoing changes."

The four conditions:.1. Japan started out with a strongnational consensus on the needto achieve the goal of makingJapan a great manigacturing andtrading nation, and "the entirepolitical, economic, educationaland social systems of,Japan f uric;tioned with this single goal inmind."

That condition hes drasticallychanged. For 10 years doubtsabout national goals have beenrising among the people. Insteadof giving top priority to produc-bon and trade, many now feelJapan should spend more effortIn protect Hb the environment andimproving Me welfare of the peo-ple. Due to concern about theenvironnient, far example, thee.availability of land for new fac-tories halS become extremelylirnitd. And the "self-evidentI9gic" that,there can be no im-provement in welfare witheut acertain degree of eoon6rnicgrowth is "no longer being ac-cepted in Japan."

2. It was possible for Japan toobtain cheaply, In large quanti-

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The Boston Globe, VicChairman:United Stet,

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15

and in a stable manner, theate materials its factories heeded

thanks to a favorable demand-'Supply situation for raw materialsand the ease of ocean transpor-tation le large ships.

That condition, too, has nowdrastically changed and notonly because of the success of0PEC'e oil strategy, but because-efethe na "resources national-ism" of thalieveloplag countries,which is putting liniiffedne onaupplies of other raw materials.Mr. Kada views the future pros-Pecte here rather darkly. He sawit likely that the age when priceswere determined by the balancebetween demand and supply willbe replaced by °an age whenprices will ee maintained at arti-ficial levels by various measures:"When that happens, he said, "itIs evident that Japan, as theworld's largest importer of rawmaterials, will bear the hegwiestburden."3, The market for the exPorte ofJapan's industrial productionkept constantly expanding.

This condition is likewise near-ing a dead end. For the last doz-en years, Mr. Kada said, Japa-nese exports have -created prob-lems all over the world." Thea,,"too rapid increase in volumee-ahas brought political, economicand social resentment. During thelast 2-3 years, Japan's exports ofcapital have -also encounteredgrowing resistance. Until recent-ly, -Japan has solved each fric-tional problem and has continuedto expard its exports in a mar-ket generally based on f ree-tradeprinciples end a worldwide' pat--tern of economic growth. Thisyear's Japanese exports, Mr.Kada said, are about to fall more

:than $10 billion short of the year'starget .proof, he said, of thegrowing barriers to trade expan-sion

4. The fourth condition underly-Mg Japan's super-tepid growthof the 1960's and the onla one

/still prevailing unchanged, isthat the long-range safety ofworld shipping lanes was guaran-teed, thanks to the maintenanceof international peece.

In looking to the future, Mr. Kadaforesaw growing pressures fromthe Third World nations for a re-distribution of the world's wealth,,with an insistent dialogue be-tween "North and South." This,he thought, would be likely tolead toward the reorganization

,

of such international systems asthe United Nations, the Interna-tional Monetary Fund, and theWorld Bank, orienting them moretoward redistribution of wealth.

In ehe light of such prospectS,he_ semi Jaaan facing the neces-sity of reconciling itself to paces"stabilized at a, high level," andhe saw this as particularly disad-vantageous to a country as de-pendent on raw materials importsas Japan. He also predicted thatthe new emphasis on elle welfareof developing counteies wouldcause-the whole tempo of worldeconomic growth to slow down,with thie inevitably slowing theexpansion of Japan's exports.

When*Japan was first hit by theoil crisis, Mr. Kada recalled, therewas a wave of extreme 'pessi-mism about thevery foundation of

its econom ic existence. But ea- ,pan quickly recovered its "equa-nimity" and discovered somerealistic ways of coping with thesituation. Even so, he said, themajority of the Japanese peoplestill "harbor a vague iense of in-security regarding the ability ofJapan to continue its existencewithin the world . eConomy." Atthe least, he said*, the Japanesepeople fear that restrictions onresources will make inflation apermanent feature of their na-tional economy: and they are be-.coming painfully aware that theircontinuance as a major tradingnation will not be "under condi-tions as fortuitous" as in the re-cent past.

