attitudes concerning birth control and abortion as related
TRANSCRIPT
Brigham Young University Brigham Young University
BYU ScholarsArchive BYU ScholarsArchive
Theses and Dissertations
1971
Attitudes Concerning Birth Control and Abortion As Related to Attitudes Concerning Birth Control and Abortion As Related to
LDS Religiosity of Brigham Young University Students LDS Religiosity of Brigham Young University Students
Erlend D. Peterson Brigham Young University - Provo
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universiuniverse ty
ATTITUDES concerning BIRTH CONTROL AND ABORTION AS RELATED TO
LDS religiosity OF BRIGHAM YOUNG university STUDENTS
A thesis
presented to the
department of sociology
brigham young university
in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
master of science
by
erienderlend D peterson
august 1971
Universivecsi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
I1 introduction AND STATEMENT OF
THE PROBLEM
10
attitudesreligious group membershipLDS religiosityLDS teachings concerning birth controlLDS teachings jconcerningloncerningconcerningconcerLoncer abortionningreligiosity and attitudes concerningbirth control and abortionresearch hypotheses
III111ili methodology 23
the research problemthe research designsample designdevelopment of the research instrumentreligious orthodoxy scalebirth control and abortion attitudinal scalesother items included in the questionnairestatistical treatment of datavalidity and reliabilitymethodological limitations
IV presentation OF FINDINGS 0
0 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 1
II11 theoretical orientation 0 0 0 1 0
0 P P 2 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 49
attitudes concerning birth controlattitudes concerning abortionreligious behaviorrelationship of religiosity and attitudesconcerning birth controlrelationship of religiosity and attitudesconcerning abortionbirth control and abortion as it relates tosignificant others and generalized othersparticularistic or universalistic attitudesconcerning abortion and birth controlrelationship between a persons attitude concerningbirth control and his perception of the LDSchurchs teaching
iii
cluster factors influencing attitudes concerningbirth control and abortion
V GENERAL SUMMARY 81
summary of the problempresentation of findingsconclusionlimitationssuggestions for further research
references 89
APPENDIX A 94
APPENDIX B 0 99
iv
8 1
0 0 0 0
3338
7 abortion response scale single
5060
17 LDS attitudes concerning abortion approval inrelationship to another US national study 0 0 5262
v
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
1 crudelivecrude birthlive rates of selected countries 5
2 comparison between sample respondents torespondentsnonrespondentsnon 27
3 guttman scale criteria index of brigham younguniversity student attitudes single
married 34
5 religiosity response scale single 37
6 birth control response scale single
39
8 religiosity response scale married 40
9 birth control responrerespondeResp scaleonre married 41
10 abortion response scale married 42
11 attitudes concerning birth control in referenceto personal behavior 5
12 BYU married student use of birth control inrelationship to other national studies 53
13 use of birth control methods by LDS marriedstudents 55
14 knowledge of birth control methods by LDS students 57
15 source of information concerning birth control
0 0 31
4 guttman scale criteria index of brigham younguniversity student attitudes
1 0 0 0 51
0 0 0 0
concern ing 0 5358
16 attitudes concerning abortion in reference topersonal behavior 0 1 1 0 1 11
18 religious behavior 64
19 relationship between religious behavior and maritalstatus 65
20 relationship of religious behavior with variousindices
68
22 the relationship of religiosity scale type to birthcontrol scale type 69
23 relationship of birth control attitudes withvarious indices 71
24 the relationship of religiosity scale type to abortionscale type 72
25 relationship of abortion and specific indices ofreligiosity 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 74
26 relationship of abortion attitudes with variousindices 75
27 median test for matched pairs between accepted LDSbehavior and non LDS behavior with regards tobirth control 76
28 median test for matched pairs between accepted LDSuse and non LDS use of abortion
101
33 relationship between religiosity response andgeographic rearing 02
34 relationship between religiosity response andfatherfathers income 103
35 relationship between religiosity and marital status 104
36 relationship between birth control response and age 05
vi
1 1 1 1
0 67
21 relationship of birth control attitudes and specificindices of religiosity
religiosityscalescaletype 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 4 0 & 0 0
1 11 11 1
L adsodso0 0 0 0 77
29 correlation between individual personal belief andperceived LDS teachings on birth control
personaliv 0 v 80
30 relationship between religiosity response and age 0 99
31 relationship between religiosity response andindividuals education 0 a g op it a I1 0 0 0 o0 100IQQloo
32 relationship between religiosity response and numberof children in family 0 0 0 it 0 & it io 4
0 1.1 1 1 0 102
a 0 0 0 a 0 D 1 1 0
105
I1 0
illlii43 relationship between abortion response and
individuals education
116ilg
vii
aboraboc tion
nan1 er
37 relationship between birth control response andindividuals education 106
38 relationship between birth control response andnumber of children in family 107
39 relationship between birth control response andgeographic rearing 108
40 relationship between birth control response andfathers income 109
41 relationship between birth control response andmarital status 110
42 relationship between abortion response and age
112
44 relationship between abortion response andnumber of children in family
115
47 relationship between abortion response andmarital status
0 1 1 11 107
1 1 1 11 1
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 1 1
0 113
45 relationship between abortion response andgeographic rearing 0 114
46 relationship between abortion response andfathers income
1.1
acknowledgments
the writer expresses sincere appreciation to those indi-
viduals who have given invaluable assistance to the presentation
of this thesis
special recognition is given to dr spencer condie who
has served as chairman of the advisory committee in addition
to regular responsibilities and services of a chairman he has
extended himself in every respect to give assistance to the writer
in the completion of this study appreciation is expressed to
this teacher who exemplifies the sacred meaning of this position
thanks is also expressed to dr phillip kunz and dr evan
T peterson for their encouragement and constructive criticisms
gratitude and appreciation is given to the writers friends
associates and most especially his parents and sisters for their
help and concern
finally the writer expresses his most special appreciation
to his wife colleen for her patience love and support during
the research and writing of this study an additional thanks is
expressed for her typing of this study
viii
ttl111
1haroldcharold
CHAPTER I1
introduction AND STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEMPROBLEK
A considerable number of every personsperson attitudes are
related to or anchored in one or more social groups in recogni-
tion of the fact that individuals have multiple memberships in groups
suggests there may be times when membership groups are in conflict
with each other
A conflict which becomes real in the lives of many people
is the decision concerning family limitation since 1960 when the
birth control pill was introduced on the open market and with the
subsequent liberalization of abortion laws in several states the
topic of family limitation has become even more controversial atone end of the continuum of controversy are the neo malthusians and
at the other end are some religious leaders
the neo malthusians are the advocates of zero population
growth they are alarmed over the geometric population explosion
which is taking place within the human society the founding
father of checked population growth was an english economist
ie
haroldharoid H kelley two functions of reference groupsin basic studies in social psychology ed by harold proshanskyand bernard seidenberg new york holt rinehart and winstoninc 1965 p 210
musimusl
by the name of thomas robert malthus his two major postulates were
first that food is necessary to the existence of mansecondly that the passion between the sexes is necessary
and will remain nearly in its present stateassuming then my postulates as granted I1 say that the
power of population is indefinitely greater than the power inthe earth to produce subsistence for man
population when unchecked increases in a geometricalratio subsistence increases only in an arithmetical ratioA slight acquaintance with numbers will show the immensity ofthe first power in comparison to the second
by that law of our nature which makes food necessary tothe life of man the effects of these two unequal powers mustbe kept equal
this implies a strong and andconstantlyconstantly operating check onpopulation from the difficulty of subsistence this difficultymust fall somewhere and muslmust necessarily be severely felt bya large portion of mankind
in 1798 malthus recognized the problem and claimed that the
population was doubling every twentyfivetwenty yearsfive population data3
have verified the continuation of the growth trend he described
the natural checks on population growth as being vice and misery
and advocated moral restraint or late marriage and abstinence from
coitus although his remedies are unacceptable for most people4
malthus is the father of modern demographic principles
malthus is not the only person who proclaims overpopulation
he is joined by julian huxley frederick osborn kingsley davis
paul ehrlich and many others the emphasis has turned to controlled
2thomas malthus population the first essay paperback ed
ann arbor university of michigan press 1959 ppap 4543
5
ralph thomlinson population dynamics new york randomhouse 1965 p logloo100
4elizabethellzabetheilzabeth draper birth control in the modern world londonpenguin books lid 1965 p 281
2
Es
D icsacs10
4elizabethaelizabeth
0
marrimacri
nixtnqxt
6churchachurch
birth or in the words of julian huxley we must place meaningful
quality above meaningless quantity there must be a combined effort
in both the public and the private sectors towards such a goal
at the other end of the continuum a person finds religious
leaders who continually quote the bible and declare that the command-
ment of the lord to all mankind is to multiply and replenish the
earth marriage is ordained of god and therefore a couple shirking
the responsibilities of parenthood are disobeying the commands of
god is also commonly quoted by some religious leaders
the catholic churchs stand on birth control is
A couple using artificial contraceptive devices at any timeis guilty of serious sin because this interferes with nature ina serious way so serious is this sin that scosto thomas aquinasconsidered that the deliberate prevention of conception is nextto the killing of an unborn child one of the greatest vices
in nearly all countries the traditional opposition to the
birth control movement has been the view that children come as gifts
of god and should be accepted gratefully and unquestioningly the
general feeling has been that to subject the process of reproductionQ
to the will of man is unnatural and wrong
the individual who has membership in two groups with opposing
views both that of the malthusiansMalthus withians their contentions of over-
population and the religious leaders with their decrees of divine
C M cipolla the economic history of world populationbaltimore penguin books 1965 p 115
church news editorial page deseret news september 18 1965
reverend george A kelley the catholic marriage manualnew york random house 1958 p 48
8william petersen population 2nd ed london the macmillan
co 1969 p 489
3
5
con only6
st
8
50f
7
and
Fertifertllity
9karenskaren
parenthood will be highly perplexed it is such a condition which
karen horney points out as the cause of neurosis due to culturalQ
conflict rather than cultural comparabilitycompatability of sanctioned norms
religion has always been recognized as one of the complex
factors accounting for differences in fertility in recent years
there has been a decline in the birthrate within the united states
see table 1 which indicated there may have been a change in the
effect of organized religion on its members attitudes towards family
limitation for example historically the roman catholic church has
forbidden its members to use contraceptive methods for birth control
recent studies indicate that within the roman catholic church in
the united states there is an increased use of contraceptives the
trend seems to point out that the younger the married couple and
the higher the amount of education the greater the probability that
the couple will practice birth control by means of contraceptivecontraceptives
news media have been flooded with articles focusing on the
dangers of overpopulation the concern is not only about food
resources but about environmental pollution members2 of organiza-
tions such as zero population growth have spoken out saying no
Q
karen horney psychoanalysis without libido culture andneurosis in paritiesvaritiesVari ofties personality theory a ed by hendrick M
ruitenbeck new york E P dutlondualon and co inc 1969 ppap 111-121
10wilson H grabill clyde B kiser and pascal K whelpton
the fertilitfertilityfertility of american women new york john wiley and sonsinc 1958 ppap 279281279
charles
281
F westoff and raymond H potvin college women
and fertility values princeton princeton university press1967 ppe 5859585905855058 59o59
4
9
10
populationgrowth
mo
ko
ho
so
TABLE 1
CRUDE LIVEBIRTHLIVE RATESBIRTH OF SELECTED COUNTRIES
country 1954 1959 1964 1969
argentina
canada
chile
denmarkDeni
england
nark
U K
france
italy
mexico
norway
peru
sweden
united states
25.2252 24.0240 22.5225 21.5215
285280528.5 27.4274 23.5235 17.5175
343340334.3 35.9359 35.3353 31.9319
17.3173 16.3163 17.7177 17.8178
15.7157 16.9169 188 16.6166
18.8188 18.3183 18.2182 16.7167
18.2182 18.3183 19.9199 17.6176
45.3453 45.6456 44.4444 42.2422
18.5185 17.7177 17.7177 17.7177
32.3323 36.1361 33.8338 36.9369
14.6146 14.1141 16.0160 13.5135
25.0250 24.1241 21.0210 17.7177
statistical office of the united nations united nationsdemographic yearbook 1969 new york united nations publishingservice 1970 ppap 260265260 265
5
18 3
astatistical
252 240 225 215
274 235
359 353 319
173 163 177 178
157
188 183 182 167
182 183 199 176
456 444 422
185 177 177 177
323 361 338 369
146 141 igo 135
250 241 210 177
285
343
sociolosaciolo
man has the right to more than replace himselfohimselfhimselfo feelings are so
strong by some that it has even been suggested that there be out-
right prohibition by law of a couples right to have more than two
children in hawaii state senator nadao yoshinaga has already
introduced a bill requiring compulsory sterilization of every woman
after the birth of her second child 12
associated with the control of birth is the subject of
abortion after the liberalizing of the abortion law in the state
of new york there were 16000 legal abortions performed between
july 1 1970 and september 1 1970 13
evidence suggests that religion plays an affecting role
ncerningconcerning a persons attitude towards family limitation freedman
1962 kiser 1962 and others who studied the association between
socioeconomicsocio statuseconomic and fertility were unable to find compelling
correlations but they were able to point to religious differentials
in light of the question as to the effect of organized
religion this study constitutes an examination of the attitudes
of members of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints LDS
and their attitudes towards birth control and abortion this
12laws to limit family size parents magazine volume 45
october 1970 ppap 586158
abortion
61
in new york time september 7 1970 p 48
14donald J bogue further sociological contributions tofamily planning research community and family study center chicagouniversity of chicago press 1970 ppap 312344312
ibid
344
p 20
6
af ter
3
co14
15
13 tim
152
baptbaat faf5 t
research is an analysis of the attitudes of LDS students at brigham
young university towards birth control and abortion as correlated
to the degree of conformity of religious behavior within the LDS
church
the mormonscormons have long been noted for their high fertilityin this case the factor of religion operates within the contextof prosperous agriculture however it should also be noted thatin whos who in america even the mormonscormonsMor presumablymons mainlyurban have relatively high fertility in comparison with othersin whos who in america in their study of men listed inthe 1926271926 edition27 of whos who in america huntington andwhitney found the following average number of children amongmen reporting the specific religious affiliations and reportingnumber of children jews 26 congregationalists 2.727baptist 31 lutherans 3.333 roman catholics 3.333 and mormonscormons
jj
A more recent review of whos who in america 1966671966
indicates
67
an average of 25 children for the baptists and 32
children for the LDS although this shows a decrease for both
religious groups it is significant that the trend is in the same
18direction and there remains a distinction between religious groups
reference group theory explains that individuals seek identi-
fication with groups for self evaluation and self esteem and behavior
tends to be patterned by the environing structures of established
mormonscormonsMor ismons the nickname given to members of the churchof jesus christ of latter day saints because of their cannonizedcannoniacceptance
zedof additional scripture called the book of mormon
ellsworth huntington and leon F whitney the builders ofamerica new york morrow 1927 p 342
1 Q
phillip R kunz and merlin B brinkerhoff growth inreligious organizations A comparative study social sciencevol 45 no 4 october 1970
7
16
jews26
16
17
18
fication
2733 33
53
chos
choschos
chos
5.353
iq19social relationships and by prevailing cultural definitions hyman
20labeled such groups as reference groups
tirtictirgbirg
when an individual
seeks identification with a group he is motivated to either gain
or maintain acceptance in order to gain acceptance he holds his
attitudes in conformity with what he perceives to be the general21consensus of the group members sherif and sherif in their
studies claim to have found that the binding rules values or
standards of an individual for his conduct are those of his22reference groupogroupgroppo group affiliations and participations there-
fore tend to standardize attitudes for the members of a group
sociologists have become increasingly concerned with theimportance of religion in understanding behavior in contemporarysociety indeed lenski has reported that variables associatedwith religious group membership exert as much influence on theattitudes and behavior of urban americans as does position inthe social class structure 23
group identification theory predicts that an individuals
conformity to the groups standard is correlated to the same degree
of attitude conformity the significance of this study is to measure
the consistency of this theory therefore this study predicts
that the degree of church membership behavioral conformity will
19robert K merton social theory and social structure revised
and enlarged edition glencoe free press 1957 p 302
