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Attachment

Deprivation and Institutionalisation

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Full Lesson PowerPoint Key Green = Key Word or Researcher Blue = Question / Discussion Purple = Task / Activity

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Maternal Deprivation

To outline and evaluate Bowlby’s Theory of Maternal Deprivation.

To examine Romanian Orphan Studies to consider the effects ofinstitutionalisation.

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Maternal Deprivation

Discussion: Consider the following quote in the context of humanattachment. Do you agree or disagree, and why?

“It is better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all.”

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Deprivation

Question: What happened to children during WWII?

Many psychologists became interested in the effects of children beingseparated (deprivation) from their caregivers.

From this Bowlby created the ‘MaternalDeprivation Hypothesis’.

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Deprivation

Before we look at Bowlby’s hypothesis it is useful to understand thedifference between deprivation and privation.

Deprivation Privation

Loved and lostNever to have loved (or been loved)

at all

Deprivation occurs when theattachment bond is formed butis broken later on in life.

Privation occurs when a child does not form any attachment at all.

“It is better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all.”SAMPLE


Deprivation

Task: In pairs, use a mini-whiteboard and decide if the followingstatements are examples of Deprivation or Privation.

Deprivation Or

PrivationSAMPLE


Deprivation

Child A’s mother died during childbirth and tragically her father committedsuicide just two weeks later. Since then she has been in foster care, and had aseries of short of placements.

PrivationChild A has not has an opportunity to form an

attachment.SAMPLE


Deprivation

Child B is 2 years old. He has been taken from his mother who is an alcoholicand gives him no affection or attention.

PrivationChild B will not have formed

a emotional bond with his mother, as the relationship

was not reciprocal.SAMPLE


Deprivation

Child C is two years old. Her mother has recently had another baby and hasbeen admitted into hospital with post-natal depression. She has been therefor a month.

DeprivationAssuming Child C is attached to her mother

normally, then she is just experiencing separation.SAMPLE


Deprivation

Bowlby said: “Mother love in infancy is as important for mental health, as are

vitamins and proteins are for physical health”

Discussion: Based on what you have learned, do you agree with Bowlby or disagree?

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Deprivation

Note: Bowlby proposed the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis 20 yearsbefore his attachment theory (studied earlier in the course).

However, the basis of his MDH is similar to the idea of the ‘CriticalPeriod’.

Questions: What is the critical period? What happens if a child does not form an attachment during this

period? SAMPLE


Deprivation

“If an infant is unable to develop a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his/her mother (or mother substitute) before the age of

2.5yrs then the child would have difficulty forming relationships with other people and be a risk of behavioural/emotional disorders.”

Bowlby Furthermore, if a child is separated from their caregiver (after forming

an attachment) they will show certain separation behaviours?

Task: On your mini-whiteboard, list all ofthe behaviours that a child who isseparated from his/her primary caregivermight show? SAMPLE


Deprivation

Children who are separated typically show three key behaviours, in thesame order, which we can remember as PDD. Question: From thebehaviours listed what might PDD stand for?

P

D

D

rotest

espair

etachmentSAMPLE


Deprivation

Task: Summarise the key points of Bowlby’s method and results in thetable on page. You should only use bullet point.

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Deprivation

Bowlby Rutter

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hod

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ltsEv

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tion

Quasi-experiment (Correlational) Affectionless psychopaths, other thieves,

control group Interviewed children and families about

early life experiences

86% of affectionless psychopaths experienced attachment separation Compared to: 17% of other thieves 4% control group

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Institutionalisation

However, not all Psychologists agree with Bowlby and RomanianOrphan studies suggest a very different outcome for children.

Task: As you watch the video, make notes on the effects ofinstitutionalisation on the Romanian Orphans mentioned.

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https://www.ted.com/talks/georgette_mulheir_the_tragedy_of_orphanages



Task: Now read the summary of Rutter and Songua-Barke (2010) andadd to your summary table, including the method and results only atthis stage.

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Bowlby Rutter

Met

hod

Resu

ltsEv

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tion

Longitudinal study Measured the impact of attachment over time

for 165 Romanian Orphans 111 adopted before the age of 2 54 adopted after the age of 2 Control group included 52 British children

Children adopted early (before 2) caught up with the British children

Those not adopted early (after 2) had significant cognitive, social, and physical problems The problems persisted until the age of 15

Quasi-experiment (Correlational) Affectionless psychopaths, other thieves,

control group Interviewed children and families about

early life experiences

86% of affectionless psychopaths experienced attachment separation Compared to: 17% of other thieves 4% control group

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Task: As a group, consider the strengths and limitations of Bowlby andRutter’s research. Try to write one strength and one limitation of bothstudies.

Hint: Consider the methodology used.

5 Minutes

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Bowlby Rutter

Eval

uatio

n

Longitudinal (natural) studies have high ecological validity and can examine the effects over a longer period of time.

However, there are a huge number of extraneous variables that could not be controlled (e.g. quality of care from adopted parents).