This less-then-optimistic con-clusion drew the comment fromMr. Takeyania that 1970 was

16

"guite a crucial" -turtling-pointyear for Japan; that its phenom-enal growth rate climaxed aboutthen, and that Its GNP (gross na-tional ploaeica growth rate sincethen has been disappointing: Heestimated that thbre would bO nogrowth this year, and his f re-cast waS for a 5.6 percent an- -

nual -growth average for the rextten years noting that' anynual rate under 6-percent wo ldbring rising unemployment 4ridother difficult problems. '

Professor Patrick's view of Ja-pan's ecenomic prospects in theperiod _ahead was consideraely, ,more optimistic. He thought IA%Takeyama's prediction of 5.6 per-cent- was too low both for sepan's economic good hnd in!aeon to its ability to grow faster.Not only does Japan have atential capacity to resumenornic growth at a sornevvfaster rate, said Mr. Pat, ak,once it starts to do so,doubted, if any dpmestic foraeswould move to slow it down."Japan needs a faster growth fora lot of purposes," he said Iparticularly to keep employmenthigh/ to clean up pollution and todo some effective urban ,renameal. He also thought the Japanesegovernment has -a tendency tomake very cautious projectiens

partly in order not to scare'tha American government.

..eMr. Takeyarna replied the , interms of predictions, "Hugh maybe right," and agreed that, fromthe viewpoint of employment op-portunity, "Japan surely needs agrowth rate over e percent." Buthe cited various difficulties In the 0way of achieving It during thecorning decade Including teeproblem of how to finance Itwitheut taking on aecessIvebonded indebtedness. He notedthbt In the next phase of growthJapan will have some of tee sameproblems of working out belancedtrade relations With emereinan

lions that the U.S. has ilea -withJapan.

Thls discussion followed geneealremarks by Professor Petrick onthe responses both countries bedmade to the world recession.Their main focus, he said, hasbeen on domestic policy pri-marily _(1 ) how to get Inflationdown tratolerable levels, and (2)how to solve the problem of de-clining profits and employment.Both countries have discoveredthat these aren't purely domesticconeerns because their °cone-

on Obiedorler, tams,onhemol AA. Bureauhitt The Was Magianest, gave the &Menet.Fl Arnentesm vigsw al pest-leeks Jipereele polIncs.

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17

Wes are related to wbrld trade,-and what the Big Three U.S.,'Japan and Europe do will de-,terrnine whether the world econo-my is prosperous or not. Soeach is saying to the others:"You please get your economy_growing again so it will stimulate'world trade, but we have to solveour inflation problems first" Ja-

.. pan, said Professor Patrick, hasbeen the most laggard in that re-'spect; letting an -economy that-has grown at a 10 percent Weibe throttled down to a 1 or 0,percent growth, he said, le"ridiculous."

Professor Petrick saw fairly brightprospects for a continuing worldeconoMic recovery (although 'atthe time he spoke he thoughtthe prospect of a New York Citydefault might seriously cloud thisrecovery). During the recoveryphase, he thought Japan had thecapability ol being a reader. in"shaping the rules of the game"but that it was very reluctant todo so. This reluctancd, he said..was partly due to its sanse.of realvulnerability, Jn the ways de-scribed .by Mr. Kada; and partlybecause "the bureaucracy makespolicy for Japan and is inherentlyvery cauyous.,'

Mr. ,Patrick thought that the im-portant neWs of- the future InU,S.--Japanese relations would bemore and more in the economicarea,- and less in the areas ofpolitics, military and securitysues or ordinary intergovernraent7al relations. On the security 113

sue, heasaid, "we'd like to hav.ethe Japanese -say that Korea Isvital to their defense, and wewant the Japanese to love us andour bases, to welcome a U.S.military presence like the Ger-mans do. But they don't really.and the Japanese also don't in-tend to spend any More relathielyon defense than the 1 percentof GNP that they are now spend-ing:: Mr. Patrick doubted thatany political changes In Japanin the near future would have anymajor effect on economic or for-e Ig n policy developments;"Prime Ministers come and go,but policy goes on as before__

With economic issues Moving totea fore, he warned the editorsthat most newsmen, especially inAmerica, are poorly trained tocover economic news.kle foresawa trend toward settling more andmore economic matters throughnegotiation rather than In themarketplace, with "ail kinds of

povernment intrusions, nationalAnd international." ele cited theiollticalization of Access to oilas only the most vivid exampleaf, many trends_ in this direction,spd he saw the old dichotomy)stween free-trade and prelec-lepist policies giving way te aeuch more coMplicated future of7,ase-by7case negotiations on*ajar issues, with all sorts of

hoc arrangements set up;especially with developing na-;Ions), In what may be an "evole-

common law" of world eco-lornIc relationships.

u

Professor Patrick said he differedsomewhat with Mr. Kads, hew-n's!, \jn aperaising the effect ofall this on Japan's economy iathe next few years. He thought itunlikely, for example, that an ef-[active price cartel could b:emaintained on anything exceptall "and question how long It

will last even there." He sug-gested that when major new sup-plies of oil come into the marketfrom the North Sea, Alaska,China, etc. the world price maybreak, and the United States andEurope may by then have agreedto a long-term price floor, andthds find themselves on the high-er end of a two-price system,with Japan getting the advantageof a price cut and lower pricedoil,