20herbert hyman the psychology of status archives ofpsychology no 269 1942
harold H kelley op cit p 211
22mauzaferMau sherifzafer and carolyn W sherif reference groupsgrousgrouexploration
sinto conformityConform andLZ deviation of adolescents new york
harper and row 1946 p 251
gerhard lenski the sociology of religion in the unitedstates A review of theoretically oriented research a partde social compass 9 1962 ppap 307337307 and337 the religious factor
new york doubleday and co 1953
8
21 it
23
correlate to the degree of conservativeness of attitudes concerning
birth control and abortion it is expected that this research will
achieve the following objectives 1 establish that there is a
relationship between conservative attitudes towards birth control
and abortion and the degree of religiosity 2 establish that
group members allow a difference of attitude concerning the family
limitation practices for people outside the membership group
3 show that attitudes towards birth control and abortion within
the religious membership group are particularistic rather than
universalistic 4 show that there is a correlation between a
persons attitudes toward birth control and his perception of what
his membership group teaches and 5 show that religious teachings
are the most important factors influencing an individuals attitudes
towards birth control and abortionabortioneabortionsabort ionoionelono
CHAPTER II11
theoretical orientation
attitudes
in mans study of himself there has always been a primary
focus on attitudes attitudes are among the most difficult aspects
of socialization to understand and yet they seem to be among the
most important products of mans socialization in a series of papers
written by fishbein 1967 he presented a behavior theory approach
to the study of attitudesattitudesoattitude he conceptualized attitude as a learned
mediating evaluative response and he viewed an individuals beliefs
about any given subject in terms of the probability of stimulus response
associationsassociationsoassociation another formal definition of the word attitude is
the intensity of positive or negative effect for or against a psych-
ological object the psychological object is any symbol personpecsonpersons
place or idea toward which people can differ between positive or2
negative affectoaffectaffetto
mead theorized that an individuals social self is a product
of the attitudes of the significant others within his environment
kalman jo kaplan and martin fishbein the source of beliefstheir saliency and prediction of attitude the journal of socialpsychologyPsycho 1969loBy vol 78 p 630
2 barry E collins social psychology massachusetts addisonwesley publishing coo p 710
10
nsapproachcoach
1
1J
63
2barryubarry Ps xcholoco 71
so
so
11
but mead lacked preciseness in defining whom he meant as others
so merton in an attempt to clarify his meaning suggested that itis the social group to which he a person belongs group affiliat-
ions and participations tend to standardize attitudes for the members
3of the group durkheimsDurk studyheims of suicide was based upon the theory
of collective representations he recognized the constraining or
controlling power that the groups norms or attitudes have over the
individual deviations from the norms of the group or complete
absence of norms leaves the individual in an uncertain vague and
uncomfortable state in his complex social world the person needs
guidelines for his behavior it was from this understanding that
durkheimwurkheimDur predictedkheim the rate of suicide in various religious groups
he supposed that the suicide rate would be inversely proportional
to the number of norms that defined specific beliefs and made an
advantage for the individual his predictions were verified in his
study which supported the theory of collective representations4
upon an individuals personal attitude
the corner stone of festingers theory of social comparison
takes into account the content of the attitude in relation to the
nature of the relationships between the individual and other group
members zajonc in summarizing the concepts of balance congruity
and dissonance theories points out that with individuals their
thoughts beliefs attitudes and behavior tend to organize themselves
nobertroberthobert K merton op cit p 2870
edward jones and harold gerard foundations of socialpsychology new york john willis and sons inc 1967 p 332
the
it 287
4edwardbedward
edoede by phillipphilliprphillipa R kunz andspencer J condie new york simon and schuster inc 1970ppap ZAJ la 15ao15a
6cohesiveness refers to a property of the relationship that
exists between two peoplepeopleepeopled
jones7
and gerard opor cit
psycholpsychal
12
in meaningful and and sensible ways when an individuals attit-
ude is out of alignment with his reference group interplay of
forces begins to operate and this results in uniformity of attit-
udes or a severance from his reference group human beings abhor
inconsistency reference group theory predicts a pressure toward
uniformity will be a positive function of cohesiveness As members
of a group are attracted to each other the intensity of the attrac-
tion will increase the degree of attitude agreement according
to the various balance theories adelson & rosenberg 1958 heider
1958 osgood and tannenbaum 1955 rosenberg & adelson 1960 a
subjects evaluation of a concept will depend upon the positive
or negative evaluation the person has concerning the source of
the informationinformatiouo if the source is from his reference group the
probability is greater that the individual will bring his attitudes
into uniformity with the reference groupogroupgroppo tannenbaum and gengel
carried out an experiment to test congruity and attitude change
in psychology students at the university of wisconsin through a
source concept test results provided support for the generalizageneralizeQ
tion of attitude change as a result of the source of communication
robercrobert B zajonc the concepts of balance congruity anddissonance in man in his environmentenvironments ed
p 3410percy H tannenbaum and roy W gengel generalization of
attitude change through congruity principle relationships journalof personality and social psychology 1966 vol 3 no 3 p 299304299 304
5
6
7
8
5robertarobert
8percy
PhillipR
13
cohen generalizes even further that everyone will conformconform1conforms underq
some conditions
religious group membership
realizing that there is an influence of membership groups upon
a persons attitude the question is to what degree an organized
religion directs an individuals attitude regarding a given subject
newcomb found in his bennington college study that the individuals
attitude development was a function of the way in which he related
himself to his membership groupogroupgroppo considering that not all members
of a religious group are alike in their membership character
newcombs study suggests that by measuring the degree of individual
identification it will correlate with the degree of conformity on
a given set of attitudes
religion as part of a culture consists of the configuration
of definitions which includes beliefs regarding 1 the supernatural
andor 2 high intensity or value definitions defi-
nitions of morality unrighteousness and badness are part of religion
basically religion is learnedlearne and is related to the way one lives
with himself and others the influence of religious definitions and
or religious behavior extends to the degree to which it is included
Q
archurarthur R cohen attitude change and social influence newyork basic books inc 1964 po 106
theodoretheodo M newcomb attitude development as a function ofreference groups the bennington study readings in socialpsychologypsycholo new york henry holt and co 1952 p 430
glen M vernon human interaction new york free press co1965 p 358
119
membersh
10
top levellevei
learnedand
p
10 re
11
1
Membersh
dand
Psycholo
garthur
14
12in the interacturalinteract processural in the example of durkheimsDurk studyheims
he found the catholics to have the highest number of rituals and
cultural proscriptionsprescriptionsproscript andions the jews and the protestants to have the
least therefore the protestants and jews having a less structured
social system were found to have the higher number of suicides
sociologists have become increasingly concerned with the importance
of religion in understanding behavior within contemporary society
lenski has found in his studies that variables associated with
religious group membership may exert as much influence on the attit-
udes and behavior of urban americans as does the position in the14
social class structure
latter day saint reliriositreligiosity
the degree to which a person identifies with his religious
group can be determined by measurement on a given religious membe-
rship religiosity scale since this study concerns itself with
members of the LDS church the literature reviewed related mainly
to studies oriented to the same religious group
vernon ibid p 373
i jones and gerard op02 cit p 332
14gerhard lenski the sociology of religion in the unitedstates A review of theoretically oriented research the religiousfactor new york doubleday and co 1963 ppap 307337307
other
337
studies using measurement of religious norms for deter-mination of membership religiosity include bernard lazerwitz some
factors associated with variations in church attendance socialforces XXXIX may 1969 ppap 301309301 louis309 bultena church membe-rship and church attendance in madison wisconsin american socio-logical review vol 14 january 1949 ppap 384389384 gerhard389 E
lenski the religious factor new york doubleday 1961 G allportet al the religion of post war college students journal of
13
ha s
15
12
13jones
15
mination
91gi
revirevl
15
vernonsVervec studynors of 1955 successfully scaled religious beliefs
and participation among latter day saints of the 194 respondents
he was able to scale 12 items with a coefficient of reproducibility
of .919116
payne in his study of the relationship between expressed
LDS religious involvement which was identified by behavioral
patterns and some economic attitudes of the working class was
able to find a weak but positive correlation this study was
conducted in the city of provo utah which is predominantly LDS
another provo study was completed by brinkerhoff which also scaled
LDS behavior patterns on the eight religious items the guttman18
scale produced a coefficient of reproducibility of .8585
another successful study using a guttman scale to measure
LDS religiosity was the box elder study conducted by reeder in
brigham city utah he sampled nearly 800 LDS residents of the
psychology vol 25 1948 ppap 3333 lee33 G burchinal maritalsatisfaction and religious behavior american sociological reviewXXIImillillii april 1957 ppap 306310306 fred310 thalheimer continuity andchange in religiosity A study of academiciansAcademic ians pacific socio-logical review vol 8 1965 ppap 101108101 and108 rodney starkclass radicalism and religious involvement in great britian
american sociological review XXIX december 1964 ppap 694706694
glen
706
M vernon an inquiry into the scalability of churchorthodoxy sociology and social research vol 39 may june 1955piprip 324327324
william
327
dennison payne the relationship between expressedreligious involvement and some economic attitudes of working classmormonscormonsMor unpublishedmons masters thesis brigham young university 1967ppap 9910399103099 103o103
18david brent brinkerhoff A study of the relationship between
types of religious orientations and degree of religious involvementof LDS church members in the provo community unpublished mastersthesis brigham young university 1968 p 32
17
psychoS
16
17
85
aejanj
16
city concerning their religious activity he then validated the
respondents statements in questioning the local LDSldse bishop
concerning each respondent and his activity it was found that
of the 800 respondents approximately 400 were inactive 200 were
active but did not hold a church position and 200 were active
and held a church position reeder produced a seven point religiosity19
scale with a coefficient of reproducibility of .9595
tapley compared religious experience to LDS church ortho-
doxy and found his church orthodoxy dimension amenable to guttman
scaling the eight point church orthodoxy scale produced a coefficleffi9020clent of reproducibility of .8888
latter day saint teachings concerningbirth control
in order to give validity to the selected statements concerning
birth control only statements which have been given by the firstpresidency of the LDSldosoleoso church have been presented in 1916 articles
concerning birth control were written by general authorities of the
LDSldso church and published in the relief society magazine 2 the
following year president joseph F smith was quoted in the same
magazine as follows
19william R reeder box elder study unpublished paperpresented at brigham young university 1970
20joel lane tapley A study of religious experiences asrelated to church orthodoxy unpublished masters thesis brighamyoung university 1969 ppap 163116
21
31
the relief society magazine was an official publication ofthe LDSlodos womens organization called by the same name
concer
21
95
88
edse
adso
17
I1 regret I1 think it is a crying evil that there shouldexist a sentiment or feeling among any members of the churchto curtail the birth of their children I1 think that it isa crime whenever it occurs where husband and wife are inpossession of health and vigor and are free from impuritiesthat would be entailed upon their posterity I1 believe thatwhere people undertake to curtail or prevent the birth oftheir children that they are going to reap disappointment byand by I1 have no hesitancy in saying that I1 believe thisis one of the greatest crimes of the world today this evilpractice
the second president of the LDS church brigham young said
there are multitudes of pure and holy spirits waitingto take tabernacles now what is our duty to prepare taber-nacles for them to take a course that will not tend to drivethose spirits into the families of the wicked where theywill be trained in wickedness 0 it is the duty of every righteousman and woman to prepare tabernacles for all the spirits theycan 23
president joseph fielding smith the current president of
the lodsoLDSgodso church made this statement concerning birth control when
a man and a woman are married and they agree or covenant to limit
their offspring to two or three and practice devices to accomplish
this purpose they are guilty of iniquity which eventually must be
24punished in later texts he goes on to explainexplaexola that it should
be understood definitely that this kind of doctrine is not only not
advocated by the authorities of the church but also condemned by
25them as wickedness in the sight of the lord
22 joseph F smith sr the relief society magazine 1917vol 4 p 318
23 brigham young journal of discourses vol 4 londonlatter day saints book depot p 56
24joseph fielding smith doctrines of salvation 13th ed
salt lake city bookcraft 1966 p 870
25ibid p 87
22
0n in
87
18
the LDS church has maintained a constant position concerning
the attitude of birth control most significant to this research is
a letter sent april 14 1969 to presidents of stakes bishops of wards 3
and presidents of missions by the first presidency regarding birth
controlcontrolocontrolscon thetrolo letter is in full agreement with the first presidency
in 1916 and is as follows
the first presidency is being asked from time to time asto what the attitude of the church is regarding birth controlin order that you may be informed on this subject and that youmay be prepared to convey the proper information to the membersof the church under your jurisdiction we have decided to giveyou the following statement
we seriously regret that there should exist a sentimentor feeling among any members of the church to curtail the birthof their childrenchildrenochildrenschilchii wedreno have been commanded to multiply andreplenish the earth that we may have joy and rejoicing in ourposterity
where husband and wife enjoy health and vigor and arefree from impurities that would be entailed upon their posterityit is contrary to teachings of the church artificially tocurtail or prevent the birth of childrenchildrenechildrenschilchii wedrenodrene believe that thosewho practice birth control will reap disappointment by and by
however we feel that men must be considerate of theirwives who bear the greater responsibility not only of bearingchildren but for caring for them through childhood to thisend the mothers health and strength should be conserved andthe husbands consideration for his wife is his first dutyand self control a dominant factor in all their relationships
it is our further feeling that married couples shouldseek inspiration and wisdom from the lord that they mayexercise discretion in solving their marital problems andthat they may be permitted to rear their children in accordancewith the teachings of the gospel
sincerely yours
signed david 0 mckay
hugh B brown
N eldon tanner
s
teachireachi
19
lacterlatter daydazdax saint teachingsconcerning abortion
until recently very little was written regarding the lodsLDS
policy concerning abortion although there was a strong implication
in church publications concerning the degradation of such practice
recently the following statement was issued by the LDS firstpresidency
the question is frequency raised as to the policy of thechurch regarding abortions the following is quoted from astatement recently issued by the first presidency on thesubject of abortion and sterilization e have given care-ful consideration to the question of proposed laws on abortionand sterilization we are opposed to any modification expla-nation or liberalization of laws on these vital subjects
the church takes the view that any tampering with thefountains of life is serious both morally and physiologicallythe lord command imposed upon LDS is to multiply andreplenish the earth nevertheless there may be conditionswhere abortion might be justified but such conditions mustbe determined in each instance upon the advice of a competentreliable physician preferably a member of the church andin accordance with the civil laws pertaining thereto
religiosity and attitudes concerningbirth control and abortion
edman has pointed out that where an ecclesiastical organiza-
tion is highly developed it is controlling in the lives of the
people in fact it may be one of the most powerful forces of social27life with the previously mentioned assumption and the realization
that religious teachings motivate childbearing this would suggest
abortion the new era vol 1 no 4 1971 p 50
27 irwin edman of tenses human traits and their socialsignificance massachusetts houghton mifflin company 1920p 324
the
we
lords
6
26 po
offenses
ionolono
potvin westoff and ryder conducted a study of factors
affecting catholic wives they found that the conformity of the
catholic wives correlated with their church magisteriumsmagisteritms position
on birth control this study was conducted between 1955 and 196501965
it was observed that the proportion of catholic wives using methods
of birth control other than rhythm increased steadily despite the
condemnation by catholic theology of all forms of birth limitation
except periodic or total abstinence their conclusion in the area
of religiosity and conformity is that conformity to church teachings
on birth control was positively correlated with conformity to all29catholic norms in general
with regards to abortion it is assumed that since both
birth control and abortion deal so closely with childbearing the
