aua development conference - matthew andrews
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TRANSCRIPT
The Life and Times of
Higher Education
Birmingham
Wednesday 17 October 2012
Matthew Andrews
Introduction to the
History of Higher
Education
the first three thousand years
The Oldest University in the UK?
King Alfred
I shall now proceed to give my readers an account of that
famous UNIVERSITY, which is equalled by none
in Europe, except it be by her Sister Oxford; and, even
of her, she has the seniority by 265 years
But no one will question Cambridge’s being the seat of
the learned in the reign of King Alfred, the Solomon of the
Saxon-line. And at the Norman invasion, it was become
so famous, that the Conqueror committed the instruction
of his youngest son, afterwards king Henry I, to the
governors of this learned body, who improved so much
under his Cambridge tutors, that he ever after obtained
the additional name of Beauclerk, or the learned student.
Ancient Stamford
Was the first University in the world founded in
Stamford in the 9th century BC by a descendant of
Aeneas of Ionian Troy?
Bladud's University at Stamford, founded in 863 BC
Actual Origins
Development of Universitas and the
Studium Generale.
Issues of jurisdiction between the power
to grant the licence ubique docendi (the
right to teach across Christendom) and
local guild protections.
Colleges are a later invention to support
students in the higher faculties.
University of Stamford 1333-35
In the Michaelmas term of [1333] a
battle-weary group of northern masters
migrated to Stamford. ...
As soon as it became obvious that the
secessionist masters had created a
new university and were attracting
students, Oxford invoked the aid of the
crown to get it suppressed.
Supposed Gateway of Brazen Nose Hall
(1) to keep and observe the statutes, privileges, customs and liberties of the
University.
(2) You also swear that in the Faculty to which you are now admitted Graduate, you
shall not solemnly perform your readings as in a University anywhere in this
Kingdom but here in Oxford or in Cambridge; nor shall you take degrees, as in a
University, in any Faculty whatsoever, nor shall you consent that any person who
hath taken his degree elsewhere shall be admitted as a master here in the said
faculty, to which he shall be elsewhere admitted.
(3) You shall also swear that you will not read lectures, or hear them read, at
Stamford, as in a University study, or college general.
Restricted Development
University of Dublin 1311
John Lech, Archbishop of Dublin obtained a
Bull from Clement V establishing:
'An university of Schools, and more over a
general school in every science and lawful
faculty, to flourish there for ever, in which
masters might freely teach and scholars be
auditors in the said faculties'
Scotland: A different story
1413 St. Andrews - war and schism 1451 Glasgow - 'where the air is mild, victuals are plentiful' 1495 King’s College - northern focus 1583 Edinburgh - the first civic founding 1593 Marischal College - reformation
London University & Henry VIII
•Sir Nicholas Bacon was Solicitor to the Court of
Augmentations, which had been established to
manage Church property passed to the Crown.
•He proposed to Henry VIII that a London University
should be funded by the proceeds of the
dissolution of the monasteries.
•The University was intended for the study of law
and the training of ambassadors and statesmen.
The C16 "University" of London
Writing in 1587 William Harrison described
three 'noble universities in England'.
The Third Vniversitie
Although no formal
institution existed in London
as a university there was
higher learning (as
understood in the
seventeenth
century). Some argued this
constituted a 'third
university', including Sir
George Buck in 1615.
Trinity College, Dublin
‘A College for learning, whereby
knowledge and civility might be
increased by the instruction of our
people there, wherof many have
usually heretofore used to travaile into
ffrance, Italy and Spaine to get learning
in such forreigne universities, whereby
they have been infected with poperie
and other ill qualities, and soe became
evill subjects.’
University of Dublin 1591
The University of Ripon
•The revenues of Ripon Minster had been in the hands of the Crown since the
Dissolution
•On 4 July 1604, the corporation of Ripon sent a petition to Queen Anne, wife of
James I, requesting these funds be used for a college "after the manner of a
university" for the benefit of the "Borders of England and Scotland"
•An order was issued and provision made...
• ...but nothing happened
The Commonwealth
The Commonwealth: 1649 to 1660
As we the inhabitants of
the northern parts ... have been
looked upon as a rude and barbarous
people in respect of those parts
which, by reason of their vicinity to
the universities, have more fully
partaken of the light and influence, so
we cannot but be importunate in this
request. (1652)
Cromwell's College in Durham
15 May 1657
Letters Patent were issued for the
establishment of ‘the Provost, Fellows, and
Scholars of the College in Durham of the
Foundation of Oliver, Lord Protector of the
Commonwealth of England’
Dissenting Academies
Philip Doddridge's curriculum at Northampton Academy 1740
First Year Second Year Third Year Fourth Year
Logic Trigonometry Natural and
Civil History
Civil Law
Rhetoric Conic sections Anatomy Mythology &
Hieroglyphics
Geography Celestial
Mechanics
Jewish
Antiquities
English History
Metaphysics Natural &
Experimental
philosophy
Divinity History of
Nonconformity
Geometry Divinity Orations Divinity
Algebra Orations Preaching and
pastoral care
The Early Nineteenth Century
Firm Proposals
•London - 1825
•York - 1825
•Leeds - 1826
•Liverpool - late 1820s?