Professor Patrick said thaje areno major bilateral tensions atpresent, but he warned that thiscondition is pot jikely to last lcmg,and we should not forgot scene"nasty periods- in 1971-73. Un-derlying any tensions, he sai..d,Is the fact that both countries nowperceive a very solid need foreach other. Japan's direct tradewith the United States may be-come relatively less importaet inJapan's economy, but It will stillbe a vital ingredient. Japan, inturn, "already Iniportant to theUnited States, can only 'becomemore so," Its economic size rel-ative to both the U.S. and to in-dividual European nations willprobably Increase. Japan, inahort, will be "a very blg econo-my" probably looming more im-portant In American interests tenyears from now than the OPECnations.

Professor Patrick tended to agreewith Mr. Kada's thesis about Jpan's relatively greater depen-dence on 'overseas access to rawmaterials. "Japan does not havethe options of independence, incontrast to Interdependence, that

the United' States will continueto have," he said. Apart from itsmilitary strength, which Japantotally -lacks, he noted that theU.S. also has a "very strong na-tural resource base," so. "self-sufficiency will mean somethingvery different to Javanese thanAmericand.'.' Japanese foreignpolicy "inevitably," therefore,will have to continue to give high'priority to economics prefer-ably through a multilateral, liber-al World of trade and capital flowsamong all nations; but if that isnot poseible, then Japan willhave to make other arrangementsto import what it needs for a highGNP, and to export sufficientlyto pay the import bill.

Professor Patrick took a dimmerviev of U.S.-Japanese-Etiropeentrilateral eolations. The basiceuropean attitude is to regardJapan as a threat and otherwiseto have as little to do with it asnecessary. "The Europeans areincredible in thoir lack pf aca-demic and governmentel exper-tise on Japan," he said. "Theyere basically very paroehial; theonly three 'global nations' areIRussia, the United States andJapan."

Two participants added footnotesto this theme. Mr. Dedmon, as anAmerican member of a trilateralcommission on U.S.-European-Japanese affairs, said It was indanger of collapse due to a lackof financial support and to dis-interest primarily by Europeanbusiness Interests, It Was like athree-legged stool in danger ofcollapsing, he saki, because ofits weak European leg. Profes-sor Yano described a trilateralconferenee In Kyoto last spring,during 'which -"the atmospherewas cordial but there was no realconsensus." The Americans, hesaid,' were interested In globaleconorhics, the :EUropeans Werepushing for stimulative meesuresto counter depression and unem-ployment, while the Japanese,

. _ _

18

were more concerned about do-mestic inflation.

A question by Mr. Takeyerna thentouched off a lively discussionof another confusion in U.S.-Japanese relations. This is theconcept of a closer relatlepshipamong thalPecific Pim" or "Pa-cific Basin" nations. Professor.,Thayer said that this Ideawhich generally enlbraced thenations bordering -on the Pacific, ,except for China had been dis-cussed by economists for aboutsix years, ard that only withinthe past year had much thoughtbeen given to the political ram-ifications. Chile arid several otherSouth American nations were in-terested, he said. Antralia wasespecially Interested Mexicowas strongly opposed. ProfessorPatrick added that the Idea of agrouping of major Pacific nations

- (to includO Canada, Japan, Aus-tralia, New Zealand and U.S.)had been first discussed in terms Aof a possible Pacific free-tradearea, but this had been shot down"mostly by the Americans," whowere pushing global free tradeand saw the Pacific-area idea asuseful only as leverage to try tokeep the Europeans friam goingtoo exclusive.

Alfred Balk, editor and publisherof Atlas World Pressasked what impact' the Third

drive for a new economicworld order would have on U.S.-Japanese relations. ProfessorPatrick thought the basic impactwould te to pull us closer to-gether. He agreed that thls willbe a growing issue, and that byand large the U.S. and Japaneseinterest would be similar, Hedoubted that "Japan, any morethan the United States, is pre-pared to redistribute its wealthto the developing countries."

TWO INTERDEPENDENTSOCIETIES AS DIFFERENTAS THEY CAN SEThe Japanese and the Americans

two people as different as peo-pie can be? Or twe nations morealike than any other major na-tioris In the world?

On those divergent questions,too, the view depended on theviewpoint or at least the speak-er's conclusion depended on -hispremises as the discussion,turned Tuesday afternoon to thelively subject of U.S. and Japa-nese sociological firm cultural!Contrasts.