same conditions influencing attitudes concerning birth control will
be true of abortion
28susan M stolka and larry D barnett education and religionas factors in womens attitudes motivating childbearing
20
through the theory of cognitive consistency cartwright 1949
crawford heredia and stocker 1968 fishbein 1963 rosenberg
1956 smithssmithy 1949 woodruff and dipentadipestaDi 1948pesta the more an indi-
vidual is active in his religious faith or in the other terms
the higher he measures on a religiosity scale the more negative9828his feelings should be concerning birth control and abortionoabortionsabortiabortabortinon
journalof marriage and the family vol 31 no 4 november 1969 ppap 740750740
29
750
raymond H potvin charles F westoff and norman B ryderfactors affecting catholic wives conformity to their church magismabisteriums position on birth control journal of marriage and thefamily vol 30 1968 ppap 263272263 272
smith
fam
marria ye
21
research hypotheses
other researchers note that attitudes concerning birth30
limitation vary among religious faithsfaithso the purpose of this
research is to examine the degree of variance in attitudes con-
cerning abortion and birth control in reference to group identi-
fication theorytheory11 and reference group theory as measured by a
LDS religiosity scale
2othesishypothesis 1 there is a positive relationship between conserva-tive attitudes toward birth control and abortionand ones degree of measured religiosity
one of the basic assumptions of the LDSldso religion is that
the principles of the gospel are divine and should be practiced by
all mankind alikeoalikealiceo A universalistic attitude should therefore prevail
by members of a faith who declare their church to be the only true
church of jesus christ
hypothesis 2 there will be no significant difference betweenthe attitude toward personal practice of birthcontrol and abortion and the practice sanctionedto others outside the religious group membership
actions by themselves do not constitute a rightness or
wrongness unless considered in context of the circumstancescircumstancesocircumstance within
christian religion a basic tenet which is found in the ten comman-
dments states that it is wrong to kill a human being this concept
holds true in the majority of the situations but when the circum-
stance turns to war the sanction is given to kill the enemy in the
line of duty with the assumption that the rightness or wrongness
ongrabill et al op cito p 279
H
30 op citowcitop0
fication 11
so
adso
22
of the practice of birth control and abortion is based on the
circumstances the condition of situational ethics exists
hypothesis 3 attitudes toward birth control and abortion withinthe LDS religious membership group are signifi-cantly more particularistic than universalistic
As previously indicated man abhors inconsistency whenever
inconsistency exists within the life of an individual there is a
strain toward relieving the inconsistency and bringing attitudes
into agreement
hypothesis 4 there is a significant correlation between apersons attitude towards birth control and hisperception of the LDS church teachings con-cerning birth control
very seldom is an attitude directed by a single source but
rather by a cluster of influencesoinfluencesinfluence lewins valence theory is frequently
diagrammed with vector forces labeling inducements and impedances
within the christian world the first commandment given to man by
god was to multiply and replenish the earth
hypothesis 5 of the cluster actorsfactors influencing the attitudetowards birth control and abortion religion willbe the most significantosignificantsignificants
thesis
jjyp thesis f
so
3davidavldcdavid
admisadais s ionslons
CHAPTER 111IIIlillii
methodology
the research problem
the development of this research project was motivated by1
an article which appeared in the salt lake tribune it stated
that a survey had been conducted on the campus at the university
of utah regarding the attitudes of the students concerning the
use of birth control in family limitation the article purported
that 76 per cent of the students when questioned advocated the
practice of birth control the majority of the students attending2
the university of utah 657o6570 are LDSldso assuming a random dis-
tribution of respondents and a reliable reporting of the facts
there appears to be an incongruencyincongruencein betweencongruency the results of the
study and what a person would assume when understanding the LDS
churchs position on birth control
the question then arises as to whether religion does or
does not exert influence upon a persons attitude concerning family
saicsaltsaid lake tribune june 1 19700
2this was an approximation given by the dean of admissions
and records at the university of utah in april 1971
avid 0 mckay church news september 19 1965 p igo160
23
652
3
197 0
16
tribution
isalt
adso
4theathe
24
limitation generally accepted is the fact that in order for a
religion to exert influence on its members the members must be
committed to the religion it would therefore seem important
that a measurement be made of the degree to which members conform
to the religious groups behavioral norms it would also appear
logical that the greater the degree of conformity of behavioral
norms the greater will be the degree of conformity to religious
attitudes this research is an attempt to analyze the attitudes
of LDS members concerning birth control and abortion as
correlated with the degree of conformity of religious behavior
within the LDS church
the research design
the data presented in this study were gathered from students
who were attending brigham young university fall semester 1970711970
all
71
students sampled were members of the church of jesus christ of
latter day saints this group was used primarily because of
accessibility and secondly because of homogeneity with respect to
the LDS church membership
A questionnaire was developed by the researcher to examine
the hypothesis as previously stated relevant to the research
the questionnaire contained three scales as well as other specific
items related to the study and pertinent background information
on each respondent the scales included were 1 a birth control
attitudinal scale 2 an abortion attitudinal scale and 3 a
religiosity scale
the researcher is including both birth control andabortion under the heading of family limitations
4
sampling5samplings
size6sized
af5f
ag6g
7theathe
25
prior to mailing the questionnaire it was reviewed and
criticized by faculty students and members of the office of
institutional research it was then pretestedpre bytested 40 sociology
students attending summer school appropriate changes were
made and the same previously mentioned people reviewed the final
questionnaire before printing and mailing
samplsamplesampiesampi design
A simple rendommendom sampling of5 the brigham young university
studentbodyudentbodystudent wasbody requested since there is no neat formula in
selecting the sample size the researcher arbitrarily selected
the sample size at 2000 due to time and budgetary constraints
because of the large universe a subuniversesub wasuniverse created
by arbitrarily selecting a given digit in the randomly assigned
studentbodystudent numberbody 7 this produced a resultant number of 1874
students to whom questionnaires were mailed of these only 64
questionnaires were returned because of incorrect address
A time limit of one month was allowed for the return of
the questionnaires of which the latter two weeks were christmas
vacation within five days after the mailing over 40 per cent
of the questionnaires were returned and by the end of the month
52 per cent or 1021 questionnaires had been received of these
F N kerlinger foundations of behavioral research newyork holt rinehart and winston inc 1967 ppap 854856854
G
856
sjoberbsjoberq and R nett A methodology for social researchnew york harper and row 1968 p 150
the studentbodystudent numberbody which is a six digit number isassigned to a student upon acceptance to the university thefifth digit location was selected and 0 was the control number
e desi n
s
7
10
ppap 163116
i
31
26
1021 questionnaires 190 had to be discarded due to incomplete
responses an additional 35 questionnaires were discarded due to
coding errors in transferring the information from the questionnaire
to IBM 555 optical scanner code sheets this left a total of 795
questionnaires that were analyzed in terms of hypothesis testing
development of the research instrument
the aim of the study was to learn the relationship between
LDS religiosity and attitudes concerning birth control and abor-
tion although many studies have been done which include scales
on LDS religiosity the researcher was only able to find oneQ
study using the variable of birth control attitudes and no
recent studies concerning abortion attitudes were discovered
A self administered questionnaire was developed in light9of the nature of the questions being asked since ellis suggests
that respondents give more self incriminating information in a
questionnaire than if they were in an interview situation
secondly it was also felt that if the questionnaire were anonymous
the respondents would be more honest in completing it
religious orthodoxy scale
in selecting a religiosity scale a review was made of the
vernon tapley and reeder scalesscalesoscalero rather than mixing both
8see theoretical orientation chapter for the details of
this study9albert ellis questionnaire versus interview methods in
the study of human love relationships american sociologicalreview vol 12 no 5 february 1947 ppap 541553541
vernon
553
op cit p 327 tapley op citecit
8
10 11 12
10 ci t 11
12reeder opoot cithacitoa unpublished research papercit12reeder
galbert ellisaellis2
TABLE 2
comparison BETWEEN SAMPLE respondentsTO respondentsnonrespondentsNON
year in school
freshman
sophmoresophomoreSoph
junior
more
senior
5thath year
non degree
masters
doctorate
TOTAL PER CENT
TOTAL NUMBER
marital status
single
temple marriage
civil marriage
widowed or divorced
TOTAL PER CENT
TOTAL NUMBER
respondentsper cent
26.822682
21.542154
23.672367
21.162116
0.46046
2.55255
2672.67
1.13113113
100.0010000
795
79.5079507950
18.871887
1.26126
0.38038
100.0010000
795
respondentsnonrespondentsnonper cent x
26.782678
22.712271
22.062206
20.202020
0.19019 smirnov
2.78278278 .777777
4.73473 2dfadf
0.56056056 p .7070
100.0010000
1079
76.097609
21.3221322132 .005600560056
1.85185 2dfadf
0.74074 p .9595
100.0010000
1079
27
2
2 .6767
1
777
70
95
67
TABLE 2 continued
age
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
TOTAL PER CENT
TOTALTOSAL NUMBER
respondentsper cent
0.25025
4.40440
20.252025
14.841484
12.451245
11.321132
10.061006
11.191119
4.28428
2.64264
6.32632
100.0010000
795
respondentsnonrespondentsnonper cent x
0.19019
3.80380380
17.981798
13.721372
11.681168
12.7012701270
12.051205
9.55955 smirnov
4.54454 1.9941994
4174.17 2dfadf
9.62962 pc .5050
100.0010000
1079
28
2
p 50
90go
29
beliefs and behavior as did vernon and tapley the researcher
developed a scale similar to the reeder scale which only measured
behavior patterns in the pretestpre thetest results produced a coeffi-
cient of reproducibility of 96 but it was heavily skewed in the
four way division of the word of wisdom standard
due to the homogeneity of the sample and the screening process13of students attending brigham young university it was necessary
to group the word of wisdom items into one index rather than four
subindicessub itindices was decided that two additional behavioral items
would be added to the scale although these were not included in
the pretestpre thereforetest the formulation of the index of religiosity
used in this study comprises seven behavioral items
in the full study the scale category was dichotomized
according to marital status the coefficient of reproducibility
of the seven items was 92 for single students and .9393 for married
students with the minimum marginal coefficient of reproducibility
of .8080 for both six of the seven items for single students and
four of the seven items for married students lay between a 15 per
cent and 85 per cent margin of discrimination by eliminating
the items which lay outside the margin of discrimination the
results produced a coefficient of reproducibility of .9090 for
single students and .9494 for married students the spread of the
marginal frequencies on the seven items was sufficient to provide
1 Q
students must agree to live by a code of conduct whichincludes a word of wisdom standard no smoking drinking alcoholtea or coffee before being admitted to the university thepretestpre didtest show that not all were abiding by the code even thoughthey agreed to it
didvernon
13students13
93
80
94
90go
96gg
90go
30
a full range of scores this information led to the conclusion
that the scales would allow us to consider religiosity as an uni-
dimensional attribute the detailed results of this analysis are
reported in tables 3 and 4
birth control and abortionattitudinal scales
the formulation of the birth control and abortion attit-
udinal scales were arbitrarily selected hypothetical situations
ranged the full gamut from simply not wanting children to the extreme
of threatening the wifescifes lifeolifeilfedifeo each hypothetical situation was
dichotomized for each respondent to answer concerning a significant
other or self and a generalized other
on the pretest measured on a guttman scale the coefficient
of reproducibility was .9898 on birth control and 97 on abortion
due to these results which were significantly higher than the .9090
14criterion arbitrarily established by guttman no changes were made
for the final questionnaire
the scale categories were again dichotomized in the full
study according to marital statusstatusostatuto the coefficient of reproduc-
ibility for the seven items in birth control was .9696 for single students
and .9595 for married students in regards to abortion the coefficient
14guttman scalogramscal analysisogram is a method by which it canbe determined whether or not the attribute in question involvesone or several dimensions hence establishing a 090ogo level ofreproducibility allows us to conclude that there are probably noother dimensions involved see S ae stouffer eto al measurementand prediction studies in social psychology in world war II11vol 4 princeton new jersey princeton press 1950 ppap 778077 80
A et
pre- test98
95
.9090
iglg
31
TABLE 3
GUTTMAN SCALE CRITERIA INDEX OF BRIGHAM YOUNG
university STUDENT ATTITUDES SINGLE
religiosity birth control abortion
1 coefficient ofreproducibility .9292 96 .9292
2 range of marginalfrequenciesa extreme modal
frequencies 427 to 96 57 to 857 47 to 5570
b response categoriesbetween 15 and 85per cent 6 5 5
c sufficient spread toprovide a range ofscores yes yes yes
ae3e minimum marginalreproducibility 080 .8080 .8080
4 difference between co-efficient of repro-ducibility and the co-efficient of minimummarginal reproducibil-ity 12 .1616 012
50 number of items andresponse categories seven dichotomous items on each of
three scales
6 pattern of error random random random
7 error to non error ratioa number of items having
more error than nonerror none none none
42 5 85 4 55
3
92 92
80 8080.8080
.1212
5
TABLE 3 continued
b item by item err
religiosityreligiosit scalecalecaie
word of wisdom
payment of tithing
attendance at church
individual prayer
family home evening
family prayer
fasting two meals eachfast sunday
birth control scale
wifescifes physical healthis threatened
wifescifes mental health isthreatened
to provide spacing ofchildren
husband is going tocollege
to prevent additionalchildren after havingdesired size of family
to insure having nochildren
or
responsecategory
141 45
145
145
145
145
145
145
13454
131
5
4543
131
5
4543
131
5
4543
131
5
4543
131
5
4543
error
5
1
0
62
1
0
94
55
39
013
2
0
50
82
1
1
1
3
32
non error
396
1082
1782
2562
3555
5038
5829
1385
1976
4743
6434
7719
896
32
error
S
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 3
I11
I11
TABLE 3 continued
birth control scale contcent
to get aheadeconomically
abortion scale
baby is unwanted
mother is unwed
parents are economicallyunable to care for baby
pregnancy from rape
baby is deformed
mother is mentallyincapable
necessity to save themothers life
responsecategory
131
4543
5
1
251
25
251
251
251
25
25
error non error
0 941 5
10 370 53
5 416 48
2 511 46
5 652 28
4 742 20
2 844 10
0 961 3
33
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
96gg
lgig iglg
TABLE 4
GUTTMAN SCALE CRITERIA INDEX OF BRIGHAM YOUNG
university STUDENT ATTITUDES MARRIED
religiosity birth control abortion
1 coefficient ofreproducibility .9393 .9595 .9696
2 range of marginalfrequenciesrequena
ciesclesextreme modalfrequencies 463467 to 98 57 to 947 47 to 717
b response categoriesbetween 15 and 85per cent 4 3 6
c sufficient spread toprovide a range ofscores yes yes yes
3 minimum marginalreproducibility .8080 .8080 .8080
4 difference between co-efficient of repro-ducibility and the co-efficient of minimummarginal reproducibil-ity .1313 .1616 .1616
5 number of items andresponse categories seven dichotomous items on each of
three scales
6 pattern of error random random random
7 error to ratioa number of items having
more error than nonerror none none none
34
f
46 5 94 4 71
non error
93 95
80 80 80
13
wifescifes
TABLE 4 continued
b item by item en
religiosity scale
word of wisdom
payment of tithing
attendance at church
individual prayer
family prayer
fasting two meals eachfastpast sunday
family home evenings
birth control scale
wifescifes physical healthis threatened
wife mental health isthreatened
to provide spacing ofchildren
husband is going tocollege
to prevent additionalchildren after havingdesired size of family
to insure havingh4ving nochildren
rortor
responsecategory
141 45
145
145
145
145
145
145
13454
131
5
4543
131
5
4543
131
5
4543
131
5
4543
131
5
4543
error
5
00
20
33
62
1
3
46
013
30
50
44
36
33
20
non error
2
98
890
1084
2072
2967
4743
5532
5
96
1084
3557
6036
7321
926
35
error
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 3
economicaeconomical 1 ly
TABLE 4 continued
birth control scale cont
to get aheadeconomically
abortion scale
baby is unwanted
mother is unwed
parents are economicallyunable to care for baby
pregnancy from rape
baby is deformed
mother is mentallyincapable
necessity to save themothers life
responsecategory
131
45435
1
251
251
251
251
251
251
25
error non error
0 932 5
4 250 71
3 322 63
0 386 54
2 681 29
3 684 25
0 754 21
0 950 5
36
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
2 5
economica
90so
TABLE 5
religiosity SCALE SINGLE
scale items
word of wisdom
payment oftithing
attendance at church
individual prayer
family homeevening
family prayer
fasting two mealseach fast sunday
0
SNNTf00fopocopo
SNNTf00fopocopo
SNNT
f00f090
fogoSNNT
SNNT
f00f090
FOVO
SNNT
f00f090
SNNT
FOIOSNNT
f00f090SNNT
f00f090
SNNT
FOPOSNNT
f00f090
f00SMNT
FODO
SNNT
SNNT
f00SNNT
f00f090
f00f090SNNT
f00f090SNNT
FOSO
i
f00fopocopoSNNT
f00f090SNNTSN
R
sc
fojoSNNTSNMT
foofosf00NT
SNNT
2aleaie
fooFOPfosf00SN
0
SNNT
SN
R
type
0
read
foofos
FOO
NT
R
3doudov
0
m
fojo
SNNT
R
4
SN
5 6
FO
R
R R R
0
R
R R R
SNMT
R R R
R R R
SNNT R R
SNNT R
f00SNNTSNNTf00
7
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
SN i seldom or never NT now and then FO ss fairly often 0 ss often R s regular
scale down
SN NT
SN NT SN NT
SN NT SN NT
SN NT
FO .9090 foofos 0
NT NT SN NT
LJj
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo foo foo
TABLE 6
BIRTHBIRTO CONTROL SCALE SINGLE
scale items
wifescifes physicalhealth is threatened
wifescifes mentalhealth is threatened
to provide spacingof children
