author responsibilities and rights
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The Publishers Roleand
Author Responsibilities & Rights
Presented by:
Associate Publisher, Lisa Colson
2 August 2011, Melbourne
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Who We Serve
Publishers support the greater scientif ic and healthcommunities
Elseviers GlobalPublishing Network
7,000 editors
70,000 editorial
board members300,000+ referees
600,000+ authors
Researchers
HealthPractitioners
Faculty &Students
PharmaCompanies
Librarians
Societies
Engineers
Professionals
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.3rdapssam.com/images/pfizer%20logo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.3rdapssam.com/sponsors.php&h=908&w=1550&sz=356&tbnid=Fw2wI_whQI4J:&tbnh=87&tbnw=150&hl=en&start=2&prev=/images?q=pfizer+logo&svnum=10&hl=en&lr=&safe=off&rls=GGLD,GGLD:2005-14,GGLD:en&sa=N -
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The Publishers Role
Publishers coordinate the exchange of ideas between authors,
editors, reviewers, and the wider STM audience of researchers,
scientists, health professionals, students, and patients.
Registration Certification Dissemination Preservation Use
Innovation & Technology
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Journal Article Production
Copy editing,Author Proofing,
Preparation for publishing
3. Document 4. Published
Journal Article
Author Submits
ManuscriptManuscript Accepted
Logo,pagination,
branding
1. Preprint2. Accepted Author
Manuscript
Electronic Warehouse
Published as
Print Copy
Published as
HTML or PDF
Publishers can create an Electronic Warehouse and other electronic
production tools to quicken production times
These tools require heavy investments, but they can process hundreds of
thousands of articles and maintain digitized backfiles
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Author Responsibilities
& Rights
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Objectives
What are my responsibil ities as an author?
So now Ive written this paper. Who technically
owns it? What can I do with my paper once it has been
published?
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What are my responsibilities as an
author?
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Potential Author Responsibilities
Originality
Citations and context
Confl icts of Interest Authorship
Submission
Who else is responsible?
Consequences
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Originality
A researcher notices a paragraph in a previously publ ishedarticle that would be very suitable as the conclusion in hisarticle. The researcher decides to copy that paragraph into hispaper without quotes or attribution.
In almost all cases, this is considered plagiarism Research work should represent original and meaningful work that
is objectively researched and accurately reflected in well-written
reports and papers
Has the researcher violated any ethical boundaries?
Q
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Issues with Originality
Fabrication Making up research data
Falsification Manipulation of exist ing research data
Plagiarism Plagiarism takes many forms, from passing off anothers paper
as the authors own paper, to copying or paraphrasing substantial
parts of anothers paper (without attribution), to claiming results
from research conducted by others
These three are the most common forms of ethical misconduct
that the scientific community is challenged with
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Citations & Context
A researcher, in writing his research paper, mentions a concept
that is reported in an article written by his advisor.
Does he need to cite his advisor s work and list the advisors
article in the bibliography?
This is always a good idea
Crediting the work of others (even your advisor s or yourown previous work) and noting permissioned materials is
important to place your work in the context of the
advancement of the field and to acknowledge the findings of
others on which you build your research
Q
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Conflicts of Interest
Indicate if any of the following are examples of conf licts ofinterest:
1. A university researcher, who owns stock in a large oilcompany, conducts an experiment on the environmental
effects of oil drill ing2. A university researcher, who is developing and testing a
new technology, is also a consultant for a financial servicesfirm that weighs investments in new technologies
3. A researcher submits an article to a journal for which theEditor in Chief is a professor in the researchers department
4. A doctor who abides by traditional healing procedureswrites a paper on emerging current medical technologies
Q
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Conflicts of Interest
These all present potential confl icts Conflicts of interest can take many forms: Direct financial
Employment, stock ownership, grants, patents
Indirect financial
Honoraria, consultancies, mutual fund ownership, expert testimony
Career & intellectual
Promotion, direct r ival
Institutional
Personal belief
The proper way to handle potential conflicts of interest is through transparency
and disclosure
At the journal level, this means disclosure of the potential conflict in your cover
letter to thejournal editor
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Authorship
A researchercompletes her work and has written the paper.
Along the way, she consulted heradvisorfor guidance on the
experiment, the data analysis, and writing and revising the
final article. A professor in India assisted her in analyzing the
data only. A lab assistant had helped her in preparing theexperimental design and maintaining and operating the
equipment. Two fellow grad students read her paper and
edited it though they had no hand in the experiment.
Who is listed as an author? Who is listed first?
Q
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Authorship
Policies to address authorship can vary One example, the International Committee of Medical Journal
Editors (aka Vancouver Group) declared that an author must:1. substantial ly contr ibute to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or
analysis and interpretation of data;
2. draft the article orrevise it critically for important intellectual content; and
3. give their approval of the final version to be published.
4. ALL 3 conditions must be fulfilled to be an author!
Applying this set of pol icies to our example, only the researcher and
her advisor would qualify as authors
All others would qualify as Acknowledged Individuals
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Authorship: Order & Abuses
General principles for who is listed first First Author:
Conducts and/or supervises the data analysis and the properpresentation and interpretation of the results
Puts paper together and submits the paper to journal
Co-Author(s): Makes intellectual contributions to the data analysis and contributes
to data interpretation Reviews each paper draft Must be able to present the results, defend the implications and
discuss study limitations
Abuses to be avoided Ghost Authors : leaving out authors who should be included
Gift Authors: including authors when they did not contribute significantly
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Submissions
Scenario #1:A researcher is ready to submit her paper and decides to giveher best shot by submitting to Science, Nature, and Cellall at thesame time.