The different-Eli-can-be view vvasgenerally that of Crocker Snow,Jr., vice chairreae of the UnitedStates delegation and assistantto the publiSher of 'the ilrostpnGlobe. His talk prompted an de-posit° expression from Alt redBalk. 'To Mr. Snow, the differenceswere many and started-with thephysical environment: Japan, anold, -shall, closely contained so-,c' ty with a highly homogenousp ulation; the chiefcharacteristic being its geograph-ic, ethnic, racial and religiousdiversity. Mr. Balk, granting the -contrasts, saw similarities pre-dominating. In fact. he. said, inTheir dominant characteristics,therare the two most alike niejornations in the world: "The sirrii-laritiea-are just fascinating. Bbthare world powers, high technclo- .

,gy societies, highly geared to ecb-rom ic growth. They are also the-two most plastic societies in thewqrld relatively new as mod-ern societies with no residualtitled aristocracies. They are bot hsecular so'cieties and worship thesame gods science, technolo-gy', material succese, comfcitti:

Throughout his andcdote-filleidprepared talk, Mr. Snow drew ona seven-year backgrourd as aJapan-based Navy ,officer endlater as a Tokyo-based foreigncorrespbndent to point pp c ultur-al and sociological contrasts be-tween the two countries and someof theeubtle difficulties each hasin understanding the other. He

ettbesed three kinds of contrasts:

1. Japan as a tribal society vs.America as a society of inctividu-

Sis.'This, said Mr, Snow, Is one ,

of the first things an American :feels in Japan, and every west-ern writer on Japan is full of talesabout It. He told of a meeting.of librarians where the Japaneseparticipants wanted no individualname tags but wanted to be '

treated collectively as librarians/The first word an American usu'ally hears in Japan Is -a mur-mured "gaiiin," meaning "foreign-er or non-Japanese," and thisetaglingers as long as he remains.For the Japanese, he said, ';-thereis great security of place Ain thetribe." Self-will is thusean un-deilrable tralt; ImproviSation isbad. Jay-walking In TOkyo, forinstance, Is taboo for the ...Japa-nese. Mr. Snow said .he playedsomi-pro hockey with a Japaneseteam and found the same con-trast pvalling. The coaches ex-

Mr. Snow. also cited, as a dls-concertVg example of rule-by-consenaus,Ilie tirrie his wife wasscheduled to have an operationbut ,the various consulting °doc-tor/a could not reach a consensusso the operation was cancelled.

/3. Japan as a nonLverbal societyvs. America as a let-if-ell-hang-out kind of society. This cohtrasttakes subtler forms, Mr. Snowsaid, and perhaps begins withthe.two types of Written languageJapanese 'being built of Ise--;latad .1.1cleographs,_oictographs,"-and English being a 'linear"language building- on a train of-thought. He cited the way mixedJapanase and American teamswould play at charades at par-ties; the Americans would -actout a word at a time, the Japanesewould act out ...the concept. Hecited, as another example of theAmerican tendency to verbalizeand the Japanese to fix on aconcept, the -earlier discussionon the Watergate scandak where 7the Japanese tended to be.'ahocked by the irnmorilltY acidinsincerity of the principals wh lethe Americana tended to focuson speeific Illegal acts and In-cidents. "In Japan," said Mr.Snqw, "there Is a place for aber-raMnal behavior if it seems tobe sincere." He cited other ex-amples but threw up his hands:on One final one: 'II have no ex-planation," he concluded, "forthe characteristic smile on the

,face of. the Japanese who findsthe subway door slammed In hleface."

pected that the ,Arnericans',stylewould emphasize indIVIdual Im-provisation and the'lapariesewould play totally .by predeter-mined patterns. Whet the "tribal-ism" comes dove to, he, sug- .

gested, is that all/Japanese knowtheir place in s clOty and have etesense of being ared 4or, It Meansriliving by the les, "even whereinconvenient

1and leaving very

little to chance. But, "as a valuejudgrnent,"/Mr. Snow concluded,he thoughtth Is cultural trait "verynecessary" in the crowded Japa-nese society. While both societieshave gfeat stresses and strains,most of those In today's Ameri-ca, ne suggested, are because ,of 4' lack of social confinement

- anck constraints, while those InJapan are kirgely-' the stressesand strelns of group liVing in aClosely-confined society.(

,

2. Japan os a consens.us societyi vs. America as &society of ad- ,

versary relations_ This Is partic-ularly, , apparent throughout thetwo political 'systems, Mr, Snownoted. In Japan, adversary situ-allai are mainly rust ritualistic;the real decision-making processIs one of consensus with deci-sions' arrived at by committee.The U.S. is a contentious societywhere decisions are' arrived atby "charisma arid force of per-sonality." This difference causesdecisions in Japan to be seem-what -slowly arriVed at, and tothe American taste, it makes forfaceless decision-making and a 'very bland political discoerse, Hecited the example of a three-hourdinner fer eight re'porters by re-ti ring former Prime MinisterElsaku Sato In which unot onenoteworthy thing was said"; It

-all ritual and party- llne.'!-

This brought from Mr. Hashimotoa arniIing exampie of that equal-ly puzzling cultural type, theAmerican. "V/hen a group of 10.American visitors was asked byJapanese hosts' if they wishedto go to Place A or Place I% fivewanted to ge to each. Since tiecoordination was possible, it wasfinally decided to take them allto both places."