husband is goingto college
to prevent additionalchildren after havingdesired size family
to insure havingno children
to get aheadeconomically
0
SDDU
SDDU
SDD
SDD
UASAassa
USDD SDD
assaajsa
SDD
U Uassa
assa
USDD SDD
As
ASAassa
SDD
U
SDU
ASAapsaassa
ASAassa
USDD SDD
ASAapsaassa
ASAassa
ASAAISAjisajasa
SDD
U Usdqd ASA
ASAapsaassa
ASAassa
USDD SDD
SDD
SDD
ASAassa
ASAafisa
SDD
U U
A
UASA
ASAassa
USDD SDD
SA
SDD SDD
ASA
1
U Usdqd
U UASAassa
ASAajsaassa
S ale
sdqd
6 7
SD
economicaeconomicaleco
ASAassa
2
A ASA ASAaqsaaasa
as8s
I1nomica
A
strongly
ly
A
disapprove
SD
D
U
SD
U
SDU
SD
U
tyretype3
read
SA
down
SA
SA
D
D
D
I1
rea
A
A
A
A
SD
U
SDU
SDU
id do4
SA
SA
SA
SA
D
D
D
wn
5
ASAassa
disapprove U SB undecided A ss approve SA c strongly approve
scale
ASA aasaaqsa
9 D sdqd aasaaqsa
prevent
SD D1.1 SD D1 SD D9 1 31A SA
w00
aie ree
downadown2
ssaasa
ssaasa
TABLE 7
ABORTION SCALE SINGLE
scale itemsscale typelype
0 1 2 3readqad
4down
5 6 7
baby is unwanted
mother is unwed
DUASAassa
SD
DUASA
DUASAapsaassa
SD
A
SD
9sa
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
parents areeconomically unableto care for baby
DUdjuASA
DUASAajsa
DUASAassa
SD SD SD SD SD
pregnancy from rape SD SDSD SDDUASAapsaassa
DUASA
DUASAapsaassa
DUASA
baby is deformed SDSDSDDUASA
DUASAassa
DUASAassa
DUASAassa
DUAASA1
mother
SA
is mentallyincapable
DUASA
DUASAassa
DUASAassa
DUASAAISAassa
DUASAapsaassa
DDUASAassa
SD SD
necessity to savemothers life
DUASAapsaassa
DUASAassa
DUAASA9sa
DUASAassa
DDUASAassa
9.9 DUASAassa
U DUASAassa
D SDU
SD strongly disapprove D disapprove U undecided A approve SA strongly approve
r
A SA
A ISA
U
D U
0
ssa
aad
TABLE 8
religiosity SCALE MARRIED
scale items
word of wisdom
payment oftithing
attendance at church
individual prayer
family prayer
fasting two mealseach fast sunday
family homeevening
0
SNNTFOO
SNNTFOO
SNNT
FOO
f00fo3p0SNNT
SNNT
f00fopocopo
f00f090SNNT
f090
SNNT
f00f030
f00f090SNNT
FOO
SNNT
FOf00
f090
f00f090
9
SNNT
SNNT
f00f090
0
FOVO
SNNT
f090
fos
1
f00f030
f090
R R
copofopo
f00f090
SNNT R
copofopoSNNT
f00f090
SN
f00f090SNNT
FO
tl
f00f090
SN
5 6
FO
FO
R R
O0
SN
R R
FO
R R
SN
R R
FO
R R
SN
SNNT R
FOSNNT
sc
f00
2 7
NT
R
0
R
NT
R
0R
NT R
0
RNT
R
0
SN
NT0.0
aleaie
R
R
R
SNFO
SNPO
SNFO
SNFO
tyretypejyre3
NT0.0
NT0
NT
0
NT0
read dowdowndou4
R
R
R
R
SNNTf00SNNT
seldom or never NT a now and then FO fairly often 0 often R ss regular
scale
SN NT SNNT
SN NT SN NT SNNT SNNT
SN NT SNNTf0310 FO 90
SNNT SNNT SN NT
SNNT SN NT
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo
foo foo
TABLE 9
BIRTHBIRTO CONTROL SCALE MARRIED
scale items
wifescifes physicalhealth is threatened
cifeswifes mentalhealth is threatened
to provide spacingof children
husband is goingto college
to prevent additionalchildren after havingdesired size family
to insure havingno children
to get aheadeconomically
0
SDDU
ASAapsaassa
SDD SDD
ASAassa
U U
AASA
SDD SDD
SA
SDDU U
ASAassa
U
ASAAOSAassa
SDD SDD
assa
SDDsdqd SDD
assaajsa
U U
ASAapsaassa
U Uajsa
ASAajsaassa
SDD SDD SDD SDD
ASAassa
ASAassa
U U U Usejdsdjd ASA
ASAassa
ASAajsaassa
SDD SDD SDD SDD
A
SDD
ASAassa
ASAassa
U U U Usdqd
3
UASAassa
ASAassa
SDD SDD SDD SDD
SA
SDD SDD
ASAassa
U U U Usdqd
U U
ASAassa
1S scalesalesaie rea
6 7
SD
2type
A ASAassa ASAassa
3read
A ASA ASA
ASAajsaassa
down
A
ASA
A
ASAassa
SDU
SDU
SD
U
d do4
SA
SA
SA
SA
D
D
D
wn
5
strongly disapprove D s disapprove U undecided A as approve SA strongly approve
SD OD A SA
SD D
cearebd
ssaasa
TABLE 10
ABORTION SCALE MARRIED
scale type read downscale items 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
baby is unwanted
mother is unwed
DUASAajsaassa
SD
DUASAassa
DUASAassa
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
parents areeconomically unableto care for baby
DUASAassa
DUASAajsa
DUASAassa
SD SD SD SD SD
pregnancy from rape SDSD SDSDDUdjuASAassa
DUASAassa
DDUASAassa
OU DUdjuAASA9sa
baby is deformed SD SDSDDUASA
DUASAassa
DUASAapsaassa
DDUASAassa
U DUASAassa
mother is mentallyincapable
DUASAassa
DUASAassa
DUASAassa
DUASAassa
DDUASAassa
U DUASAassa
SD SD
necessity to savemothers life
DUdauASA
DUASAafisaaffsa
DUAASA
DUSA ASA
DUdjuASAapsaassa
DUASA
DUdpuapuASAajsaassa
SD
SD strongly disapprove D disapprove U undecided A approve SA ss strongly approve
ty e
D U D U
A SA
96gg
43
of reproducibility of .9292 for single students and .9696 for married
students only three of the seven items in the birth control
scale of married students lay within the 15 per cent to 85 per cent
whereas in the other three scales five and six of the seven items
are within the designated boundaries eliminating the items which
lay outside the margin of discrimination coefficients of reproduc-
ibility are .9595 birth controlsinglecontrol studentssingle .9393 abortionsingleabortion
students
single
.9595 birth controlmarriedcontrol studentsmarried and .9595 abortionmarriedabortion
students
married
the spread of the marginal frequencies were sufficient
to provide adequate distribution the information leads to the
conclusion that the scales allow us to consider the birth control
and abortion attitudinal scales as unidimensiondimensionuni attributes the
detailed results of this analysis are reported in tables 3 and 4
other items includedin the questionnaire
with the publicity which has been given the pill by
the news media it often appears that birth control and pill are
used synonymously it was therefore thought desiriousdeliriousdesi thatrious the
individual be given the opportunity to identify the methods of birth
control with which he is familiarofamiliarfamiliarefamili itaroaco was hoped that this would
broaden the individuals thinking as he completed the questionnaire
since all of the respondents were LDS a set of state-
ments was included which were direct quotes from LDS leaders
this allowed a measurement of the respondents perceived under-
standing of the LDS churchsChurchuc attitudecbs regarding birth control
seven of these statements were matched item for item with the
abortionattitudinal
92
95 93
95 95
44hypothetical situations in the birth control attitudinal scale
this allowed measurement between personal beliefs and attitudes
as compared to their perception of LDS teaching
one additional area was added to the general question as
to whether or not the individual felt abortion should be legalized
and why this seemed important in measuring the generalized attit-
ude concerningoncer abortionning against the particularistic attitudes
identified on the abortion attitudinal scale
the remainder of the questionnaire dealt with the dem-
ographic information such as age sex residence family size geo-
graphical location of home rearing and level of education inasmuch
as the pretestpre didtest not verify the major hypothesis questions on
socioeconomic status were included so that if religiosity did not
prove to be a significant correlarycorr withelary birth control and abortion
attitudes perhaps socioeconomic status would
due to the length of the questionnaire and the time required
to complete it the questionnaire was designed to give the respon-
dent a variety of methods in answering in order to increase the
response through return mailing a fictitious sponsoring organiza-
tion the institute for family research was designated and regis-
tered with the utah secretary of state for the cost of 1.00100 the
researcher is entitled to operate under this name for a period of
eight years
A request was made to use the utah county medicalsociety letterhead for this study the request was denied onthe grounds of excluding the study only to LDS
c
15
15
loo
45
A cover letter was prepared following a recommended out-
line it was printed on a letterhead designed by the researcher
using the fictitious name see appendix A the letter was
designed to give the appearance that the questionnaire would remain
anonymous the word confidential was used in place of anonymous
each questionnaire was carefully coded and recorded
since dot codes on the edges of the paper are commonly used and
looked for a systematic code using a four column IBM punch card
was used placing the dots in the body of the letter with the
appearance of ink spots
As each questionnaire was returned in the mail it was
recorded dated and the students studentbodystudent numberbody was placed
on it this allowed the measurement of difference between the
respondents and respondentsnonrespondentsnon see table 2
statistical treatment of data
guttman in introducing his unidimensional scalogramscal
analysis
ogram
pointed out that his method was not a rigid statisticalprocedure but merely a method of summarizing a large quantity of
data in getting a picture at a glance of the configuration of
the qualitative data for this purpose the guttman scales were
used in this study since a program was not available for running
guttman scales the scales were analyzed by hand therefore only
16good and hatt methods in social research mcgraw hill
book co inc new york 1952 ppap 176178176
1
178
louis guttman A basis for scaling qualitative dataamerican sociological review vol9volgvola april 1944 ppap 139150139 150
16
inkspots
data17
no t
17
apoppo 4444594444590444 459appp
46
100 randomly selected questionnaires were used in each scale guttman
explained that the entire sample need not be used but that a working
sample of 100 taking every nth respondent approximates the necessary18
conditions for scalogramscal analysisogram
ordinal assumptions were made with regard to three of the
hypotheses therefore goodman and kruskals gamma was used as a
measure of association gamma was conveniently obtained through an
ANSTAT computer program
for one hypothesis a median test for matched pairs was used
due to the matched factors and the ordinal nature of the data the19requirements of this test were met
validitvalidity and reliability
validity of a measuring instrument is complex controversial20and very important in research poor measurement can invalidate
any scientific study although the researcher realizes that it is
impossible to have complete validity in the use of the instrument
an instrument is valid if it measures or predicts what it claims91to be measuring or predicting of the four types of validation
22suggested by kerlinger content validation was given precedence
i 0samuel stouffer measurement and prediction princeton
princeton university press 1950 p 100
19herbert M blalock social statistics new york mcgraw
hill book co incinco 1960 p 49
20kerlinger op cit p 444444e
21matilda white riley sociological research A case approach
new york harcourt bruce and world inc 1963 p 250
22kerlinger op cit
reliabi
21
18
dabagdatag
47
upon the strength of guttmans statement that known group
validation consists of beginning with an informal judgementjud23
gement
of one or more groups of people with respect to their attitudes
A major criticism of scalogramscal analysisogram is that it is
difficult to establish reliability an instrument is reliable if
it consistently measures the same things with different sample
populations A means for determining reliability has been the
test retest procedure this study used a pretestpre andtest then the
actual test however some degree of reliability was indicated by
25the use of the guttman scaling techniques
methodological limitations
one primary limitation of a study of this nature is the
difficulty in measuring attitudes blumer 1955 recommended the26
abandonment of the concept of attitude because it is so ambiguous
newcombsNewnev criticismcombis of attitude measurement is that the subjects
tend to conceal distort or even deceive their true position
but he also claims this is true of all measurement of human be
9727havior
23stouffer23 stouffer op cit ppap 535453
24
54
sjoberg and nett op22 cit p 300
25louis guttman A basis for scaling qualitative dacadataamerican sociological review vol 9 april 1944 ppap 139150139
9
150
milton rokeach beliefs attitudes and values sanfrancisco josseybassjossey incbass 1970 p 110
27theodore M newcomb social psychology new york the
dryden press 1952 po 163
24
26
p
appp 839483940839448399094
29kerlinger opo citcite pe 444444e
48
due to an oversight on the part of the researcher the
question asking the desired size of family was not included on
the questionnaire this additional question bears strong signific-
ance in the anticipated behavior of the individuals concerning
use of birchbirth control since it has been discovered that the indi-
viduals desired family size no of children is established while28the person is young
A question in the objectivity of the study is in the area of
attitudes and behavior since the majority of the subjects were
answering questions concerning hypothetical situations the excep-
tion to this is the one area of birth control use as answered by
married students there has long been and still continues an
argument among sociologists concerning the consistency between
29attitudes and behavior
A criticism could be raised of the extreme religious and
age homogeneity of the subjects from whom the data were collected
it has already been proven that in a heterogeneity grouping of
LDS members there are distinctions which are significant in
correlating attitudes with religiosity this study is significant
in that it attempts to correlate and find differences within a
homogeneous grouping thus several factors are automatically
controlled
9828larry bumpass stability and change in family sizeexpectations over the first two years of marriage journal ofsocial issues vol XXIII no 4 1967 ppoapo 83 940
birth
from
op p
viduals
femifeml
CHAPTER IV
presentation OF FINDINGS
this research study had two goals the primary objective
was the theoretical aspect in determining if there were a correla-
tion between the degree of religiosity of the respondents and their
attitudes concerning birth control and abortion the secondary
objective was a general survey of LDS college studenstudents attit-
udes in regards to birth control and abortion since information
of this type was previously not available
in chapter II11 the researcher predicted there would be af
correlation between the degree of religiosity in the LDS church
and the respondents stand on abortion and birth control stolka
and barnett verified in their study that religious teachings moti-
vate childbearing not only does religion have direct influences
upon the attitude toward childbearing but also such religious
faiths as the catholic church have taken a definite stand and have
preached the official teaching of the church concerning the methods
of birth control which may be practiced potvin and otherothersochers founds in
their study that catholic wives conformity to the churchschurche decree
susan M stolka and larry D barnett education andreligion as factors in womens attitudes motivating childbearingjournal of marriage and the family vol 31.31 no 4 november1969 ppap 740750740
49
750
suchreligious
tSt
50
on birth control is correlated to the same degree that the indi-
vidual conformed to all the general standards of the catholic2
church
attitudes concerning birth control
in constructing items on birth control the researcher
identified seven situations in which the respondent was to indicate
the degree of disagreement or agreement concerning his personal
practice of birth control in reference to each of these situations
table 5 summarizes the respondents answers it is interesting
to note that the most accepted reason for practicing birth control
is to protect the wifescifes physical health when it is threatened
it should be noted that while 865 per cent of the respondents
approve of the practice of birth control when the mothers physical
health is threatened only 766 per cent approve when it is the
mental health involved a difference of 10 per cent in ranking
order the third most prevalent acceptance given for birth control
is to provide spacing of children in a previous unpublished paper
written by the researcher it was pointed out that there appears to
be a problem of semantics when talking about birth control in the
LDS church in discussing the topic of family limitation the
use of the words birth control seem to have a negative connota-
tion while the words family planning seem to be more acceptable
2potvin et al op02 cit
erienderlend dean peterson birth control versus the mormonnewlywed unpublished research paper brigham young university1968
3
2potvin3
69gg
TABLE 11
ATTITUDES concerning BIRTH CONTROL INREFERENCE TO PERSONAL BEHAVIOR
birth controlwhen
husband isgoing tocollege
spacing ofchildren isdesired
children arenot wanted inthe marriage
mothers physi-cal health isthreatened
it is desiredto get aheadeconomically
wifescifes mentalhealth isthreatened
desired familysize is reachedand no additionaladditionaadditionschildren are wanted
N
7
N
7
N
7
N
7
N
7
N
7
N
7
stronglydisagree
16520.8208
14518.2182
57272.0720
202.525
43254.3543
293.636
23429.4294
disagree
24931.3313
18323.0230
11614.6146
243.030
23930.0300
415.252
23729.8298
undecided
11514.5145
111illliiiii14.0140
394.949
648.080
678.484
11614.6146
15419.4194
agree
20325.5255
26533.3333
425.353
29737.4374
475.959
28736.1361
11514.5145
stronglyagree
637.979
9111.5115
263.333
39049.1491
101.313
32240.5405
556.969
total
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
A
addi tionatlona 1
208
720
25
543
36
294
313
230
146
30
300
52
298
145
140
49
80
84
146
194
255
333
53
374
59
361
145
79
115
33
405
l2pointslapoints
52
the indications of the respondents therefore tend to indicate
that there is a moral obligation or religious commitment to
having children but that there is an informal sanctioning in
the spacing of the children
since the respondents are college students it is under-
standable that the fourth reason for approving birth control is
education while the husband is going to college on the marital
status 31.6316 per cent of the single students 39.7397 per cent of the
engaged students 33.5335 per cent of the students married in the LDS
temple and 100 per cent of the students married civilly approved
the practice of birth control while the husband is going to school
unfortunately there were only 10 civilly married students in the
responding sample the data available suggests a significant
difference in the attitudes of the students married in the LDS
temple and those married civilly the three remaining areas which
received relatively negative acceptance are 5 birth control
practice to prevent having additional children after having the
desired size of family 6 birth control to insure having no
children and 7 birth control to get ahead economically A
composite summarization of the attitudes of the respondents con-
cerning the practice of birth control for the seven situations
shows that 48 per cent disapprove 40 per cent approve and 12
per cent are undecided as to the use of birth control
more significant than the single studentsstu answersdentis to the
questionnaire concerning birth control since they had to hypothesize
what they would do are the answers given by married respondents
in the study table 12 points out that 70 per cent of the married
status9
studentsants
standable
316
335
rhythrayth
53
TABLE 12
BYU MARRIED STUDENT USE OF BIRTH CONTROL INrelationship TO OTHER NATIONAL STUDIES
per cent of BYUmarriedharried couplespracticing birth Fcontrol L 70.377037
per cent of marriedcouples ping birth controlon nationalsurvey
8900
per cent of catholicwomen practicing ibirth control jincluding rhythiliRhy
7800thili
apascal K whelpton et al fertility and family planningplanpian
in the united states princeton princeton university press 1966.1966
raymond H potvin et al factors affecting catholicwives conformity to their church magisteriums position on birthcontrol journal of marriageMarri andaseaae the family vol 30 1968po 2712710271.