Scenario #2:
A researcher has had his paper rejected byScience
and decidesto submit it to Nature. Failing that, he plans to submit it to Cell.And failing that, he plans to submit i t to each journal in hisdiscipline until it is accepted.
Are either of these scenarios unethical?
The first scenarios is strongly discouraged by most research
communit ies and present potential ethical issues
The second scenario is acceptable but authors should heed the
advice of referees and editors concerning improvements
Q
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Submissions
Multiple, redundant, or concurrent publication issues
Ideally, the situation should be avoided wheremanuscripts that describe essentially the sameresearch are published in more than onejournal or
primary publication An author should avoid submitting a previously
published paperfor consideration in another journal
Duplication of the same paper in multiple journals of
different languages should be avoided
Salami slicing , or creating several publications fromthe same research, is manipulative and discouraged
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Who is responsible for ethics?
All stakeholders have a part to play in upholding ethics Authors
Insti tutions/companies/agencies/funding bodies
Publishers/journal editors
All Elsevier journals are listed with the Committee on Publishing
Ethics (COPE)
Elsevier supports editors with a Publishing Ethics Resource Kit
(PERK) to guide them in investigations of unethical behavior
COPE - http://www.publicationethics.org.uk/aboutPERK - http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/editorshome.editors/Introduction
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Consequences
A researcher is caught plagiarizing an article and fullyadmits to it.Q
What are the potential consequences and what actions can thepublisher or the researchers insti tution/funding body take?
Potential consequences can vary according to the severity of the misconduct and
the standards set by the journal editors, institutions and funding bodies.
Possible actions include: Written letters of concern and reprimand
Article retractions
Some form of discip linary action on the part of the researchers institute or
funding body
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So now Ive written this paper. Who
technically owns it?
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Copyright Fundamentals
1. Myth or Fact?
Authors (and in some cases their employers) have the
right under national copyright laws (and internationaltreaties) to control how their works are to be used anddistributed to others
FACT
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Copyright Fundamentals
2. Myth or Fact?
Copyright protects the underlying facts, the ideas of your
work, and the way you express your thoughts anddescribe your research and conclusions in your writing
Copyright only protects the way you express and
describe your research, conclusions, and thoughts
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Copyright Fundamentals
3. Myth or Fact?
The extent of copyright rights allows authors to permit:
the copying, distribution, online access, translation &creation of other derivative works of your research
FACT
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Copyright Fundamentals
4. Myth or Fact?
Publishers or other distributors do not need written
agreements from authors to transfer copying anddistribution rights
Publishers usually need to obtain written agreements
from authors that transfer copying and distribution
rights
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Copyright Fundamentals
5. Myth or Fact?
Journal publishing agreements can take the form of a
transfer of copyright or of distribution rights, or apublishing l icense.
FACT
Publishing licenses are generally exclusive, giving the
publisher exclusive copying and distribut ion rights to
protect the publishers investment
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Copyright Fundamentals
6. Myth or Fact?
Journal publishing agreements generally only spell out
rights granted to the publisher
Publishing agreements generally spell out both the
rights granted to the publisher and the rights retained
by the author
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Publishing Agreements
Author warranties: the publishing agreement has warranties asto originality; obtaining of necessary permissions; obtaining ofany necessary privacy waivers (subjects); compliance withresearch standards; compl iance with publisher and journalethics and confl icts of interest policies; and agreement of all co-authors
Government works: the laws of some countries note that theworks of government employees may have a special copyrightstatus
US government works: if done in the scope of employment, exclusivelyby government authors, then will be public domain (no copyrightattaches)
Crown copyright works: for UK government authors, work is owned byand licensed out by UK government (similar rules in other countries)
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What can I do with my paper once it
has been published?
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Rights Retained by Authors
The rights retained by authors in publishingagreements usually address academic usage rights:
Use of the work by the author in teaching
Re-use in other scholarly works
Publishing agreements differ by publisher
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Elsevier Author Rights
Publisher agreements do vary, but Elsevier generally allows authorsthe following uses:
Teaching: allowed to make copies of the artic le for use in classroom teaching
Educational materials: article can be included in the author s institution or
company e-course packs or company training Scholarly sharing: copies of the artic le can be shared w/ research colleagues
Meetings/conferences: Article can be presented and copies can be made forattendees
Further works: article can be used in compilations, expanded to book-form, orused in thesis or dissertation
Patent and trademark rights: for any invention disclosed or product identified
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Other Allowances & Restrictions
Elseviers Posting Allowances Pre-print version of article to internet websites Revised personal version of text of final article to authors
personal or institutional website or server According to funding body agreements (e.g. Wellcome
Trust, HHMI, NIH)
Elseviers Commercial Purpose Prohibit ions
Posting by companies for use by customers Placing advertisements against postings Charging fees for access or document delivery Any form ofsystematic distribution
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/fundingbodyagreements
http://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/fundingbodyagreementshttp://www.elsevier.com/wps/find/authorsview.authors/fundingbodyagreements -
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Summary
What are my responsibi lities as an author? Ethical issues Plagiarism Authorship Submission
Conflicts of Interest
So now Ive written this paper. Who technically owns it? You do! But publisher agreements usually include rights transfer
or exclusive publishing licenses
What can I do wi th my paper once it has been published? Publisher agreements vary, but many allow for most academicusage rights to be retained by the author. Agreements generallyallow various posting options as long as they are not forcommercial purposes
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THANK YOU
For attending this Workshop
and
Good luck with your current research andfuture submissions!