Professer Patrick said there wasne lack of individualism or come-pet itiveness in Japan. On the con-trary, he said, much of the so-cial constraint there Is an effortto contain the competitivenesswithin acCeptable channels.There are twin pressures, he said

the centeetIon of strugglingthrough the organization and get-ting to the. top, along with, at-tempts to constrain ambition andprotect against unbridled cern-petitiveriess. America has HSritualseloo; for resolvIngesuch----

olenwaSers tainsilletihnurs (sight) andSanwa Nonsura (len)worlds lensed Jdeantos.English replay.

OM comer. alWingepresci ninecongenial tathought and freediscussion.

2 0

conflicts. "We do it with winnersand losers, legal sults andgenies," he said, "but the Japa-nese da not like to label losers;there Is too much embarrassmentand shame. They like to spreadblame, to have a kind of 'no faultinsurance' for all behaldor. But

Japanese have their conflictstoo; it's just that their process ofresolving them is different.1

Mr: Takeyarna noted that manyof the characteristics cited aboutthe,Japariese culture must have_

--Originated from a verylong tradi-tion pf living together ip a smallcountry. Professor Yano addeda point al contrast about Japa-nese and American professors.In 196/,, he said, he met HenryKissinger, then a professor atHarvard,' and he carried away theimpressiOn that Dr. KissIngei

, probably \couldn't ha)e becomea professor in any university in

. Japan because he was "so self-AvIlled, so larrogant." In Japan,he said, a professor is assessedmostly for h s personal characterand behavior. "The key secret inJapan," he said,- "is to keep si-lent. We are -trained to.sensitivityand to feelings, using very fewwords." To Mr. Snow's pointabout the tribal society, Profes-sor Yano added a touch of irony."We are taught to be very care-ful with one aspect of our society.We must be neat and tidy, care-ful and full of rules iniide- ourown society. Butthere are norules for behaviorOutsicie."'Thisimbalance In defining behaViorinside and outside Japan, he saidlmakes It very difficult for ordi-nary Japanese to, behave properlyas' tourists otitside thpir owncountry "because they have norules.'

On the supposed contrast be-tween the two Countries' ap-proaches to decision-making,one speaker commented that it'soften hard to tell when either so-ciety has made a detision. In theUnited States, as soon as a deci-sion Is announced, "someone isworking to change it." In the Jap-anese system, "they sit downand tails about whet they're notgoing to talk about, narrowing thedifferences." The side issues willget spun off and may be talkedabout later. But with the impor-tant issues, "in Japan, you nevergo to a Yes-or-No vote but to aconsensus which, when finallyreached, usually sticks." In atypical U.S.-Japanese confer-.ence,. he added,..'Ahe Japanese -will usually talk about politics in

acono1c terms, and the U.S.will beet economics in po-litical terms." On the recogelt!onof China, for example, the Japa-nese would- use economic rea-sons for doing political things,and the U.S. rationale would bejust the opposite, denying therewas any economic Motive.

To a question from Mr. Chaplinon "the role of apology': in Jap-anese society, Professor Yanosaid, that apology le_primarily aface-saverebut-added: ',The rulesabout it are strictly formulated.The way you apologize, use ter-minology, is so strict. The loud-ness of voice. facia! gesture,everythinu is iMportant-

Michael J. McGuire of the Chica-go Tribune asked whether au'vlotor/vanquished mentality"doesn't, still prevail in_ U.S.-Japa-nese relations, with Americansstill "patronizing" the Japaneseinstead of consulting with themas equals. Mr. Snow felt that, yes,a "vIctor/vanquiphed mentelity"does unfortunately still exist.Given the growth and develop-ment of Japan.todEy, as well asits cultval history, he added; "Ifthere 'Is any pauonizing, It ispurely and simply, and unethi-catty racial." To a commentabout the presumed reluctancein U.SeJapanese meetings to dis-cuss the war experience, Mr.Takeyarna replied that althdughthe war experience "was verybitter," --he had no objection todisciissing any aspect of It, but,that he preferred "to look for-ward, not backward." Sam BWilliams of the Geneve (N. Y.)Times, said he thought the Amer-ican treatment of Japan afterWorld War 11 had been much"harsher" than that of Germanyor Italy, and he noted that Japanwas the only cosntry not allowedto have an army. Stanley M.Swinton of the Associated Pressthought, however, that strategicand geographical considerationsexplain that difference. "There,was no way in Central Europe toavoid having any German armywhatever," he said, "but Japanhad a different background andparticularly a different experiencewith the atemic bomb." Mr. Swin-ton added that he hadn't noticedany reluctance among the Japa-nese to talk of the war expe-riences and disagreed with thesuggestion that our attitude to-ward Japan was -patronizing.".Mre_Balk. agread---w ith.- Mre Sw in-ton, saying that if anything theAmerican attitude was one of