practiccontro
7 8 00
braymond
F
P
4shirleylshirley
54
couples have in the past or presently practice birth control
tabletabie 13 indicates the method or methods of birth control being
used by the couples
it is significant to note that the average length of
marriage for the married couples in this study is 2.25225225 years in
potvinspotvinePot studyvins of catholic women he found that 78 per cent of
the catholic women were practicing birth control however of
the 78 per cent 25 per cent were practicing the rhythm method
only which is sanctioned by the catholic church leaving only
53 per cent practicing birth control using other methods with
this study 5.959 per cent of the LDS couples were practicing
birth control with the rhythm method only and 30 per cent were
practicing birth control with abstinence only this leaves 61
per cent of the LDS couples practicing birth control by methods
other than abstinence or rhythm table 13 shows that none of the
married couples in the study use or have used medical operations
or withdrawalwithdrawlwith asdrawl a method of birth control As would be expected
by the amount of coverage which the mass media have given the
pill it is the most popular single method of birth control
keeping in mind that the average length of marriage is 225 years
most notable on table 13 is the fact that 46 per cent of the couples
have used or do use several different methods of birth control
unfortunately information in this study is not available as to
whether this has been caused by dissatisfaction or curiosity4angrist as a part of her study asked the respondentrespondents to
name the specific birth control methods know to them she found
4shirley S angrist communication about birth control anexploratory study of freshman girls information and attitudesjournal of marriage and the family volovolvoi 28 no 3 august 19661906ppap 28428628422942294284 27
tablel3
28478686
59
0007q00700010.001oooooperations j
douche 074074700.7400740
withdrawlwithdrawalWith 0001000700.001drawl
abstinence D 29629672.9672.96
several
none
TABLE 13
USE OF BIRTH CONTROL METHODSHETHODS BY
LDSldso MARRIED STUDENTS
pill 237023.702370
physicaldevices 60667
foam andjellies 118511857011.85
rhythm 5927
medical
55
2 3 7 07
6 6
59
074
adso
11711.71475.959
459345.93
296329.63
56
that all of the students mentioned oral contraceptives and
that about half of the students mentioned physical devices and
rhythm method the other methods such as douche withdrawalwithdrawlwith
etc
drawl
were mentioned but with no consistency table 14 141ndicatesindicates
the methods of birth control indicated by the respondents in this
study As with angrists study the pill or oral contraceptive
stands out as being the method of birth control most know by the
respondents in fact only 2 per cent of the respondents did not
mention it contrasting angrists study is the fact that physical
devices rhythm method and foam and jellies were mentioned more
than half of the time in this study it is significant that
more women identify knowledge concerning each method of birth
control consistently with the exception of medical operation
where more men acknowledged information of this method than women
angrist asked freshmen girls where they had received their
information concerning birth control eighty five per cent of
them indicated that their primary source came through classes in
high school and college other sources of information which were
indicated were close friends or roommates individual reading and
informal visits with mothers and teachers in this study the
respondents were asked to rank in order the source from which
they received their information concerning birth control the
results on table 15 l51ndicatedindicated that 39 per cent of the respondents
received their primary information through individual reading
and an additional 21 per cent received their primary information
through classes in school the church as a source of information
and also parents tend to play an insignificant role as sources of
information
devices
andcollege
informatarmat ionlon
iai7 omen 150915.09yotalvotaltotal
TABLE 14
KNOWLEDGE OF BIRTH CONTROL METHODS BY
LDS STUDENTS BY SEX
pill women
total
i 42.824282
57
imen
I omeomo n1
3792
938
women
koomen19.389389.381938
womenkfomen
84.4084408440
foam andjellies
renhenwomen
totaltotai 25.842584
37.9237921 64.2864286428
rhythmmenwomen
33.773377
77.117711
medicaloperations
men
23.7723772377
withdrawlwithdrawalWith
abstinence
drawl
27.172717
979997.999799
9939.93993totalvotal 17 61
132013.20
54.285428
36.623662hatthgttssphysical
devices46.844684
total
17.251725total 36.863686
douche fenj817tomenjomen 1509
427142.71tota
8178.17
7417.41
134413.44total
TABLE 15
SOURCE OF information concerningBIRTH CONTROL
friends 15
parents 9
brothers and irsitsirr1 jcsisters
classes inschool 21
church 13
individualreading
39
58
6ibidbibid
59
attitudes concerning abortion
with the recent movements toward the liberalization of
abortion laws discussion of abortion has become more common
during the months of june and july 1970 right after the new
york liberalization of the abortion laws articles concerning
abortion appeared in the local newspapers nearly everyday also
the popular magazines such as time and newsweek during the summer
months of 1970 carried several articles concerning abortion As
a result of the issue the LDS church in their april publica-
tion of the new era printed the official statement of the church
concerning abortion
table 16 reveals the respondentsrespondents1 attitudes toward abortion
it is significant to note that 76 per cent of the subjects approved
of abortion in the case of necessity to save the mothers lifesecondly 38 per cent approved of abortion in the case of pregnancy
from rape 20 per cent approved abortion when the baby is deformed
and 17 per cent approved it when the mother is mentally incapable
of taking care of the baby in all other cases the approval of
abortion is negligible
in the LDS churchs stand on abortion they included the
statement weve are opposed to any modification expansion or liberal6
ization of laws on these vital subjects abortion and sterilization
g jiljjjjjr the new era p 50
bid the new era po 50
5
p
1
gig616 69gg loio
iolo
TABLE 16
ATTITUDES concerning ABORTION INREFERENCE TO PERSONAL BEHAVIOR
abortionwhen
pregnancyfrom rape
baby isdeformed
baby isunwanted
mother ismentallyincapable
parents areeconomicallyunable to carefor the baby
necessity tosave motherslifemother isunwed
N
7
N
N
7
N
61 6.6
N
7
N
N
7
stronglydisagree
15419.4194
19023.9239
49061661.6
21026.4264
42052.8528
273.434
45357.0570
disagree
16020.1201
23429.4294
22027.7277
23129.0290
29226.7267
243.030
24731.1311
undecided
17722.3223
20926.3263
556.969
21727.3273273
51
64
14017.6176
617.777
agree
16821.1211
9912.5125
222.82884
10.6106
243.030
28636.0360
222.828
stronglyagree
13617.1171
637.979
81.010536.767
81.010
31830.0300
121.515
total
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
79510000100.0010000
ON
0
194
239
264
528
34
570
201
294
277
290
30
311
223
263
176
77
211
125
28
log
30
360
28
171
79
67
300
orbodyordody
7aliceaalice
61
in asking the question in this study should abortion be legal-
ized 22 per cent of the subjects indicated yes 14 per cent
indicated uncertainty and 64 percent indicated that abortion
should not be legalized thirty six per cent of the respondents
are not in harmony with the LDS churchchurchs stand on abortion in
giving the reasons for non legalization the primary reason indicated
was that abortion was regarded the same as murder this suggests
an interesting question as to when the individuals perceive the
spirit entering the fetus or body and the conditions by which
abortion simulates murder it is interesting to note that there
is no significant relationship between marital status and advoca-
tion of abortion legalization
it a study done by rossi 7 a comparison is made between
the attitudes of a cross section of people concerning abortion for
stated circumstances and the results on this study see table lb17
the LDS attitudes were significantly more conservative than
the general cross section of the national study with the excep-
tion of abortion for saving the mothers lifeA composite summarization of the attitudes of the respon-
dents concerning the use of abortion for the seven stated situations
shows that 61 per cent disapprove 22 per cent approve and 17 per
cent are undecided as to the use of abortion these percentages are
nearly identical to the percentages expressed in the general question
abortion law liberalization
7aliceallce S rossi abortion laws and their victims
enteringthe
abort ionlon
trans-action sept oct 1966 p 9
aaliceilce
62
TABLE 17
LDS ATTITUDES concerning ABORTION APPROVAL INrelationship TO ANOTHER ILSUS NATIONAL STUDY
situation
pregnancyfromrape
baby isdeformed
baby isunwanted
group per cent
LDS
nat
LDS
nacnat
LDS
nat
38
1 56
20
55
P ij 15
mother is LDS
mentallyincapable nat
economically LDS
unablenat
to save LDSmochermothermotherslife nat
unwed LDS
mothernatnatonaconac
n3121
76 1
71
18
lice S rossi abortion laws and their victims transactionseptember october 1966 p 9
na t
4
17
no data
3
motherts
4
motherts
63
religious behavior
unique to this study is the attempt on the part of the
researcher to measure the differences and associations of given
attitudes with a homogeneous grouping of college age LDS church
members the homogeneous grouping was assured in selecting
students attending brigham young university since it is owned
and operated by the LDS church in addition to chethe basic ide-ntification between church and educational institution entrance
requirements to the institution are based upon the grounds of
willingness to live basic behavioral principles of the LDS
church the primary requirement is the observance of the word of
wisdom although this is a basic requirement for admission it is
noteworthy to observe on tabletabietebie 18 that there are 6 per cent of
the respondents sampled not observingserving the word of wisdom in
addition to the word of wisdom standard for admission during the
academic school year of 1970711970 attendance71 at church meetings has
become mandatory again noting on table 18 there are 16 per cent
of the students who do not attend church on a regular basis
in table 13 it is indicated that there is a statistically
significant relationship between married respondents and single
respondents in regards to religious behavior married students are
more regular in their observance of the word of wisdom attendance
at church payment of tithing and fasting for two meals on fastsunday single students surpass the married students in the
observance of individual prayer family home evening and family
prayer the only area in which there are statistically significant
the
table18
ob
06og
09og
gi91
96gg
TABLE 18
RELIGIOUS BEHAVIOR
family prayer
attendanceat church
family homeevening
payment oftithing
individualprayer
word of wisdom
fast twomeals eachfast sunday
N
N
N
7
N
N
7
N
7
N
7 8.282
seldom ornever
658.282
5
0.606
597.474
253.131
172.121
7
0.90965
now andthen
10613.3133
202.525
729.191
212.626
506.363
3
0.404597.474
fairlyoften
779.797
354.444
678.383
313.939
536.767111.414769.696
often
15319.3193
648.181
16721021.0
708.888
11414.3143
273.434
19224.2242
regularly
39449.6496
67184.4844
43059.1591
64881.5815
56170.6706
74794.0940
40350.7507
total
795100.0010000
79510000100.00000000.00
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
795100.0010000
1
21 0
82
82
74
31
21
133
25
26
63
04
74
97
44
83
39
67
14
193
210
88
34
242
496
844
591
815
706
940
507
oooo
TABLE 19
relationship BETWEEN RELIGIOUS BEHAVIORAND MARITAL STATUS
single
married
xax2 14
wordof
wisdom
92
98
675.675
attendanceat
church
84
88
paymentof
tithing
80
89
df
individualprayer
72
67
6
familyhome
evenings
57
44
P .0505
familyprayer
52
47
fasting twomeals onfast sunday
44
68
based on percentages
41
2x
a
675 0514.67514675
66
differences in religious behavior and sex is in the behavior of
individual prayerprayeroprayers using the chi square probability the signific-
ance is at the 0010001.001ooi001 level there is also a statistical signifi-
cance at the e05 level between sexes in conjunction to fasting two
meals on fast sunday table 20 is concerned with other correlations
of the individuals education number of children in family geographic
location in which the subject was reared and fathers incomeoincomeincomes out
of all of these correlationcorrelations none are significant
relationshrelationship of religiosity and attitudesconcerning birth control
the major hypothesis hypothesis 1 has been stated as there
is a positive relationship between conservative attitudes towards birth
control and ones degree of measured religiosity n in measuring the
association between the guttman scale type of religiosity and the birth
control scale type a gamma correlation of .2222 was found therefore
the higher a person measures on the religiosity scale the lower he
measures on the scale in the acceptance of the use of birth control
in a catholic protestant study concerning attitudes regarding family
limitation it was found that in controlling the variable of church
attendance catholic wives who attended church regularly expressed
unqualified disapproval in just about twice the proportion of those
attending seldom or never protestant wives regularity of church8
attendance had little relation to family limitation attitudes As
0ronald freedman pascal K whelpton arthur A campbell
family planning sterility and population growth new york mcgraw
hill co 1959 ppap 159160159 160
whoattended
8
pop lation
sg
Relationsht
22
05.0505
01oi 06og
oo00
09og 01ol
10lo 01ol
06og
67
TABLE 20
relationshipsrelationship OF RELIGIOUS BEHAVIORWITH VARIOUS INDICES
individuals no of children geographic fathersFatheducation
ellseilseldsin family rearing income
family prayer .0202 .0808 .0101 .0606
attendanceat church .0000 .1313
S
02 08
13 05 08
04 04
03 15 03 05
04 02
07 02 08
02 04 07 04
.0505 .0808
family homeevening .0404 .0909 .0101 .0404
payment oftithing .0303 .1515 .0303 .0505
individualprayer .0404 .1010 .0202 .0101
word ofwisdom .0707 .0202 .0606 .0808
fast twomeals eachfast sunday .0202 .0404 .0707 .0404
gamma
60go
TABLE 21
relationship OF BIRTHDIAIH CONTROL6vniro ATTITUDESAND SPECIFIC INDICES OF religiosity
birthcontrol
attendance family payment wordfamily at home of individual ofprayer church evening tithing prayer wisdom
fasting twomeals onfast sunday
while husband is .2727going to college
spacing of .1414children isdesired
children are not .3333wanted in themarriage
mothers physiphaysi .2020cal health isthreatened
it is desired .3232to get aheadeconomically
wifescifes mental .1414health isthreatened
desired family .2323size is reachedand no additionalchildren are wanted
.5555
.3333
.5353
.3333
.5858
.3232
.4545
.2929
.2020
.2323
.1818
.3131
.1717
.2828
.4444
.3131
.5252
.2626
.4949
.2929
.4444
.3333
.2222
.3232
.1717
.4040
.2020
.3434
.4949
.3131
.6060
.2222
.6363
.2424
.4444
.3737
.2929
.3535
.1313
.4141
.1313
.2727
rnR C 01 A I1 T ITIUDESjl A
00
27
33
20
32
14
23
55
33
53
33
58
32
45
29
20
23
31
28
44
31
52
26
49
29
44
33
22
32
17
40
20
34
49
31
22
63
24
44
37
29
35
41
13
27
69
TABLE 22
THE relationship OF religiosity SCALE TYPETO BIRTH CONTROL SCALE TYPE
religiosityscale type birth control scale type
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 0 0 3 3 5 4 3 5
1 1 0 6 8 6 6 3 3
2 3 4 10 2 7 8 3 4
3 3 9 14 11 14 15 3 2
4 6 8 38 28 16 13 9 3
5 22 14 52 34 18 13 6 0
6 18 15 70 42 25 12 6 1
7 24 20 59 24 13 12 3 3
gamma 022
anelsonels
70
with the catholic wives the LDS students attitudes correlated the
highest on church attendance although the correlation drops in the
area of commonly approved reasons for birth control such as threatening
the wives physical health and mental health As was mentioned in
the birth control section the correlation decreased in the area of
providing spacing of children again showing within the LDS church
that the members feel it is not right not to want children but they
tend to sanction the use of birth control for spacing purposes other
areas of correlation of the moderate range is the standard of tithing
and of the word of wisdom the other religiosity behaviors fall in
the low correlation range
tabletabie 23 shows correlations of categories other than religio-
sity with the birth control attitudesattitudesoattitude of these correlations none
are significant looking at the correlation of religiosity with
birth control attitudes in general it appears that the religiosity
has a low influence on the attitudes in comparing the religiosity
correlation with correlations other than religiosity it appears that
religiosity has a more significant impact on the birth control attit-
udes than any other single influence
relationship of religiosity andattitudes concerning abortion
the major hypothesis includes that there is a positive rela-
tionship between conservative attitudes towards abortion and ones
degree of religiosity As was the case with the correlation of religios-
ity and abortion attitudes these same characteristics are found to be
true although to a higher degree of correlation attendance at church
table23
so
tionship
090ogo
bammabamme
ilolio
71
TABLE 23
relationships OF BIRTH CONTROL ATTITUDESWITH VARIOUS INDUCES
no ofbirth control individuals children geographic fathers
when age education in family rearing income
husband isgoing tocollege
ATT ITUDES
addit-ional
030 066 177 082 137
118 070 007 092
083
167 ilg
007 057
139 093
030 005
184
098
140
075
113
114
126
086
148
092
037 093
.030030 .066066 .177177 .082082 .137137
spacing ofchildren isdesired 125 .118118 .070070 .007007 .092092
no childrenare wanted inthe marriage .090090 .083083
mothersphysical healthis threatened .167167 .116116
it is desiredto get aheadeconomically .007007 .057057
wifescifes mentalhealth isthreatened .139139 .093093
desired familysize is reachedand no additionalchildren arewanted .030030 .005005
gamma
.184184
.098098
.140140
090
.075075
.113113
.114114
.110110
.126126
.086086
.148148
.092092
127 .037037 .093093
72
TABLE 24
THE relationship OF religiosity SCALE TYPETO ABORTION SCALE TYPE
religiosityscale type abortion scale type
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 11II 3 4 3 2 0 0 0
1 18 6 3 4 1I 0 1 0
2 15 5 7 3 5 1 5 0
3 29 8 5 10 6 5 6 2
4 36 23 13 17 13 8 9 2
5 41 23 20 28 24 14 7 2
6 32 27 36 31 21 19 20 3
7 28 23 14 21 18 24 26 4
012gamma 0 12
73
is the most significant correlation with abortion attitudes and the
word of wisdom standard and payment of tithing follow a close second
and third the category of family prayer family home evenings
individual prayers and fasting two meals on fast sunday fall into the
range of low correlation refer to table 25 for this information
in comparing table 25 and tabletabie 26 it is again apparent that while
religiosity does not have high correlation with abortion attitudes
it is much more significant than any of the correlations outside of
religiosityreligiosityo the general correlation of religiosity with abortion
attitudes of the guttman scale type produces a correlation of 022
birth control and abortion as itrelates to significant othersand generalized others
the underlying belief of religion is that the divinity of
the doctrine taught within the church is universal and that the
practice of such religious tenets are not just an obligation to
the individual committed to that faith but are of best interest
to all mankind as a whole it is from this assumption that hyp-
othesis two asserts that there will be no significant difference between
the attitude of personal practice of birth control and abortion and
the practice permitted to others outside the religious group membe-
rship contrary to what was anticipated see tables 27 and 28 the
study showsshow that there is a significant difference between the attitude
toward personal practice of birth control and abortion and the practice
permitted to others outside the religious group membership the findings
suggest a challenge to the basic assumption
25and table26
abor tion
s
22.2222
19ig
