Aula 1

The concept of genre, verb to be, there to be, pronoun it

The concept of genreThe word genre means "kind of" or "sort of" and comes from the same Latin root as the word genus. Discussions of genre probably began in ancient Greece with Aristotle, and the practice of distinguishing kinds of texts from each other on the basis of genres and their characteristics has continued uninterrupted since then. Many specific text genres have been recognized since Aristotle's day – fiction, essays, biography, newspaper stories, academic writing and advertising, among others. The concept of genre has also been extended beyond language-based texts, so that we customarily speak of genres in relation to art, music, dance and other non-verbal methods of human communication. For example, in art we are familiar with the genres of painting, drawing, sculpture and engraving. In addition, within each genre, sub-genres have developed.

For painting, sub-genres might include landscape, portraiture, still life and non-representational works. Some of the recognized sub-genres of fiction include novels, short stories and novellas. Presumably, any number of sub-levels can exist for any one genre, and new sub-genres may be invented at any time. Recently, genre theories have been promulgated for texts about every kind of human activity (e.g., business, politics, medicine, religion and sport, among others). In each, genres and sub-genres can be identified. This proliferation of genre analysis for various purposes means that we cannot exclude any kind of text (or other kind of document that can be mounted on the Web) from an investigation of the usefulness of genre.

Verb to be

• Equivale aos verbos SER e ESTAR.

I am Igor -> Eu sou o IgorI am busy -> Eu estou ocupado

• É utilizado para descrever o estado e/ou característica de algo.

Verb to be (present forms)

Singular:

I -> Am

He, She, It -> Is

You -> Are

Plural:

We, You, They -> Are

Verb to be (past forms)

Singular

I, He, She, It -> Was

You -> Were

Plural

We, You, They -> Were

Contractions

• São as formas fechadas (abreviadas) do verbo to be.

Present forms:

Am -> ‘m -> ain’t (informal, genérico)Are -> ‘re -> aren’tIs -> ‘s -> isn’t

Past forms:

•Não existem contrações para formas afirmativas no passado

Was -> wasn’tWere -> weren’t

Other forms of to be

Pode ser usado em conjunto com:

•Os modal verbs: Can be, should be, would be, must be, will be, etc.•Nas forma do participle para as formas perfeitas: Been

I have been angry – She has been weak.

There to be

* Expressa a existência de algo. Equivale aos verbos EXISTIR e HAVER (além de TER no informal).

There are many books here – Há/Existem muitos livros aqui.

There to be (forms)

Singular:

There is (present form)There is a man outside – Há um homem lá fora

There was (past form)There was a man outside – Havia um homem lá fora

There to be (forms)

Plural:

There are (present form)There are men outside – Há homens lá fora

There were (past form)There were men outside – Havia homens lá fora

Pronoun it

• É utilizado para se referir a coisas, objetos, animais e fen6omenos da natureza

It is just a dog – É apenas um cachorro

• É utilizado onde não caberia sujeito no Português

It is raining – Está chovendo

Genre: Lyrics

Attributes:

•Organized in title, verses and stanzas•Possesses a kind of rhythm•Can rhyme or not•Has no apparent difference from poetry

Sun In Her Eyes

Singer: Tom Helsen

Let it go stopI don't know stop (verses)Is it right to let you be the other girl and

1st stanza

Sun In Her Eyes

Singer: Tom Helsen

Do you mind stopWe're doing fine stop (verses)And I won't stopI never take it all for granted

2nd stanza

Sun In Her Eyes

Singer: Tom Helsen

[Chorus]

The sun in her eyes will do (verses)You and the sun in her eyes will do

3rd stanza

Sun In Her Eyes

Singer: Tom Helsen

Let it go stopI should have known stop (verses)I gotta warn youIt will not change the morning after

4th stanza

Sun In Her Eyes

Singer: Tom Helsen

It ain't no crime stopTo take your time stop (verses)Like I told youI never take it all for granted

5th stanza

Sun In Her EyesSinger: Tom Helsen [Chorus]

You youI found myself because of youI never saw it coming andSad but true (verses)You youAnd I found myself because of youI never saw it coming and I know it's true

6th stanza [Chorus]