admiration and envy of theJapanese.

Mr. Oberdorfer sounded the clos-ing note in the cultural discus-sion by admitting he was pessi-mistic about' achieving realemutual understanding "across thegreat divide of such cultural dif-ferences." But he said he couldthink of no better way_to try thanto communicate "the way thiswhole thing went today."

A MORNING OF SHOP-TALKTHE BETTER TO COVER

EACH OTHERWednesday's shop-talk sessionOn U.S.-Japanese press coveragetook up, not surprisInglye where ,

Tuesday's discussion of culturaldifferences left bff,The discus-sion of "crisis coverage" was ledby Rodney Armstrong, director ofthe Joint Research Program cinthe Media being conducted byKeio UniVersity in Japan and theFletcher School of Law and Di-ploniacy at Tufts tiniversity,where he is a senior fellow in theEdward R. Murree/ Center of Pub- ,lic Diptomaci,

He note at the outset that, -sinceeverything about the two coun-tries is different, cothparing presscoverage is comparing applesand oranges." The very roles ofthe media in the lives Oahe twocountries, he said, differ greatly.The Japanese media" are "actorsin the _fierming of a nattoral con-sensus." He noted that Mr. Te-keyama, leader of the Japanesepress delegation, had "let slipthat he's a member of almostevery major policy-making bodyin Japan." Ranking members ofthe media in Japon, he said, roularly t"design articles to achievean action or Sohle Mood withinthe subtle 'process by which, aJapanese consensus Is strtic-hired." In the U.S., he went on,we have a "totally different, ad-versary relationship" with thegovernment. The American mediareflect far greater diversity, withfew papers having a circulationcomparable to the larder Jape-- :enese papers. The English presee'he suggested, is more nearly &re-'parable to the Japanese press.

The media in both countries, Mee-.Armstrong said, have played aconsiderable role, positively andnegatively, in crises of U.S.-Japanese relations. There hasbeen a deplorable lack of cover-age of Japan in the Americanpress, he said, but this coveragehas greatly increased In recentyears. both in volume and In

21

quality. That chancrerisIngstly-the7result, not of new,or better carirespondents in Tokyo, but eV ii=greater willingness by editors'back home to elye greater space.'He noted partieularly that therehad been much Interest and con-siderable coverage of the Ern-peror's and Empress' recent visit,

Turning to Japanese paha perforrnance in coveeing Mnericei,Mr. Armstrong said that the Joel--anese people in the past ha0not been given much real cone;prehensiorr of the role of Conegrass in Am ri foreign polICeieHe suggested,tha his would be:.a good year for Ja nese media:In Washington to b oaden theircoverage of America to "let,Dr. Kissinger alone for a while,and go out and cover the Amer-ican style of living and thinking."As an example pf one story waleing te.belold, he said that if the:Japanese press explained the,role of foundations In America'snational life, it might be helpful-in leading to the development rebsirrillar Institutions in' Japan.'

Mr. Swinton, drawing on his APexperience, said he thought thatJapanese coverage of New York'and Washington is "very aub,stantially better" than it waseight or nine years ago. Theri; hesald, seniority often determlnedwhich Japanesejournalists wentto New York "just before 'theyretired." Most of them came witha language problem. Now, theJapanese journalists tend to beyounger and more specificallytrained for their American-assign-ment, and some are very good atgetting around the country. Mr.SWinton also thought Americanceverage of "'Japan is much bet.ter 'then 25 years ago, when mostjburnalists were "just leftover wircorrespondents Who didn't reallyknow anything abOut Aelan cut.tura' or history:" The problein onboth sides, he added, Is "human-izing the news; we still don't get.much on how people In eachcountry live, on the quality of life."

Robert W. Gibson, foreign newseditor of the Los Angeles Thnes4-picked up !hat theme with thepoint that "we editors are tooconcerned with the spot-news

'syndrome." Before covering eachcrisis, he said, "the press In eachcountry has a responsibility tolay, a groundwork for reader un-derstandIng of the other country,.This is a matter primerily of edia-eating telegraph editors, who areon the firing line and under great

space pressure, that backgroundatorieS are-as important as what'shappened In the last 24 hours.