lgig
iglg
TABLE 25
relationship OF ABORTION ATTITUDES AND
SPECIFIC INDICES OF religiosity
attendance family payment word fasting twoabortion family at home of individual of meals onwhen prayer church evening tithing prayer wisdom fast sunday
pregnancy from 018 .4545 014 .3030 .2828 .4343 .2424rape
baby is .1919 .5959 .2626 .3434 .3131 .5454 .3434deformed
baby is .1919 052 .1414 .3535 .3030 .5757 .3131unwanted
mother is .1818 .4444 .1313 .3333 025 .3434 .2525mentallyincapable
parents are 021 .4848 .1515 .4141 .3030 051 .2929economicallyunable to carefor baby
necessity to .1818 .5252 .1818 .2727 .1919 .3131 026save motherslife
mother is .2525 .5151 .1818 .3434 .3232 .4444 .3434unwed
f rom .1818
031
45 30 28 43 24
59 26 34 31 54 34
14 35 30 57 31
18 44 13 33 34 25
48 15 41 30 29
52 18 27 31
25 51 18 34 32 44 34
52
25
21 51
26
.1414
.5252
.2525
.2121 .5151
.2626
069ogg
069ogg
061ogi
106log
75
TABLE 26
relationships OF ABORTION ATTITUDESWITH VARIOUS INDICES
abortionwhen
pregnancyfrom rape
baby isdeformed
baby isunwanted
mother ismentallyincapable
.013013013
042
olg
083 074 log
033
051
034 089
039
079
068
141
047
170
068
074
102
025
064
075
062 036
loi
077
loo
080
148
mothersmothermocher slife .102102
mother isunwed
nonolnot ofindividuals childreneducation in family
.074074 .109109
.033033
.042042
.016016
.083083
age
.069069
.069069 .051051
.034034 .089089
geographicrearing
.039039
.061061
.079079
.068068
fathersincome
.141141
.047047
.170170
.068068
parents areeconomicallyunable tocare for baby .074074
necessity tosave
.025025
gamma
.064064
.075075
.062062
067
147
.036036
.101101
.106106
.077077
.100100
.080080
.148148
01oi
TABLE 27
MEDIAN TEST FOR MATCHED PAIRS BETWEEN ACCEPTED LDS BEHAVIORAND NONLDSNON BEHAVIORLDS WITH REGARDS TO BIRTH CONTROL
birth controlsituation
wifeswife1seifes physicalhealth is threatened
cifeswife mentalhealth is threatened
to provide spacingof children
husband is goingto college
to prevent havingadditional children
to insure havingno children
to get aheadeconomically
personalbehavior
4.48448448
rowmedian
4.5954595
4.4204420
3.44034403440
3.1903190
3.06530653065
2.0702070
2.3302330
XOO df 1 p .0101
76
wifes
2X 700
non LDS
behavior
4.71471471
218
4.24424424
1.19119ilg
3.25325325
2.87287
2.42242
2.18218
1.41141
4.60460
4.01401
3.96396
3.95395
2.95295
01oixax2 z 7 00
TABLE 28
MEDIAN TEST FOR MATCHED PAIRS BETWEEN ACCEPTED LDS BEHAVIORAND NONLDSNON BEHAVIORLDS WITH REGARDS TO ABORTION
abortion personalsituation behavior
non LDS rowbehavior median
baby isunwanted 1.31131131
mother isunwed 1.38138
parents areeconomicallyunable 1.45145
mother ismentallyincapable 2.31231
baby isdeformed 2.39239
pregnancy fromrape 2.97297
necessity to savemothers life 4.22422
77
economical ly
f rom
138
1.95195195
2.76027602760
3.68368368 3.32533253325
4.42442
1.6301630
1.88188 1.6301630
1.99199 1.7201720
2.83283 2.5702570
3.13313
4.32432
XPOO dfldal p .0101
particularistic or universalistic attitudesconcerning birth control and abortion
the previous section revealed that the results of this study
showed a particularistic attitude by the LDS students concerning
the use of birth control and abortion by LDS and non LDSparsons has suggested that when the ego becomes personally involved
within the reference scheme the object will be judged in particu-
laristic termsterraslermaslecras hypothesis three posed the same question as hypo-
thesis two except in regards to the use of birth control and abortion
within the LDS membership groupogroupgroppo A statistical test was not
performed comparing given attitudes within categories A particu-
laristic attitude is verified in the fact that the items scaled on
the guttman unidimensional scale
relationship between a persons attitudeconcerning birth control andhis perception of the LDSchurchs teaching
keeping in mind the basic assumption of balance theory that
a person seeks to reduce dissonance hypothesis four predicted that
there would be a positive correlation between the individuals per-
sonal attitude toward birth control and what he perceives the LDS
church teaches the findings in the study produced the evidence that
there is only moderate correlation between personal attitudes and
perceived LDS church teachings see table 29 o0
cluster factors influencing attitudesconcerning birth control and abortion
hypothesis five projected that of the many influences upon
the attitudes concerning birth control and abortion that religion
78
teach
influencin&attitudes
laristic
laristic
79
would be the most significant of the ones testedtestedotestudo A statisticaltest was not run between correlations but in reviewing tables 15
16916 17 and 18 the highest correlations produced are in conjunction
wichwithurithwlchbrith the religousreligiousreli influencegous As part of the questionnaire the
respondents were asked to identify the source of greatest influence
upon their attitudes concerning birth control and abortion fiftyseven per cent of the respondents identified their religious faith
having the greatest influence and an additional 19 per cent identi-
fied that it ranked second in influence
cen t
1691.69
TABLE 29
correlation BETWEEN individual PERSONAL BELIEF AND
PERCEIVED LDS TEACHING ON BIRTH CONTROL
birth controlwhen
while husband is goingto college
to provide spacingof children
to insure havingno children
when wifescifes physicalhealth is threatened
to get ahead economically
when wifescifes mentalhealth is threatened
to prevent additionalchildren after desirednumber
80
2 9
LD S
gamma
262
233
358
470
320
490
339
262.262
233.233
358.358
470.470
320.320
490.490
339.339
CHAPTER V
GENERAL SUMMARY
summarsummary of the problem
the purpose of this study was to investigate the following
questions
1 Is there a relationship between attitudes toward birth
control and abortion and the degree of religiosity of an individual
within the LDS church
2 Is there a difference of attitudes concerning the prac-
tice of birth control and abortion permitted to people outside the
LDSlodsleds membership group
3 are the attitudes concerning birth control and abortion
within the LDS religiousligiouslegiousre membership group particularistic or
universal is cicticlic4 Is there a correlation between a persons attitudes towards
birth control and his perception of what his membership group teaches
5 are religious teachings the most significant factors
influencing an individualindividuals attitudes concerning birth control and
abortion
the general sociological theory applied in this study was
reference group theory with the assumption that individuals seek
identification with groups for self evaluation and self esteem and
that there tends to be patterned rules values and standards for
81
y
universalistic
oa02
82
the conduct of the individual in accordance to his reference group
coupled with reference group theory newcomb in his bennington
college study found that an individuals attitude development was
a function of the way in which he related himself to his membership
2group it was therefore suggested that by measuring the degree
of behavioral conformity to LDS religious norms a correlating
degree of conformity could be ascertained on the given attitudes
of birth control and abortion questionnaires were mailed to 1874
students who were enrolled at brigham young university fall semester
1970 of the 1021 questionnaires returned 795 were used in the
analysis of data
presentation of findings
in a composite summarization of the attitudes of respondents
concerning the factors of birth control for the seven situations
indicated it was found that 48 per cent disapproved 40 per cent
approved and 12 per cent were undecided as to the use of birth
control single students attitudes tended to scale better than
married students as shown in the guttman scaling where only two
items were not within the range of marginal frequency for the single
students but four items were not within the range of marginal fre-
quency for the married students married students therefore
generally identified with the extremes of rightness or wrongness of
birth control whereas single students were more middle of the roadersbroaders
sherif and sherif opo cit 1.1 p 251
2newcomb op cit p 430
o2d
2newcomb
findl
83
the composite summarization of the attitudes of the respon-
dents concerning the use of abortion the seven data situation shows
that 61 per cent disapproved 22 percent approved and 17 per cent
were undecided as to the use of abortion in the scaling of abortion
attitudes the married students tended to be much more conservative
in the use of abortion than single students
with respect to religious behavior of the respondents there
was an extreme homogeneous grouping it was more apparent among
the married students causing an elimination of three scale items
of the seven because of frequency above the 85 per cent limit itwas interesting to note that a greater percentage of married respon-
dents observed the word of wisdom attended church paid tithing
and fasted two meals on fast sunday on the other hand single
respondents tended to be more active in having individual prayer
family prayer and family home evening
hypothesis one there is a positive relationship between
conservative attitudes towards birth control and abortion and ones
degree of measured religiosity in measuring the general association
between birth control and religiosity using the scale types resulted
in a correlation of 22
12
.2222 and therefore verified that the higher
a person measures on a religiosity scale the lower he measures
on the scale in the acceptance of the use of birth control in
measuring the association of religiosity with abortion attitudes
again using a summatedsum correlationmated produced the result of .1212
the scale type correlation is inverse to the results produced
when measuring specific indiciesindicies
84
hypothesis two there will be DOno significant difference
between the attitude towards personal practice of birth control and
abortion and the practice sanctioned to others outside the religious
group membership the findings using a median test for matched
pairs show a significant difference between the attitudes concern-
ing the use of birth control and abortion by LDSLJDSlads and non LDS
as being significantly different in light of this informationformationSAn
the null hypothesis was rejected
hypothesis three that attitudes towards birth control and
abortion within the LDS religious membership group are signifi-
cantly more particularistic than universalistic A test of differ-
ence was not performed by reason that the attitude items scaled
on a guttman unidimensional scale verifies that the attitudes are
found to be particularistic in nature
hypothesis four that there is a significant correlation
between the persons attitudes towards birth control and his per-
ception of the LDSLJDSlads church teachings concerning birth control
in computing correlations between the individuals personal belief
and the perceived LDS teachings the correlations ranged from
a .2323 to .4949 showing a weak to moderate correlation in each situation
hypothesis five that of the cluster factors influencing
the attitudes towards birth control and abortion religious will be
the most significant A statistical test was not run between corre-
lations but correlations were run between specific attitudes and
religiosity plus other various indices it was found that religi-
osity correlated higher than the other correlariescorre thereforelaries veri-
fying that although religion is not a high influence upon attitudes
H thesis
23 49
85concerning birth control and abortion it does remain the most sig
nigicant influence
conclusion
from the findings of this study it was found that there isa considerable variation of attitudes concerning abortion and birth
control among the members of the LDS church reference group
theory has helped to explain and identify the trend in attitudes
concerning birth control through a measurement of LDS behavioral
norms As was pointed out in chapter I1 there has long been a differ-
entiation between religious groups and their attitudes concerning
fertility this study tends to point out that the attitudes con-
cerning birth control of LDS church members in general as ranked
in conservativeness places the LDS members not as conservative
as the catholic church members but not as liberal as the protestant
church members
perhaps one of the problems involved with the BYU students
who are members of the ldschurchLD notSChurch being as unified in their
attitudes as perhaps one might expect could be the result that the
LDS church was not reported as a source of information concern-
ing attitudes the respondents indicated that 39 per cent used in-
dividual reading as their source of information if the LDS
church is going to have a greater influence on attitudes a sugges-
tion is made that they either use the already existing primary source
of information and prepare reading materials with the LDS churchs
influence or that they realignre thealign sources of information placing
the LDS church in a position so that its members will turn to
them for information of this nature
perhapsone
wa s
entia tion
86
limitations1 the scale items that were used on the religiosity scale
were taken from studies that measured LDS religiosity in hetero-
geneous groups of LDS since this study dealt with a homogeneous
grouping of LDS a refinement of the scale items to be included
was needed this was especially apparent with the married LDS
students
2 only twenty per cent of the respondents were married
couples it would have been desirable to have a better balance
between married students and single students also in the category
of married students nearly the majority of couples were married in
the LDS temple it appeared from the responses of the ten respon-
dents who were married civilly that there is a significant differ-
ence in attitudes concerning birth control and abortion by students
who are married civilly than those who were married in the LDS
temple
3 the researcher neglected to include in the questionnaire
the question asking the desired size of family the respondent
desired having by interjecting this question it places the respon-
dent in a position where it is obvious whether or not the individual
is considering family limitation through one means or another
suggestions for further research
1 in coding the data in the questionnaire it was inter-
esting to note that some married couples indicated that they felt
it was wrong to practice birth control in order for the husband to
go to college and they also felt that the LDS church taught that
sup v estionsest ionslons
cac0mmittedcommittedomitted themselves to the LDSledeslodeslodos faith and not having universal
implication
3 this study examined the religious behavior of the respon-
dents and measured the association of attitudes concerning abortion
and birth control with it A reverse of this procedure would prove
interesting by identifying the respondents who polarize to the
extremes on the attitudes then by including a larger number of
religiosity items identify those items which are highly significant
in association
40 the data from this study suggest that the respondents
are not against the use of birth control as a practice depending
87
it was wrong to practice birth control while the husband was gaining
an education and yet they indicated that they were practicing birth
control this suggests a dissonance factor existing on the part
of the respondent A further investigation as to how they are
reducing this dissonance and the means of justification for their
actions would be useful to leaders in the LDS church in counseling
married students concerning the decision that many have to make
regarding the use of birth control
2 the result of the data in testing hypothesis two suggested
that religious attitudes are not perceived as being universalistic
in adheranceadherenceadhe forrance individuals not LDS A further investigation of
this finding in areas other than attitudes of birth control and abor-
tion is needed the LDS church leaders need to be aware of this
fact if it is true that the divineness of religious teachings are
being perceived as gods will as necessary only to those who have
LD S
4
upon the reason and circumstancecircumstancesecircumstances one area particularly which
needs further investigation is concerning the subject of using
birth control for the purpose of spacing childrenchildrenechildrenschilchiidrenodrene
88
Se
referencesR E F E R E N C E S
psycholpsychal
famicami
sociolcociol 1
references
abortion the new era vol 1 no 4 1971 p 500
abortion in new york time september 7 1970 po 48
allport G et al the religion of post war college studentsjournal of psychology vol 25 1948
angrist shirley S communication about birth control anexploratory study of freshman girsgirls information andattitudes journal of marriage and the family vol28 no 3 august 1966
blalock herbert M social statistics new york mcgraw hillbook co inc 1960
bogue donald J further sociological contributions to familyplanning research chicago university of chicago press1970
brinkerhoff david brent A study of the relationship betweentypes of religious orientations and degree of religiousinvolvement of LDS church members in the provo communityunpublished masters thesis brigham young university 1968
bultena louis church membership and church attendance in madisonwisconsin american sociological review january 1949
bumpass larry stability and change in family size expectationsover the first two years of marriage journal of socialissues vol XXIII 1967
burchinal lee G marital satisfaction and religious behavioramerican sociological review XXII april 195701957
church news editorial page deseret news september 1965
cipolla C M the economic history of world population balti-more penguin books 1965
cohen arthur R attitude change and social influence new yorkbasic books inc 1964
collins barry E social psychology massachusetts addisonwesley publishing co
89
50
p
fam
1
qualiquailquall tativedative
90
devereux edward D jr the social theories of talcott parsonsedited by max black englewood cliffs prentice hallinc 1961
draper elizabeth birth control in the modern world londonpenguin books lid 1965
edman irwin offenses human traits and their social significancemassachusetts houghton mifflin co 1920
ellis albertalberto questionnaire versus interview methods in the studyof human love relationships american sociological reviewvol 12 no 5 february 1947
freedman ronald whelpton pascal K and campbell arthur A
family planning sterility and population growthogrowthgrowthy new yorkmcgraw hill publishing co 1959
good and hatt methods in social research mcgraw hill book coinc 1952
grabill wilson H kiser clyde V and whelpton pascal K thefertility of american women new york john wiley and sonsinc 1958
guttman louis A basis for scaling qualitative data americansociological review vol 9 april 1944
horney karen psychoanalysis without libido culture and neurosis
archives of psychologyno 269 194219420
jones edward and gerard harold foundations of social psychologynew york john willis and sons inc 1967
kaplan kalman J and fishbein martin the source of beliefsBeliefbelleftheir saliency and prediction of attitude the journalof social psychology vol 78 1969
kelley reverend george A the catholic marriage manual new yorkrandom house 1965
kelley harold H two functions of reference groups in basicstudies in social psychology ed by harold prohanskyproganskyPro andhanskybernard seidenberg new york holt rinehart and winstoninc 1965
inVarietiesinvarieties of personality theory ed by hendrick M ruiten-beck new york E P dutlondualon and co inc 1969
huntington ellsworth and whitney leon F the builders of americanew york morrow 1927
hyman herbert the psychology of status 0
st
tirtic I1 partpactde social compass 9 1962
malthus thomas population the first essay ann arbor univer-sity of michigan press 1959
mckay david 0 church news september 19 1965
merton robert K social theory and social structure glencoefree press 1957
newcomb theodore M attitude development as a function ofreference groups the bennington study