•Dumfries - 1829-31
•Newcastle - 1831
•Durham - 1831
•Bath - 1839
Queen's College, Bath
St David's College, Lampeter
Educational Development
Proposed Metropolitan University
Thomas Campbell address an
open letter to Henry Brougham, in
The Times on 9 February 1825
Competing Interests in 1828 Lectures and Examinations
for King's College Students
Sense and Science
vs
Money and Interest
Durham University
•Established in 1831, Act of
Parliament in 1832, admitted
students in 1833, received a
Charter in 1837.
•Subjects included science,
engineering, medicine, law,
history, theology and Arts.
• Introduced external examiners to
put space between teaching and
examining - early quality
assurance!
An Era of Federal Universities
1836: University of London
UCL and KCL and supporting Colleges in Exeter, Bristol, Southampton, Leicester,
Nottingham, Wales, et al
1845: Queen’s University of Ireland
Belfast, Cork and Galway
1880: Victoria University
Manchester (Owen's College, 1851), Liverpool 1884, Leeds 1887
1893: University of Wales
Univ College Wales (1872, now Aberystwyth University), Univ College North Wales
(1884, now Bangor University) and Univ College
South Wales and Monmouthshire (1883, now Cardiff University)
The Sense of a Sector
Break-up of federal systems in England
•Liverpool (1903), Leeds (1904), Victoria Manchester (1904)
University Grants Committee (UGC)
•Very little direct Government funding of HE during C19
•Proposed in 1904 and realised in 1918
•Became University Funding Council in 1989
Committee of Vice-Chancellors & Principals (CVCP)
•More informal meetings had occurred before
•Founded in 1918
• Included the heads of 22 universities
Post-War Development
•UCCA 1961
•Robbins Report 1963
•CNAA 1964
•Hatfield Polytechnic 1967
•Open University 1971
•Colleges of Advanced Technology
•Green Field Universities
•University Grants
Anthony Crosland 1965
‘Why should we not aim at … a vocationally orientated non-university sector which is
degree-giving and with appropriate amount of postgraduate work with opportunities
for learning comparable with those of the universities, and giving a first class
professional training … under state control, directly responsible to social needs’
New Universities
University of Stirling opened
on Monday 18 September 1967 to 164
undergraduates and 31
postgraduates.
Universities and the 1980s
The government reduced expenditure
on higher education and the UGC
introduced a cap on student intakes
(1981). The block grant was divided
into core funding and a separate
element for research (RAE in 1986).
Commissioned by the CVCP, the
Jarratt Report (1985) adopted the
view that higher education was a
business and downplayed its social
and cultural role. The controversial
report reflected and accelerated an
adoption of business models within
higher education.
Overseas Students
•Robbins considered the subsidy for overseas students as a form of 'aid'.
•1950/1 - 12,500
•1958/9 - 42,100
•1968/9 - 69,819
•1978/9 - 119,559
•From 1980/1 international student fees were to cover the full cost of tuition.
•University grants were reduced accordingly
1990
The student maintenance grant was
frozen and future increases were
instead to be delivered via a top-up
loan; the Student Loans Company
(SLC) was established to administer
the scheme.
The CVCP establish the Academic
Audit Unit (AAU), which only existed for
two years before being replaced by the
Higher Education Quality Council
(HEQC).
Mission Groups
•Russell Group – 24 members - formed in 1994
•1994 Group – 15 members - formed in 1994
•Million Plus – 27 members - formed in 1997
•University Alliance – 23 members - formed in 2009
Further and Higher Education Act
•1992 and all that
•Converted all polytechnics and Scottish Central Institutions into Universities
•Created the funding councils in the devolved administrations
Since 1992 some colleges of HE have become universities, e.g. Edge Hill University
(formerly Edge Hill College) and University of Wales, Newport (formerly Gwent
College of HE)
The Dearing Report: 1997
UK-wide enquiry of the 'purposes, shape, structure, size and funding of higher
education' led by Sir (later Lord) Ron Dearing. The Enquiry found that in the twenty
years to 1996:
• the number of students has much more than doubled;
•public funding for higher education has increased in real terms by 45 per cent;
• the unit of funding per student has fallen by 40 per cent;
•public spending on higher education, as a percentage of gross domestic product,
has stayed the same.
Dearing on Student Finance
Recommendation 78
We recommend ... income contingent terms for the payment of any contribution
towards living costs or tuition costs sought from graduates in work.
Recommendation 79
We recommend ... a flat rate contribution of around 25 per cent of the average cost
of higher education tuition
Mortgage-style repayments were replaced by income-contingent payments but
fees remained means-tested and payable upfront.
Who won the war of Dearing’s ear?
"The treatment of the complexities of the funding question were generally well-
handled, the options fairly described, and broadly the correct conclusions were
reached. The Government’s subsequent reaction is hard to understand and difficult
to justify."
Was response to Browne any different?
Devolution in the United Kingdom
Tony Blair was elected in 1997 and carried through a manifesto promise to hold
devolution referenda.