The coriference ended with al

4

luncheon after a disciasion of theU.S.-Japan journalist exchangeprograrn.-_-Plans_Jor__Mitre jointmeetings were projected with thehope of continuing the process

of expanding mutual ui-iderstand.,,ing and awareness through thefree, Independent anr.: inquiringpress of Japan and the UnitedStates.

PAFITICIPANTS (with affiliations

Japan Delegation

he time of the Wingspread conference)

Yasuo Takeyarna, Executive Director, Board of Directors, Editor-in-Chief and Chairman, Board of Editorials,The Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Tokyo; Chairman; Japan Delegation

Shiro IMikumo, Chief Editorial Writer, The Sank& Shimbun, Tokyo; Vice Chairman, Japan Delegation

Maiakuni Hashimoto, Counselor, Nihon Shirnbun Kyokal, Japan Newspaper Publibilers and EclitOrs Association, Tolifo

Xr Tito !shimmy, Washington Bureau chief, The Alainichl Shirnbun, Washington, D. C.

Junichi Kada, Chief Of the Editorial Board. The Vorniuri Shimbun, Tokyo

Yukio Matsuyama, Washingtan Bureau Chief, Asahi Shimbun, Washington, D. C.

Hiroshi Morita, Political and Economic News Editor, The,Hokkalclo Shimbun, Sapporo

Akira Ogata, Chief Commentator, Nippon Hose; Kyokai (NHK), Japan Broadcasting Corporation, Tokyo

Shigeo Ornori, Deputy Chief Editorial Writer. Asehi_Shirnbun, Tokyo

Shirsauke Yoshimura, Washington Bureau Chief, Tokyo Shimbun, Washin n, D. C.

United States Delegation

George Chaplin, Editor-in-Chief, The Honolulu Advertiser, Honolulu, Hawaii; Chairman, United States Delegation

Crocker Snow, Jr., Assistant to the Publisher, TheVice Chairman, United States Delegation -

Alfred Salk, Editor and Publisher, Atlas World Press RevieW, New York, New York

ton Globe, Boston, Massachusetts:

William Block, Chairrnanand Toleido 13Iade, Pit

ican Committee, International Press Institute; -Ce7Publisher, Pitts urgh Post Gazetteh, Pennsylvania

Millard C. Browns, Editor of the Editorial Page, Buffalo Evening News, Buffalo, New York

William Corrigan, General Manager of News Operations, NBC News, New York, New York

Emmett Cadmon, Vice President/Editorial-Director, The Chicago Sun-Times and The Chicago Daily News,Chicago,,Ill inola

&Hart N. Gibson, Foreign News Editor, The Los Angeles Times Los AngeleS Oalifornia

Jules L Greenfield, Foreign News Editor. The New York Times, New York, New York

William C. Hake, Chairman, Canadian Committee, International Press Institute; Editor, The London Free Pre.ss,London, Ontario, Canada (1S Delegation continued next page)

2 2

21

William K. Hoeckawa, Associate Editor, The Denver Post, Denver, Colorado

John Hughes, Editor, The Christian Science Monitor , Boston Massachusetts

Riohard Leonard, Editor, The Milwaukee Journal, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Michael J. McGuire', Foreign News Editor, The.Chicago Trihune,,Chicago; Illinois

Don Oberdorler, Former Northeast Asia Bureau Chief, The Weelingten Post, Washington, D. C.

Robert E. Page, Vice President and General Manager, United Press International, New York, New York

Paul Ringler, Chairman, Executive Board, International Press Institute; Associate Editor Emeritus,.The Milwaukee Jownal, Solana Beach, California

Stanley M. Swinton, Vice President/Assistant General Manager, The Associated Press, New York, New York

GUeS ts

Rodney Armstrong, Director, Joint Research Program on the Media of Heio University in Japan and TheFletcher School of Law and Diplomacy,: Senior Research FellOw, Edward R. IMurrow Center of Public DiplomaCy;Fletcher Schodf of Law end Diplomacy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts

Albert Ball, Chiefo Northeast Asian Programs, Office of East ASian and Pacific Programs Bureau of Educati nal andCultural Affairs,. United States Department of StateoWashington, D. C.

Robert W. Due ling, Executive Assistant,to the Deputy Secretary of State, United States Department of State,Washington, D. C

Peter GaIliner, Director, International Press Institute, Zurich, Switzerland.