tirgbirg
psychalpsychol
91
kerlinger F N foundations of behavioral research new yorkholt rinehart and winston inc 1967
kunz phillip R and brinkerhoff merlin B growth in religiousorganization A comparative study social sciencevol 45 no 4 october 1970
laws to limit family size parents magazine vol 45 october 1970
lazerwitz bernard some factors associated with variations inchurch attendance social forces XXXIX may 1969
lenski gerhard the sociology of religion in the united statesA review of theoretically oriented research
readings insocial psychologyo new york henry holt and co 1952
newcomb theodore M social psychology new york the drydenpress 1952
payne william D the relationship between expressed religiousinvolvement and some economic attitudes of working classmormonscormonsMormons unpublished masters thesis brigham younguniversity 1967
petersen william population 2ndand ed london the macmillianco 1969
peterson erienderlend doD birth control versus the mormon newlywedunpublished research paper brigham young university 1968
potvin raymond H westoff charles F and ryder norman B
factors affecting catholic wives conformity to their churchmagisteriums position on birth control journal of marriageand the family volo 30 1968
reeder william R box elder study unpublished paper presentedat brigham young university 1970
riley matilda white sociological research A case approachnew york harcourt bruce and world inc 1963
E
nL
1
marrifa
miltonmlltonrokeach milmii conotonedone beliefs attitudes and values san franciscojosseybassjossey incbass 1970
rossi alice S abortion laws and their victims transactionseptember october 196601966
salt lake tribune june 1 1970
sherif mauzaferMau andzafer sherif carolyn W reference groupsgroues explora-tion into conformity and deviation of adolescents new yorkharderharper and row 1946
sjobertrjobertSj Gobert and nett ro A methodology for social research newyork harper and row 1968
smith joseph F sr the relief society magazine vol 4 p 318
smith joseph fielding doctrines of salvation salt lake citybookcraft 1966
stark rodney class radicalism and religious involvement in greatbritian american sociological review XXIX december 1964
stolka susan M and barnett larry D education and religion asfactors in womens attitudes motivating childbearingjournal of marriage and the family vol 31 no 4 novem-ber 1969
stouffer S A et al measurement and prediction studiesin social psychology in world ward II11 princeton new jerseyprinceton press 1950
tannenbaum percy H and gengel roy W generalization of attit-ude change through congruity principle relationshipsjournal of personality and social psychology a vol 3 no 3
1966
tapley joel lane A study of religious experiences as relatedto church orthodoxy unpublished masters thesis brighamyoung university 1969
thalheimer fred continuity and change in religiosity A studyof academiciansAcademic ians pacific sociological review vol 81965
thomlinson ralph population dynamicsoDynamic new york random house1965
united nations demographic yearbook 1969 statistical office ofthe united nations new york united nations publishingservice 1970
92
confarmityormity
R
D amicsamias
demograp ic
so
Demograp
93
vernon glen M an inquiry into the scalability of church ortho-doxy sociology and social research vol 39 mayjunemay 1955june
vernon glen M human interaction new york free press co1965011965
westoff charles F potvin raymond H college women and fertilityFerfecvalues
tilitzprinceton princeton university press 1967
young brigham journal of discourses vol 4 london latter daysaints book depot
zajonc robert B the concepts of balance congruity and disso-nance in man in his environment ed by phillip R kunzand spencer je condie new york simon and schuster inc1970
J
APPENDIX AA P P E N D I1 X
w institute for family research
BETTER understandingTHROUGH RESEARCH
dear student
since 1960 when the birth control pill was introducedto the open market and abortion laws in several states wereliberalized these two subjects have become very controversial
the purpose of the enclosed questionnaire is to examinethe attitudesattitude of students in the L D S community who areparents or who soon may become parents concerning birthcontrol and abortion
you have been selected at random to participate in thisstudy by filling out the enclosed questionnaire it is thereforeimportant that we receive your responses to be of valuethe answers must factually represent your feelings thereforeby keeping the questionnaire confidential you can give yourfrank statement of attitudes since your own opinions aredesired please indicate your answers before discussing thequestions with anyone else
PLEASE DO NOT SIGN YOUR NAME after completingthe questionnaire place it in the enclosed return envelopeand put it in the mail
your cooperation is very much appreciated
sincerely
friend D1j peterpetersonsondirector of research
s
AP
etfr 1end
94
aj
oo0060to00 do60 &Mci
CLCL
A11cx
10
1
b cZ 00 cocd aBn
DwMgo i
0V0 0a06 14 aCL SS S S SL SS41 T14ca 0V
1
14
1
94
1
2
C
1
2
Z
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
sas3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
BIRTH CONTROL AND ABORTION
please circle the answer which indicates the degree of wrongness or rightnessightwhich
nessyou feel about the practice of birth control
concerning both YOUR personal beliefs and a NONLDSsNONLDSNON personalLDSs
04 4 tt l10 0 fl4 0 0 SK K t g U r 4 KW S S U
cs ca&c6 0 uV 0 cs 00 cocd cd034
SWto
410
W91
0 W4 CL
SH
C CL4
aj &Q aju4jra
14cc cn
5
0
5
1
14
5
1
j
5
1
0
5
1
cn
5
1
a
5
1
58
1
59
Q
510
2
511
2
512
2
513
2
514
2
list
2
the
2
methods
&
of
3
birth
3
control
3
with
3
which
3
you
3
are
3
aware
15161718
19202122
rank in the order of importance the sources from which you have received informationconcerning birth control
rt S AJ Q
while husband isgoing to college
to provide spacingof children
to insure havingno children
when wifescifes physicalhealth is threatened
to get aheadeconomically
when wifescifes mentalhealth is threatened
to prevent additionaladditional7children after havingdesired size of family
i1
2
3
4
5
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1 m most important 6 least important
23 friends24 parents25 brothers or sisters
26 classes in school27 church28 individual reading
95
r
beliefs0
Vgo
9IV
4 4 4 W0
IV 4 4 4op60 o- q
W 4
7
LDS s
0.04
do00 aoa600 0 T
idfd
rar4
96
please circle the answer which indicates the degree of wrongness or rightnesswhich you feel about abortion
being performed on YOU or a FAMILY MEMBER and A NONLDSNON FRIENDLDS
D 0 QJ QJ
0 00 0 10
010 U0 0 U
U U00 CL 0Z
60C 0 CL U 0 C 0 0 XM
CLC- U 0 0 0
0 O0 cocd U
ti141.4 to0 lo10A O1000
CL lil 0i0 0 cdedd r
1
1 1OO00
i
10rtes 0W
O0Vi
0CLi ltl 0tbecause ot0 r t i
j csD
O- Pa 0cWO VS
4
CZ cc1cr
pregnancy
CL
from rape 29 1 2 3 4 5 36 1 2 3 4 5
knowledge that the 30 1 2 3 4 5 37 1 2 3 4 5baby is deformed
the baby being 31 1 2 3 4 5 38 1 2 3 4 5unwanted
the mother being 32 1 2 3 4 5 39 1 2 3 4 5mentally incapable
parents economically 33 1 2 3 4 5 40 1 2 3 4 5unable to take careof the baby
necessity to save 34 1 2 3 4 5 41 1 2 3 4 5the mothers lifemother being unwed 35 1 2 3 4 5 42 1 2 3 4 5
43 do you feel that abortion should be legalized yes uncertain no44 what are the reasons for your answer
circle the answer which best describes the frequency of your religious behaviorregarding the follcwingtoiletingfollowingtoil
seldom
eting
or now and fairlynever then often often regularly
45 family prayer 1 2 3 4 5
46 attendance at church 1 2 3 4 5
47 family home evenings 1I 2 3 4 5
48 payment of tithing 1 2 3 4 5
49 individual prayer 1 2 3 4 5
50 observance of word of 1 2 3 4 5wisdom tea coffeealcohol & tobacco
51 fasting two meals 1 2 3 4 5
each fast sunday
14
1141 44
14 HW HP 0
IVfl4 14 4
0 4C
30 la
b fcd 4
1
W
14 4
rn V0
es
O Q 3
1 4
1 1 0rn03
414.1to0 t14
MOMcn41
aj4j f 4 TIT CI 60 414 601
W Q Q
agriestoagreesto
97
please circle the answer which indicates the degree to which you believethe statement agrees or disagrees with the official LDS church teachings
CB 0 30 d0 l1 0
60 U CO 60 UC 60 60 M U G 00 0edd 00 IV lu0 0 U
OS CO 0 4
W
52 the postponement of children for the 1 2 3 4 5purpose of education is condemned
53 proper spacing of children is justified 1 2 3 4 5when the health of the mother demandsit
54 it is contrary to the teachings to 1 2 3 4 5prevent the birth of children
55 the health of the mother should be 1 2 3 4 5of primary concern in the considerationof child bearing
56 limiting the number of children due 1 2 3 4 5to financial reasons is an excuserather than a reason for practicingbirth control
57 the mental health of the mother should 1 2 3 4 5be considered in determining the sizeof the family
58 when a couple agrees to limit their 1 2 3 4 5offspring they are guilty ofiniquity which eventually must bepunished
59 the practice of birth control is a 1 2 3 4 5personal matter left to the decisionof the couple
please RANK the following factors in the order of influence in determiningyour attitude towards birth control I1 greatest influence 7 least influence
60 formal education 64 individualindividual reading61 family 65 economic factors62 religion 66 health factors63 friends
4
44 0
4
1
agre esto
4.4
single engaged
templetempieje marriagemple civil marriage
68 if married how many years
69 list ages of children by sex
no children male female
67 what is your marital status
70 have you and your spouse ever practiced birth control
yes no
71 list any birth control techniques you have used
72
73
74
75
76
what is your age
what is your sex male
where is your BYU residenceoff campuslive with parents
how many children were there in the family you were raised
howhaw large is the home town in which you were raisedunder 2499 or rural 25000 to 999992500 to 49995000 to 999910.00010000 to 24999
100000 to 499999500.000500000 to 999.999999999one million or over
lived in several cities of various sizes
77
78
79
what is the highest grade or year you have completed in school
what is the highest grade your FATHER completed in school
describe his typewhat is your fathers occupationof work
8090 what is your fathers approximate annual income
THIS CONCLUDES THE SURVEY
thank you kindly for your assistance and cooperation
98
divorced
ye s
female
on campus
t0
pemple
APPENDIX BA P P E N D I1 X
iilifosfog
fosfog
fopfos
fogofoga
99
TABLE 30
relationship BETWEEN religiosityRESPONSE AND AGE
religiosityindex
word ofwisdom
TOTALTOTALTMAL
tithing
TOTALTOTAL
attendance atchurch
TOTALTOTAL
individualprayer
TOTALTOTAL
family homeevening
TOTALTOTAL
familyprayer
TOTALTOTAL
fastiefastii twomeals onfast sunday
TOTALTOTAL
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NTFO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
16 19
1.1115.353
93.6936100.01000282
4.64615.215280.2802802
100.01000282
3.63610.610685.8858
100.01000282
6.76720.620672.7727
100.01000282
13.513531.231255.3553
100.01000282
18.418433.033048.6486
100.01000282
14.914933.733751.4514
100.01000282
AGE20 22
1.4145.151
93.5935100.01000295
5.45411.511583.1831
1000100.0295
2.72715.915981.4814
100.01000295
6.46422.022071.6716
100.01000295
16.316329.229254.5545
1000100.015001005295
24.124126.426449.5495
100.01000295
13.613636.636649.8498
100.01000295
23
1.8183.434
94.8948100.01000218
7.87810.610681.6816
100.01000218
3.23210.6106106log86.2862
1000100.0218
13.313320.620620666.1661
1000100.0t000218
21.121121127.527551.4514
1000100.01006100.6218
22.022026.626651.4514
100.01000218
20.220228.928950.9509
100.01000218
totalnumber
1137
747
795
46100649
795
25100670
795
67168560
795
132234429
795
171229395
795
126266403
795
3 0
A G E
foi0
fog0
t000
fasting
53936
46152
36log858
67206727
135312553
330486
149337514
14
935
54115
27159814
64220716
163
545
264495
136366498
1834
948
78log816
32
133
661
275514
220266
289509
sno
fos
foia
1000100.0
60go 60go
00oo00oo
00oo
00oo
liilil
FOsfog
gnpsnp
100
TABLE 31
relationship BETWEEN religiosity RESPONSEAND individuals EDUCATION
religiosityindex
word ofwisdom
TOTALTOTAL
tithing
TOTALTOTAL
attendance atchurch
TOTALTOTAL
individualprayer
TOTALTOTAL
family homeevening
TOTALTOTAL
familyprayer
TOTALTOTAL
fasting twomeals onfast sunday
TOTALTOTAL
SNNTFO 00R
PER CENT
NUMBER
SNNTFO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NTFO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
incHS & fres
1.3135.757
93.0930100.01000300
6.06014.014080.0800
100.01000300
4.3431.414
84.3843843100.01000300
7.77721.021071.3713
100.01000300
15.015030.030055.0550
100.010001000300
21.321330.730730748.0480
100.01000300
16.316334.334339.4394
100.01000300
lividualsindividualslividualsih sophseisophsensoph
1.313
seisensel
4.34394.4944
100.01000464
6.06012.012082.0820
100.01000464
2.62613.713783.7837837
100.010001000464
8.58521.421470.1701
100.01000464
18.018028.428453.6536
100.01000464
21.821827.827850.4504
100.01000464
15.815833.133151.1511
100.01000464
educationn grad
0.0000.000
10.0100100.0100028
0.0007.474
92.6926100.0100028
0.0003.737
96.3963100.0100028
14.814814.814870.4704
100.0100028
7.47440.740751.9519
100.0100028
18.518522.222259.3593
100.0100028
11.111129.629659.3593
100.0100028
totalnumber
1037
748
795
46100649
795
2599
671
795
67167561
795
131234430
795
171228396
795
126266403
795
3 1
fresh
SN NT
f03
f09
FOs
57930
140800
4314
77210
150300550
480
163
394
1343
944
120820
26137
85
701
180284536
278504
158331511
loo
74926
37963
148148704
74
519
593
296593
sno
190igo
iiil lgig
fosFOI
101
TABLE 32
relationship BETWEEN religiosity RESPONSE ANDNUMBER OF CHILDREN IN FAMILY
religiosityindex
word ofwisdom
TOTALTOTAL
tithing
TOTALTOTAL
attendance atchurch
TOTALTOTAL
individualprayer
TOTALTOTAL
family homeevening
TOTALTOTAL
familyprayer
TOTALTOTAL
fasting twomeals onfast sunday
TOTALTOTAL
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NTFO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
SN NT
FO 0R
PER CENTNUMBER
number
021.7177.878
90.5905100.01000116
11.211218.118170.7707
100.01000116
7.87816.416475.8758
100.01000116
13.813825.025061.2612
100.01000116
19.019033.633647.4474
100.01000116
30.230219.819850.0500
100.01000116
24.124127.627648.3483
100.01000116
f children3- 5
1.1114.747
94.2942100.01000427
5.65614.814879.6796
100.01000427
2.32314.114183.6836
100.01000427
7.57521.821870.7707
100.01000427
19.719730.030050.3503
100.01000427
22.322332.632645.1451
100.01000427
14.114125.425450.5505
100.01000427
in family6
1.6163.636
94.8948100.01000252
3.63610.710785.7857
100.01000252
2.4248.787
88.9889889100.010001000252
7.57518.718773.8738
100.01000252
10.71078.383
81.0810100.01000252
16.716726.226257.1571
100.01000252
14.314333.333352.4524
100.01000252
totalnumber
1138
746
795
46ill111iiilillii638
795
25101669
795
67169559
795
133188474
795
172228395
795
124267404
795
3 2
of0 2
j
FOO
FOI
78905
707
78164758
250612
336474
302
500
241276483
47942
56148796
23
836
75
197300503
223326
254505
36948
36
857
2487
75
738
10783
810
262571
333524
foo
fos
iolo
60go
loio
90go
fosFOO
fosfot
102
TABLE 33
relationship BETWEEN religiosity RESPONSEAM geographic REARING
religiosityindex
word of SN NTwisdom FO 0
RTOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
tithing SN NT
FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
attendance at SN NT
church FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
individual SN NTprayer FO 0
RTOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
family home SN NT
evening FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
family SN NTprayer FO 0
RTOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
fasting two SN NT
meals on FO 0fast sunday R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
geogrural24999
1.0103.737
95.3953100.01000300
6.06012.312381.7817
100.01000300
3.73710.310386.0860
100.01000300
8.78720.720770.6706
100.01000300
17.717728.028054.3543
100.01000300
21.021028.328350.7507
100.01000300
17.017035.035048.0480
100.01000300
raphicgraphic rearing25000499999
1.0105.454
93.6936100.01000296
5.15112.512582.4824
100.01000296
2.42414.814882.8828
100.01000296
7.47422.322370.3703
100.01000296
13.913931.831854.3543
100.01000296
22.022029.729748.3483
100.01000296
14.514533.833851.7517
100.01000296
500.000500000
2.0205.050
93.0930100.01000199
6.56513.113180.4804
100.01000199
3.53512.112184.4844
100.01000199
9.59520.020070.5705
100.010001000199
18.618628.128128153.3533
100.01000199
21.62169.090
69.4694100.01000199
15.615630.730730753.7537
100.01000199
totalnumber
1037
748
795
46100649
795
2599671
795
67167561
795
131234430
795
171191433
795
125266404
795
transcientTran personscient included in this category
ande HIC
geographic
37953
817
37103860
87
177280543
210283507
170350480
54936
51125824
24148828
74223
139318543
220297483
338517
2050
930
65131804
35121844
95200705
186
533
216
694
156
537
fos
snofos
60go
iloiio
99gg
160igo
06og
19ig
fosFOO
sndsn3
savsnv
sndsn3
103
TABLE 34
relationship BETWEEN religiosity RESPONSEAND FATHERS INCOME
religiosityindex
word of SN NT
wisdom FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENT
TOTAL NUMBER
tithing SN NT
FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
attendance at SN NT
church FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENT
TOTAL NUMBER
individual SN NT
prayer FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
family home SN NT
evening FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
family SN NT
prayer FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
fasting two SN NT
meals on FO 0fastFELSfetsfats sunday R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
011999119990
1.8183.232
95.0950100.01000283
6.06010.610683.4834
100.01000283
3.53511.011085.5855
100.01000283
9.99918.418471.7717
100.01000283
17.317332.232250.5505
100.01000283
18.018032.532549.5495
100.01000283
16.316330.430453.3533
100.01000283
fathers in12000
1.4146.363
92.3923100.01000350
5.75715.115179.2792
100.01000350
3.43416.016080680.6806
100.01000350
8.68622.022069.4694
100.01000350
17.717728.028054.3543
100.01000350
22.022028.628649.4494
100.01000350
16.316336.636647.1471471
100.01000350
comeno answer
0.6063.737
95.7957100.01000162
5.65610.510583.9839
100.01000162
1.9198.080
90.1901100.01000162
5.65624.024070.4704
100.010001000162
13.013027.827859.2592
100.01000162
20.420422.822856.8568
100.01000162
14.214232.132153.7537
100.01000162
totalnumber
1137
747
795
46100549
795
25100670
795
67168560
795
132234429
795
161229405
795
126266403
795
10
income
80 6
t
1832
950
log834
35
855
184717
505
180325495
163304533
1463
923
57151792
34
86220694
177280543
220286494
163366
37
56105839
80901
56240704
130
592
228568
321537
fos
fos
foo
fos
gigl
loio
sndsn3
104
TABLE 35
relationship BETWEEN religiosity RESPONSEAND MARITAL STATUS
religiosityindex
word of SN NT
wisdom FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
tithing SN NT
FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
attendance at SN NT
church FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENT
TOTAL NUMBER
individual SN NT
prayer FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
family home SN NT
evening FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENTCENTOTAL NUMBER
family SN NT
prayer FO 0R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
fasting two SN NT
meals on FO 0fast sunday R
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
single
1.5151.313
97.2972972100.01000543
6.1614.444
89.5895100.010001000543
3.3333.737
93.0930100.01000543
8.5856.565
85.0850100.01000543
14.61467.979
77.5775100.01000543
24.324331.131144.6446
100.01000543
14.91499.494
75.7757100.01000543
marital steengaged
1.5152.929
95.6956100.01000
68
5.9595.959
88.2882100.01000
68
4.4444.444
91.2912100.01000
68
4.44427.927967.7677
100.0100068
16.216211.811872.0720
100.0100068
26.52654.444
69.1691691100.01000
68
16.21621624.444
79.4794100.0100068
icusitusmarried
1.0102.222
97.8978100.01000184
4.9498.787
86.4864100.01000184
2.22212.512585.3853
100.01000184
9.8986.565
83.7837100.01000184
22.822832.632644.6446
100.01000184
11.41148.787
79.9799100.01000184
18.518534.834846.7467
100.01000184
totalnumber
1113
773
795
4644
705
795
2546
724
795
6766
662
795
132
ill111iiiililii552
795
171188436
795
126118551