Scotland take a different road
•The Cubie report (after Sir Andrew Cubie) recommended that tuition fees should
be abolished and replaced with a 'graduate endowment'.
•Students were only required to pay back £3,000 worth of 'fees' when their
earnings reached £25,000, through taking out a student loan.
•Scrapped altogether in 2007.
The Era of Acronyms and Quangos
1988 - CUC
1990 - SLC
1993 - HESA
1993 - JISC
2004 - HEA
2004 - OIA
2004 - OFFA
2005 - NSS
Students in the History of
Higher Education
the students have always been revolting
The Student University 1088
The first Universitas – guild – was of students in Bologna
Few rules for students themselves, but…
•The doctors were compelled, under pain of a ban which would have deprived
them of pupils and income, to swear obedience to the students’ rector, and to
obey any other regulations which the universities might think fit to impose on
them –
•A professor requiring leave of absence even for a single day was compelled to
obtain it first from his own pupils…
•The professor was obliged to begin his lecture when the bells of S.Peter’s began
to ring for mass, under a penalty of 20 solidi for each offence … while he is
forbidden to continue his lecture one minute after the bell has begun to ring for
tierce.
Nineteenth Century Student Life
At the wine parties also that he attended he became rather greater adept at cards than he had formerly been.
Nineteenth Century Student Life
...finding the streamers of his gown had been put to a use never intended for them.
The Daily Mail: 1 January 2011
Pass the sick bag: The antics of these
Imperial College medical students
should worry us all
Here, we would like to assume, the next
generation of brilliant British scientists
and technologists is being groomed for
great things... the buckets were made
available on the orders of the student
union. 'We recognise that there is a
good chance of people vomiting on a
Wednesday night and so provide orange
buckets for this purpose.’
The Daily Mail: 2 May 2011
Stripping, vomiting and fighting: Shame of
Cambridge students after drunken Bank
Holiday party in park ruins family picnics.
Visitors to Jesus Green, including many with
children, were subjected to views of students
fighting, stripping off, vomiting and urinating
in bushes and flower beds.
Cambridge Morals
'One great cause of the acknowledged laxity prevailing in that University is the
system permitting the undergraduates to lodge in the town during their whole course,
whereby, of course, very little true supervision can be kept up. ... I myself can supply
instances of gross violation of the Seventh Commandment, which were committee
by out-college men during my own term of residence'.
The Guardian, 23 February 1859
The Times: 24 December 1828
Students are generally ‘inconsiderate, rude and mischievous’. If the building goes
ahead, the correspondent opined, its presence would be ‘far more turbulent, and
vastly more mischievous, than the bears, the kangaroos, the wolves, and the tiger-
cat in the adjacent menagerie’.
Serious Student Misbehaviour
'We collected stories of physical
attacks, stalking, verbal abuse and
sexual harassment by students.'
Living Together, Working Together
In response to increasing concerns amongst
residents in some areas that the growing
number of students living in the private rented
sector has resulted in more rubbish and litter,
noise, antisocial behaviour, poor housing
quality and feelings of a ‘loss of community and
neighbourhood’. UUK, GuildHE and the
NUS are committed to developing partnerships
to tackle problems and the perception of
problems.
June 2010
Contemporary Higher
Education
the relevance of historic precedences to
policy making and administration
Linking HE and Schools
University of London Oxford Brookes University
Capacity in Higher Education
If one of the highest and most
imperative of our national needs is to
be adequately met, a carefully
considered and prudently carried-out
increase in the number of English
universities is expedient and indeed
necessary.
A.W.Ward
November 1878
The government is also seeking to
expand student numbers without extra
cost to the taxpayer, and has
considered a controversial proposal to
let students pay for extra "off-quota"
places that would not be funded by the
state.
The Guardian
June 2011
Accelerated Degrees
It brought more men up, it is true; but
Durham got the discredit of being an
institution which gave degrees on
easier terms than any other university.
Whiting on 1862 Royal Commission
Two-year degrees have been shown to
appeal particularly to mature students,
people from ethnic minorities and
employers with skills shortages.
BIS Technical Consultation, 2011
Institutional Size
Year: Oxford - Cambridge
1580: 445 - 465
1680: 321 - 294
1780: 254 - 171
1880: 766 - 927
Do you agree with our proposal to
reduce the numbers criterion for
university title to 1,000 FTE HE
students of which at least 750 are
studying for a degree alongside a
requirement that more than 50% FTE
of an organisation’s overall student
body is studying HE?
BIS Technical
Consultation, 2011
The lasting appeal of "prestige"
When the point had been duly settled, that Mr. Verdant Green was to receive a
university education, the next question to be decided was, to which of the three
Universities should he go? To Oxford, Cambridge, or Durham? But this was a
matter which was soon determined upon. Mr. Green at once put aside Durham, on
account of its infancy, and its wanting the prestige that attaches to the names of the
two great Universities. Cambridge was treated quite as summarily, because Mr.
Green had conceived the notion that nothing but mathematics were ever thought or
talked of there.
NB London was not even mentioned!
The Life and Times of
Higher Education
Birmingham
Wednesday 17 October 2012
Matthew Andrews