attention grounding: a new approach to ivis implementation emily wiese cognitive systems lab...

Attention Grounding: A New Approach to IVIS Implementation

Emily WieseCognitive Systems LabDepartment of Mechanical and Industrial EngineeringUniversity of Iowa

Human Computer Interaction Specialty Report, November 1, 2002

In-Vehicle Information System (IVIS)

Computing Anytime, Anywhere• Functions include: Cellular telephones, navigation

systems, collision avoidance systems Est. $13 billion business by 2006 Improve productivity, satisfaction, and safety Distraction Potential

• Traffic accidents cause 42,000 deaths and $150 billion in costs each year

• 13% and 50% percent of crashes attributed to driver distraction; 10,000 lives lost; $40 billion in damages each year


Implementing IVIS Functions

Interference Mitigation

Workload

Management

Functional integration with

direct communication

Direct communication

Direct communication

Attention

Grounding

Functional integration with back-channel

communication

Collaborative

grounding

No integration or physical

integration only

Types of

communication

IVIS-centered workload

management

Driver-centered attention

distribution

Static interference minimization

Links between

functions Distraction

countermeasure


Interference Mitigation

Direct Communication• Commands associated with specific tasks

Physical Integration Only• IVIS functions may share the same interface or

location, but do not share information Static Interference Minimization

• Distraction assessment focuses on structural distraction, resulting in locked-out functions

• Does not consider how driving demands change over time


Workload Management Direct Communication

• Commands associated with specific tasks Functional Integration (FI) With Direct Communication

• FI considers the information required and produced by each function to support communication between the driver, the IVIS, and the roadway

IVIS-Centered Workload Management• Dynamically predicts how workload will respond to changes in the driving task

and use of the IVIS• IVIS actively adjusts functionality by estimating the demands of the current

roadway and IVIS states. • Considers mental overload as the only source of distraction and overlooks the

issues of cognitive tunneling and attentional withdrawal

Time

Attention to driving

Attention to IVIS

Attentional resource capacity


Challenges facing IVIS Implementation

How can IVIS functionality be made safer and easier to use, without succumbing to the usability paradox and resulting in decreased overall roadway safety?

1. What factors affect a driver’s willingness to engage in IVIS interactions?

2. What are the consequences of error recovery in speech recognition systems on driver performance?

3. How do we guide drivers to avoid inappropriate reliance on speed control and collision warnings functions?

4. How do we implement collision warning functions such that the rate of false alarms will not undermine driver acceptance?

The interference mitigation and workload manager approaches have not addressed these issues


Attention Grounding

Collaborative Grounding

Functional Integration with Back-Channel Communication

Driver-Centered Attention Distribution


Collaborative Grounding

Incorporates back-channel cues to allow us to establish grounding without disrupting the flow of conversation: creates a Shared Context

Collaborative Grounding supports:• Initiating communication• Delays in communication• Driver attention distribution• Information coordination• Understanding uncertainty in IVIS communication• Making Repairs


Functional Integration with Back-Channel Communication

Allows for more complete driver monitoring

The shared context created by back-channel communication and collaborative grounding can extend the benefits of functional integration


Driver-Centered Attention Distribution

Uses shared context to consider the evolving driving situation in distributing attention (vs. exceeding a pool of resources)

Back-channel cues can be used to help distribute the driver’s attention appropriately

Driving Task

IVIS Task

Time

Atte

ntio

n

Activation Potential Field

Roadway

IVIS Driver

Shared Context

Back-channel information from the roadway:

The “feel” of the surface

Back-channel information from the driver:

Pauses in conversation

Back-channel information from the system:

Change in voice intonation

Direct commands from the driver: “Get directions to San Antonio”

Direct commands and information from IVIS:

“Turn Right at 2nd Street”

Direct information from the roadway: Collision situation ahead


Collaborative communication: Direct and back-channel communication in driving

Driver IVIS

Roadway

Driver IVIS

Roadway

Direct Communication

Ungrounded Communication Grounded Communication

Shared Context


Challenges facing IVIS Implementation

What factors affect a driver’s willingness to engage in IVIS interactions?• AG supports the driver as an active participant in choosing when and how IVIS

functions are used.

What are the consequences of error recovery in speech recognition systems on driver performance?

• Grounding in the state of IVIS can support error recovery and promote more fluent speech interaction.

How do we guide drivers to avoid inappropriate reliance on speed control and collision warnings functions?

• Grounding in the state of automation may help avoid inappropriate reliance.

How do we implement collision warning functions such that the rate of false alarms will not undermine driver acceptance?

• Back-channel cues can provide drivers with continuous information that may be less annoying than discrete alerts.

attention grounding: a new approach to ivis implementation emily wiese cognitive systems lab...

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