795
status
1513
44895
3337
930
8565
850
14679
775
243
14994
757
1529
956
5959
4444
912
44279677
162
720
26544
44794
22978
4987
864
22125853
9865
837
228326446
11487
799
185348
foi
fos
fos
fos
60go
96gg 69gg
gg96
seqsdq
seqsdq
seqsdq
105
TABLE 36
relationship BETWEEN BIRTH CONTROLRESPONSE AND AGE
birth controlsituation
wifescifes physicalhealth isthreatened
TOTALTOTAL
wifescifes mentalhealth isthreatened
TOTALTOTAL
to providespacing ofchildren
TOTALTOTAL
husband isgoing tocollege
TOTALTOTAL
to preventhaving additional U
childrenTOTAL
TOTAL
to insurehaving nochildren
TOTALTOTAL
to getaheadeconomically
TOTALTOTAL
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENT
NUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
161916
6.060
19
10.610683.4834
100.01000282
9.69617.717772.7727
100.01000282
48.948914.514536.6366
100.01000282
49.349320.220230.5305
100.01000282
58.558523.123118.4184
100.01000282
84.78475.050
10.3103100.01000282
84.88488.5856.767
100.01000282
AGE202220
7.575
22
7.87884.7847
100.01000295
9.59514.614675.9759
100.01000295
30230.213.913955.9559
100.01000295
52.252210.810837.0370
100.01000295
60.760716.916922.4224
100.01000295
86.48645.4548.282
100.01000295
83.78378.5857.878
100.01000295
23
2.8285.151
92.1921100.01000218
6.96910.110183.0830
100.01000218
35.835811.911952.3523
100.01000218
56.45649.696
39.5395100.01000218
58.358316.516525.2252
100.01000218
89.98992.8287.373
100.01000218
85.38536.4648.383
100.01000218
totalnumber
4564
686
795
70115510
795
305108382
795
416110269
795
471151173
795
6903669
795
6726360
795
A G E
sd9 6 0
30 2
SDI
log834
727
489145366
493
305
585231
84750
103
8488567
7578
95146759
302139559
522108370
224
8645482
8378578
2851
921
loi830
358ilg523
564
395
583165252
8992873
8536483
llolio
90go
66gg
109log
00oo00oo
00oo
illili
ililii
seqsdq
106
TABLE 37
relationship BETWEEN BIRTH CONTROL RESPONSEAND individuals EDUCATION
birth controlsituation
wifescifes physical SD D
health is U
threatened A SA
TOTAL PER CENT
TOTAL NUMBER
wifescifes mental SD D
health is U
threatened A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to provide SD D
spacing of U
children A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
husband is SD D
going to U
college A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to prevent SD D
having additional U
children A SA
TOTAL PER CENT
TOTAL NUMBER
to insure SD D
having no U
children A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to get SD D
ahead U
economically A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
individudividuindividuaInless hsfreshHS
6.363
fresh
11.011082.7827
100.01000300
10.010015.315374.7747
100.01000300500joo
46.346314.714739.0390
100.01000300
46.746719.319334.0340
100.01000300
55.755723.023021.3213
100.01000300
85.08505.3539.797
100.01000300
83.78379.0907.373
100.01000300
alsais educationeducatjeducatosophsensoph
5.353
sen
6.6668.888
100.01000464
8.68613.713777.7777
100.010001000464
38.738713.213248.1481
100.01000464
56.056010.910933.1331
100.01000464
61.9619gig16.516521.6216
100.01000464
88.98893.4347.777
100.01000464
85.38537.3737.474
100.01000464
longrad
0.0000.000
100.01000100.0100028
0.00018.518581.5815
100.0100028
33.33337.474
59.3593100.0100028
51.95193.737
44.4444100.0100028
55.655618.518525.9259
100.0100028
74.174111.111114.8148
100.0100028
81.581511.11117.474
100.0100028
totalnumber
4464
687
795
70115610
795
329108358
795
416110267
795
472151172
795
6913569
795
6726459
795
3 7
individuals
63
827
loo
747
463147390
340
557230213
8505397
837
73
53
88
86137777
387
560
165216
8893477
8537374
185815
33374
593
51937
444
556185259
148
815
74
60go
190igo
96gg
60go
gi91
edpsdp
107
TABLE 38
relationship BETWEEN BIRTH CONTROL RESPONSE ANDNUMBER OF CHILDREN IN FAMILY
birth controlsituation
wifescifes physical SD D
health is U
threatened A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
wifescifes mental SD D
health is U
threatened A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to provide SD D
spacing of U
children A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
husband is SD D
going to U
college A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to prevent SD D
having additional U
children A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to insure SD D
having no U
children A SA
TOTAL PER CENT
TOTAL NUMBER
to get SD D
ahead U
economically A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
number
025.2525.252
89.6896100.01000116
10.310310.310379.4794
100.01000116
33.633613.813852.6526
100.01000116
39.739715.515544.8448
100.01000116
51.751720.720727.6276
100.01000116
79.37936.060
14.7147100.01000116
73.37339.595
17.2172100.01000116
of children3- 5
5.6568.282
86.2862100.01000427
8.68613.413478.0780
100.01000427
42.242212.912944.9449
100.01000427417
51.151113.613635.3353
100.01000427
56.256219.019024.8248
100.01000427
85.28525.2529.696
100.01000427
85.08508.2826.868
100.01000427
in family6
6.0609.191
85.9859100.01000252
8.38318.318373.4734
100.01000252
43.743714.714741.6416
100.01000252
59.959913.513526.6266
100.01000252
67.567518.318314.2142
100.01000252
42.54253.2324.343iotoloto
252
88.58856.8684.747
100.01000252
totalnumber
4564
686
795
70115510
795
329108358
795
415110270
795
470151174
795
6893769
795
6716361
795
3 8
0 2
5252
896
103103794
336138526
155448
276
793
95172
5682
862
86
780
136353
562
248
52
8508268
859
83183734
147
599135266
675183
4253243
8856847
1000100.0
loilol
108
TABLE 39
relationship BETWEEN BIRTH CONTROL RESPONSEAND geographic REARING
birth controlsituation
iifeswifesiines physical SDDhealth is U
threatened A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
wifescifes mental SD D
health is U
threatened A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to provide SD D
spacing of U
children A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
husband is SD D
going to U
college A SA
TOTAL PER CENT
OTALTOTAL NUMBER
to prevent SD D
having additional U
children A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to insure SD D
having no U
children A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to get SD D
ahead U
economically A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBERNUHBER
rural24999
5.75710.010084.3843843
100.01000300
8.38319.719772.0720
100.01000300
43.043012.012045.0450
100.01000300
54.754717.017028.3283
100.01000300
64.064018.018018.0180
100.01000300
90.09003.3336.767
100.01000300
89.08906.3634.747
100.01000300
geographic rearing25000499999
6.4648.585
85.1851100.01000296
8.78713.913977.4774
100.01000296
42.942913.913943.2432
100.01000296
51.751751712.812835.5355
100.01000296
58.858816.216225.0250
100.01000296
86.88683.4349.898
100.01000296
84.58456.8688.787
100.01000296
500000500.0005009000
4.0404.545
91.5915100.01000199
9.5957.575
83.0830100.01000199
36.736715.615647.7477
100.01000199
48.748710.610640.7407
100.01000199
52.852824.624624622.5225
100.01000199
82.48247.575
10.1101100.01000199
77.977912.61269.595
100.01000199
totalnumber
4464
687
795
70115610
795
329108358
795
413110271
795
471151173
795
6913569
795
6726459
795
transcientTran personscient included in this category
sd3
T NUMB ER
57loo
83197720
430120450
547170283
640180180
9003367
8906347
6485
851
87139774
429139
128355
588162250
8683498
8456887
4045
9575
830
367156
log
528
225
82475
779126
95
liollo
69gg
66gg
109
TABLE 40
relationship BETWEEN BIRTH CONTROL RESPONSEAND FATHERS INCOME
birth controlsituation
wifescifes physicalhealth isthreatened
TOTALTOTAL
wifescifes mentalhealth isthreatened
TOTALTOTAL
to providespacing ofchildren
TOTAL
TOTAL
husband isgoing tocollege
TOTALTOTAL
to preventhaving additionaladditionschildren
TOTALTOTAL
to insurehaving nochildren
TOTALTOTAL
to gecgetaheadeconomically
TOTALTOTALtoral
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
il U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
I1011999119990
8.1818.888
83.1831100.01000283
10.310315.915973.8738
100.01000283
45.645611.011043.4434
100.01000283
56.956914.514528.6286
1000100.0283
61.861819.819818.4184
100.01000283
88.88884.2427.171
100.01000283
88.78878877.1714 2
tootofooto283
fathers incl200012000
4.0406.969
89.1891100.01000350
6.66612.312381.1811
100.01000350
35.435417.117147.4474
100.01000350
47.147114.314338.6386
100.01000350
55.755718.018026.3263
1000100.0350
83.78378375.757
10.6106100.01000350
80.080010.010010.0100
100.01000350
meno answer
4.9499.393
85.8858100.010001000162
11.1111liilil16.716772.2722722
100.01000162
43.843843813.613642.6426
100.01000162
55.655611.711732.7327
100.01000162
62.362319.819817.9179
100.01000162
90.1901goi2.5257.474
100.01000162
87.08704.9498.181
100.01000162
totalnumber
4564
686
795
70115510
795
324113358
795
416110269
795
471151173
795
6903669
795
6726360
795
income
aq
ge t
8188
103159738
456
434
569
286
198184
8884271
71
40
811
354171474
143386
557180263
57log
800looloo
4993
858
167
136426
556
327
623
179
2574
870498142
1000100.0
4.2421000100.0
96gg
glogio
60go
asiaso
seqsdq
per1centperscent
edpsdp
110
TABLE 41
relationship BETWEEN BIRTH CONTROL RESPONSEAND MARITAL STATUS
birth controlsituation
wifescifes physical SD D
health is U
threatened A SA
TOTAL PER CENT
TOTAL NUMBER
wifescifes mental SD D
health is U
threatened A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to provide SD D
spacing of U
children A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
husband is SD D
going to U
college A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to prevent SD D
having additional U
children A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to insure SD D
having no U
children A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to170tyo110 gecgetg SDe Dtahead
seqsdqU
economically A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
single
6.5659.494
84.1841100.01000543
9.69615.515574.9749
1000100.01000543
47.347347312.712740.0400
100.01000543
53.253215.115131.7317
100.01000543
61.061018.118120.9209
100.01000543
86.18614.4449.595
100.01000543
85.38537.6767.171
100.01000543
marital scatstatengaged
1.5154.444
94.19411000100.068
10.310311.811877.9779
100.0100068
35.335320.620644.1441441
100.0100068
50.050010.310339.7397
100.0100068
64.864817.617617.6176
100.0100068
89.78975.9594.444
100.0100068
80.180113.21325.858
100.0100068
usmarried
4.9495.454
89.7897897100.01000184
6.06012.512581.5815
100.01000184
26.126113.613660.3603603
100.01000184
50.050012.012038.0380
100.01000184
52.252222.322325.5255
100.01000184
87.58754.3438.282
100.01000184
83.78377.1719.393
100.01000184
totalnumber
4564
686
795
70115610
795
329108358
795
415ill111iiiliiili269
795
471151173
795
6903669
795
6726360
795
status
t000
sd9
sp
sd9
6594
841
155749
127400
532
317
209
8614495
8537671
1544
941
779
353206
500103397
648176176
5944
801132
58
4954
125815
136
500120380
522223255
8754382
7193
1000100.0
illlii
TABLE 42
relationship BETWEEN ABORTIONRESPONSE AND AGE
abortionsituation
baby isunwanted
mother isunwed
parents areeconomicallyunable
mother ismentallyincapable
baby isdeformed
pregnancyrape
necessitysave motherslife
TOTALTOTAL
TOTALTOTAL
TOTALTOTAL
TOTALTOTAL
TOTALTOTAL
from
TOTAL
TOTAL
to
TOTALTOTAL
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
161916
87.6876
19
9.9992.525
100.01000282
86.58659.2924.343
ioto170001070282
89.48946.4643.939
100.01000282
54.354329.829815.9159
100.01000282
53.653627.027019.4194
100.01000282
33.733725.525539.8398
100.01000282
6.76721.321372.0720
100.01000282
A G E
202220
89.5895
22
6.0607.575
1000100.0295
89.58956.4644.141
100.01000295
89.88986.8683 4
100.01000295
57.657625.125117.3173
100.01000295
57.057023.423419.6196
100.01000295
41041.022.422436.6366
100.01000295
8.88816.616674.6746
100.01000295
23
92.79273.2324.141
1000218
88.18816.9695.050
100.01000218
89.88985.1515.151
100.01000218
54.654625.225220.2202
100.01000218
49.149128.928922.0220
100.01000218
45.445445416.1161igi38.5385
100.01000218
3.23214.214214282.6826
100.01000218
totalnumber
7135230
795
7006035
795
7135032
795
442213140
795
426208161
795
315173309
795
52140603
795
99gg 60go
69gg
00oo
ap3p
42
82
j
876
25
8659243
8946439
543298159
536270194
255398
67
720
895
75
8956441
89868
576251173
570234196
410224366
88166746
3241
50
89851
546
289220
385
32
826
34
0.000
3.434
lillii
112
TABLE 43
relationship BETWEEN ABORTION RESPONSEAND individuals EDUCATION
abortionsituation
baby isunwanted
mother isunwed
parents are SD D
economically U
unable
mother ismentallyincapable
baby isdeformed
pregnancyrape
necessitysave mothers U
life
SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENT
TOTAL NUMBER
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
from SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENT
TOTAL NUMBER
to SD D
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
inchsfreshHS
89.7897
fresh
8.0802.323
100.01000300
86.08609.3934.747
100.01000300
89.38936.4644.343lootofooto
300
54.754729.329316.0160
100.01000300
54.354325.725720.0200
100.01000300
33.333324.424442.3423
100.01000300
5.75719.719774.6746
100.01000300
lividualsindividualslivi eduedidualssophsensoph
89.5895
sen
5.6564.949
100.01000464
90.09005.8584 2
1000100.0464
90.29026.2623.636
100.010001000464
56.456425.925917.7177
100.01000464
53.653626.726719.7197
100.01000464
43.643643620.120136.3363
100.01000464
7.17116.216276.7767767
100.010001000464
micationicationgrad
88.98897.4743.737
100.0100028
81.581514.81483.737
100.0100028
81.58157.474
11.1111100.010001000
28
51.951918.518529.6296
100.0100028
40.740740722.222222237.1371
100.0100028
37.137122.222222240.7407407
100.01000100028
3.73718.518577.8778
100.0100028
totalnumber
712523
795
7015935
795
7125033
795
442214139
795
425208162
795
314173308
795
51140604
795
43
education
31
4 7 4.242
8978023
8609347
8936443
293igo
543
200
244423
57197746
8955649
90058
6236
564259
536267197
201363
71
8897437
815148
37
74
519185296
371
37185778
42
1000100.0
69gg
909gog
gigl
113
TABLE 44
relationship BETWEEN ABORTION RESPONSE ANDNUMBER OF CHILDREN IN FAMILY
abortionsituation
baby isunwanted
mother isunwed
parents are SD D
economically U
unable
mother ismentallyincapable
baby isdeformed
pregnancyrape
necessitysave mothers U
life
SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
from SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to SD D
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
number
0283.68368.6867.878
100.01000116
82.88287.8789.494
100.01000116
79.379313.81386.969
100.01000116
46.646624.124129.3293293
100.01000116
40.540525.925933.6336
100.01000116
33.633611.211255 2
100.01000116
7.87813.813878.4784
100.01000116
of children3- 5
89.58957.3733.232
100.01000427
87.68768.2824.242
1600160.0427
90.99095.9593.232
100.01000427
54.654629.329329316.1161
100.01000427
54.654626.226226219.2192
100.01000427
37.937923.723738.4384
100.01000427
6.16118.018075.9759
100.01000427
in family6
92.19214.4443.535
100.01000252
90.59056.4643.131
100.01000252
92.59253.6363.939
1000100.01005100.51005252
61.561524.624613.9139
100.01000252
57.557526.226216.3163
100.01000252
45.245223.023031.8318
100.01000252
7.17119.419473.5735
100.01000252
totalnumber
7115232
795
6986037
795
7135032
795
442215138
795
425208162
795
315172308
795
53142600
795
0 2
sd9
As
SDO
As
f om sd9
10
sd9
As
8368678
8287894
793138
466241
405259336
336
78138784
8957332
87682
42
5932
546
igi
546
192
379
384
180759
4435
6431
3639
246139
575
452230318
194735
160igo
66gg
60go
loilol60go
191igi
seqsdq
114
TABLE 45
relationship BETWEEN ABORTION RESPONSEAND geographic REARING
abortionsituation
baby isunwanted
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
mother isunwed
parents are SD D
economically U
unable
mother ismentallyincapable
baby isdeformed
pregnancyrape
necessitysave mothers U
life
SD D
U
A SA
SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
A SATOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
SD D
U
A SATOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
from SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
to SD D
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
geogrural24999
93.39339334.7472.020
100.01000300
94.09404.0402.020
100.01000300
94.39433.4342.323
100.01000300
61.361326.72671.212
100.01000300
58.358325.725716.0160
100.01000300
44.044021.021035.0350
100.01000300
5.05023.323371.7717
100.01000300
raphicgraphic rearineari25000499999
88.58857.4744.141
100.01000296
86.58657.8785.757
100.01000296
88.58856.8684.747
100.01000296
53.453428.328318.3183
100.01000296
50.050028.028022.0220
100.01000296
37.237224.324338.5385
100.01000296
7.47412.212280.4804
100.01000296
8
500.000500000
795
7125033
795
442214139
795
423209162
795
173308
795
51140604
795
transcientTran personscient included in this category
45
geographic rearing
sd9
As
so
As
sd9
As
As
sd9
As
sd9
As
4720
9404020
9433423
26712
583257
440210350
50233717
8857441
8657857
8856847
534
500280220
385
74
804
85480
819
839
503
246
508
246
70
759
24.624624624.6246
100.01000199
36.736736719.119144.7447447
100.01000199
7.07017.117175.9759
100.01000199
totalnumber
7125231
795
701595535As
85.48548.0806.666
100.01000199
81.981912.11216.060
100.01000199
83.983910.11016.060
100.01000199
50.350325.125124.6246
100.01000199
50.8508
alialpati
01199911999 129000
illiii
60go
iglg
igligi
areace advsdv
seqsdq
seqsdq
115
TABLE 46
relationship BETWEEN ABORTION RESPONSEAND FATHERS INCOME
abortion
baby isunwanted
mother isunwed
parents aieconomicalunable
mother ismentallyincapable
baby isdeformed
pregnancyrape
necessity to SD D
save mothers U
life
SD D
UA SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
e SD D
llyliy U
A SATOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
SD D
U
A SATOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
from SD D
U
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
A SA
TOTAL PER CENTTOTAL NUMBER
011oiloii0
9.494
11
3.5352.525
100.01000283
91.59155.7572.828
100.01000283
93.69363.9392.525
100.01000283
60.860824.724714.5145
100.01000283
51.951931.131117.0170
100.01000283
43.543524.024032.5325
100.01000283
5.75720.120174.2742
100.01000283
fathers income999 120001-
84311.11114.646
100.01000350
84.68468.989
jaj6100.01000350
85.48548.3836.363
1000100.01500150.0350
52.052025.125122.9229
100.01000350
52.052022.922925.1251
100.01000350
36.036020.620620643.4434434
100.01000350
6.06016.316377.7777777
100.01000350
no answer
93.29324.9491.919
100.01000162
89.58958.080
1100.01000162
92.09206.2621.818
100.01000162
54.354334.034011.7117
100.01000162
59.959924.724715.4154
100.01000162
40.740720.420420438.9389
100.01000162
8.68616.116175.3753
100.01000162
totalnumber
7125726
795
7006035
795
7135032
795
442213140
795
426208161
795
315173307
795
51140604
795
sd3
economicallyaq
aq
sd9
As
sd9
943525
9155728
9363925
608247
519311170
240325
57201742
843
46
84689
8548363
520251229
520229251
360
49
80
92062
543340117
599247
389
86
753
65 256.565 2.525
9.9
116
TABLE 47
relationship BETWEEN ABORTION RESPONSEAND MARITALNARITAL STATUS
abortionsituation
baby isunwanted
TOTALTOTAL
mother isunwed
TOTALTOTAL
parents areeconomicallyunable
TOTALTOTAL
mother ismentallyincapable
TOTALTOTAL
baby isdeformed
TOTALTOTAL
pregnancy fromrape
TOTALTOTAL
necessity tosave motherslife
TOTALTOTAL
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
SD D
U
A SA
PER CENTNUMBER
single
88.088075.57554.444
100.01000543
86.68668.3835.151
100.01000543
89.18916.8684.141
100.0010000543
54.954926.926918.2182182
100.01000543
53.053027.127119.9199
100.01000543
38.338322.322339.4394
100.010001000543
6.86817.517576.7767
100.01000543
marital statusengaged
89.78978978.8881.515
100.0100068
89.78977.4742.929
100.0100068
91.29125.9592.929
100.001000068
58.958923.523523517.6176
100.0100068
52.952927.927919.2192
100.0100068
41.241222.122136.7367
100.0100068
8.88820.620670.6706
1000100.068
married
94.09402.7273.333
100.01000184
92.49244.9492.727
100.01000184
90.29024.9494.949
100.0010000184
56.556528.328315.2152
100.01000184
54.954922.822822.3223
100.01000184
42.942942920.120137.0370
100.01000184
4.44416.81687 77. 8
100.01000184
totalnumber
7125231
795
701593
795
7125033
795
442214139
795
425288162
795
315173307
795
51140604
795
35
3177
880755
44
8668351
6841
549269
530271
383223394
68175767
8815
8977429
5929
589
176
529279192
412221
88206706
9402733
9244927
9024949
565283
549228223
201370
44168
1000100.0