Philip C. Horton, Director, Edward R. Murrow Center of Publ c Diplomacy, Fletcher School 'of Law and PiPlomacy,

Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts

The Honorable Robert Ingersoll, Deputy Secretary of State, United States Department of State, Washington, D. C.

Hugh Patrick, Professor, Far Eastern Economics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

Leonard R. Sussrnan, Executive Director, Freedom House, too., New York, New York

Nathaniel B. Thayer, Director of Asian Studies, Johns HoptOns University, School of Advanced InternationalStudies, Washington, D. C.

Teru Yano, Southeast Asia Research Institute, OtO University, Kyoto, Japan

Interpreters

!Oho Nishimura, Washington, D. C.; K

The Johnson Foundation St- ti

Lsli Paffrath, President

o No ura, Foster Coty, California

Rita Goodman, Vice President Area Programs

Henry Halsted, Vice President Program

22 Kay Mauer, Conference Coordinator

WINGSPREAD

The building Frank Lloyd Wright calledWingspread, situated on a railingprairie site just north of Racine, Wis-consin, was designed in 1936 as a resi-dence for the Johnson family. in 1960,through the gift of Mr. aria Mrs. H. F.Johnson, it became the headquarters

, af The Johnson Foundation and beganits career as an educational confer-ence center.In the years since, it has bean the set-ting for many conferenCes 'and meet-ings dealing with subjects ot regional,national, and international interest' It IS

the hope of the Foundation's trusteesthat Wingspread will take its place in-creasingly -as a national institution de-voted to the free exchange of ideasamong people.The rolling expange df the Midwesternprairies was considered a natural nt-ting for Wingspread. In the Iimitlessearth the architect envisioned a free-dom and rnovbrnent. The name Wing-spread_was an expression of the natureof the' house, reflecting aspirationthrough spread wings a symbol ofsoaring Inspii.atIon.

The Johnson Foundation encourages the examination of ailariety of problems facing the Mid-west.' the -Nation, and mankind, ln the belief that tesponsi6W analyses and propoSals shouldreach a substantial audience, The Johnson Foundation assists in the publication, of various pa-pers and reports Publication, of course, 09es not imply approval.

Additional copiesol this report may be obtained from The Johnson Foundation, Racine Wiscon-

sin 53401.

4--

THE JOHNSON FOADATIONBaylD OF TRUSTEES

H. F,,-JohnsonHonorary ChairmanSamuel C. Johnson

ChairmanMelvin BrorbyVice-PrespentJames L. Allen

Catherine B. ClearyJerome H. Holland

Harold H. LentzJohn C. Weaver

George H. Wheary, Jr.Leslie Paffrath

President

Acknowledgmerils; The phOlograph on the baok cover is taken frop ne Elegant Japanese tlouse: Traditional Sukiya Architecture, first edition in.English, published by Weatherhill, Now York and Tokyo in collabOration with Tankidsha Kyoto, 1969. It is reproduced with the permission ot John

Weatherhill, 'Inc, ArtiSts Yasuhide Kobashi and Jerry $eingraeber produced examples of Eastern and Wristern calligraphy that are used In the re-port. The Japanese calligraphy used on pages 11'and 17 is trom the colieclion of Kimiko and John Powers.

EDITOR FOR THIS REPORT, HENRY M. HALSTED, VICE PRESIDENT-PROGRAM,-THE JOHNSONFOUNDATION / DESIGN AND

PORTRAIT SKETCHES BY ALAN LANE GABS CONFERENCE PHOTOGRAPHS BY.ALBERT KRESCANKO e JOHNSON

FOUNDATION STAFF RESPONSIBILITY FOR THISWINGSPREAD CONFERENCE. RITA GOODMAN,VICE PRESIDENT-AREA PROGRAMS.

24

23

Published September,1976

APPRECIATION

This Wingspread report has been made possible thrOUgh the assistance and interest of many individualsfrom Japan end the United States. The, wholehearted cooperation of Japanese and United States dele-gates made all tasks easier and a pleasant experience.,That cooperation Is sincerely appreciated.

The Johnson FOundation is especially grateful for the skillful cOunsel of Paul Ring ler; Chairman, txecu-tive Board, International Press'Institute (IPI), and William Block, Chairman of the American Committee ofIK and Cb-Publisher of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and Toledo Blade.

Special gratitude is due. Genichi Akatani, Assistant Secretary-General, Office of Public Information;United Nations, for the thoughtful Foreword included in this report.

Major credit for the ,writing of the report belongs to Millard C. Browne, Editorial Page Editor of the But- .Ialo Evening News, who was g member of the distinguished delegation from the United States duringthis Wingspread'conference.. Millard Browne put the report together with his charicteristic skill as a k;et-eran journalist.