Participant attrition might be an issue, as participants drop out and the data from these cases is unavailable but could be highly important.

The experiment was correlational the results only show a relationship between early childhood experiences. We are unable to conclude that separation causes affectionless psychopathy.

The use of interviews could have led to interviewer bias where the expectations of the interviewer affected the respondent’s behaviour.

The participants were required to recall information from a long time ago (which is known as retrospective data collection). It is possible that some participants couldn’t remember the details accurately, or may have even changed some of the details. SAMPLE



“If an infant is unable to develop a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his/her mother (or mother substitute) before the age of

2.5yrs then the child would have difficulty forming relationships with other people and be a risk of behavioural/emotional disorders.”

Bowlby Discussion: Do you think Rutter would agree with Bowlby?

Rutter argued that the idea of a critical period isincorrect. His results suggest that children canstill form an attachment after 2.5 years old;however, it just takes them longer to form one. Heargued that the term should be ‘sensitive period’and not ‘critical’. SAMPLE



Does separation always lead tobehavioural/emotional disorders?

What would Bowlby say? What would Rutter say?

Task: Complete the textargument between Bowlby andRutter. Try to include thefollowing key terms:

Correlational, Retrospective DataCollection, Ecological Validity,Causation SAMPLE



Extension Task: Write one burgerparagraph for deprivation and one forinstitutionalisation.

Imagine that you are answer thefollowing questions: Burger 1: Outline and evaluate

research related to the effects ofinstitutionalization.

Burger 2: Discuss research intomaternal deprivation.SAMPLE


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Maternal Deprivation Discussion: Consider the following quote in the context of human attachment. Do you agree or disagree, and why?

“It is better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all.” Alfred Lord Tennyson

Deprivation Privation

Definition:

Definition:

Bowlby’s Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis (1953)

“If an infant is unable to develop a warm, intimate and continuous relationship with his/her mother (or mother substitute) before the age of 2.5yrs (later termed the

critical period) then the child would have difficulty forming relationships with other people and be a risk of behavioural/emotional disorders.”

P D D AIM: To examine the Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis and see if early childhood separations were associated with behavioural disorders. Bowlby coined a particular disorder – affectionless psychopathy – to describe individuals with no sense of shame of guilt. METHOD: 88 children, from 5-16 who were referred to a guidance clinic took part. 44 children were thieves, and Bowlby identified 16 of these thieves as affectionless psychopaths. 44 other children who had not committed crimes (control group) also took part. Bowlby interviewed the children and their families to create a record of early life experiences. RESULTS: There were three main findings: 86% of the affectionless psychopaths experienced prolonged attachment separation Just 17% of the ‘other thieves’ had experienced such separations Only 4% of the control group had experienced frequent early separations CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that there is a link between early separations and later social maladjustment. Maternal deprivation appears to lead to affectionless psychopathy and antisocial behaviour.

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Institutionalisation Task: As you watch the video, make notes on the effects of institutionalisation on the Romanian Orphans mentioned.

Under Communist politician Nicola Ceausescu, Romania banned contraception and abortion in the 1960s. Combined with a struggling economy, these interventions led to a massively overpopulated country with insufficient money to care for its children. Couples were taxed for being childless, leading to an abundance of children being born and then abandoned by their parents. The standard of orphanages ranged from poor to abysmal. The Nuffield Foundation decided to monitor the impact of this poor care and absence of attachment longitudinally, to measure its impact on these children. 165 Romanian orphans were tracked longitudinally, 111 of which who were adopted before the age of 2 and 54 who were adopted after the age of 2. They were then compared to a control group of 52 British children. The results were extraordinary and have informed our knowledge of the effects of privation (the absence of attachment) on the physical and mental development of young people. The children were followed up at ages 4, 6, 11 and 15. The results were shocking. The key findings included: Those adopted early quickly caught up with the British children Those not adopted early had significant cognitive, social and physical development problems One-third of those adopted late had problems requiring the intervention of an educational

psychologist or psychiatrist These problems persisted in the group adopted later, all the way to the age of 15. These

included symptoms very similar to autism

These findings supported the idea of Bowlby’s critical period, as those who did not form an attachment in this period never seemed to recover fully.

Task: Now read the summary of Rutter and Songua-Barke (2010) and add to your summary table, including the method and results only at this stage.

SAMPLE



Bowlby Rutter M

etho

d

Resu

lts

Eval

uatio

n

Does separation always lead to behavioural/emotional disorders? What would Bowlby say? What would Rutter say? Task: Complete the text argument between Bowlby and Rutter. Try to include the following key terms:

Correlational, Retrospective Data Collection, Ecological Validity, Causation

Bowlby: My study on Juvenile Thieves clearly shows that deprivation can lead to long-term behavioural and emotional disorders – just look at those affectionless psychopaths!

Rutter: SAMPLE



What do you think?

Bowlby:

Rutter:

Bowlby:

Rutter:

Bowlby:

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Extension Evaluation Task: Imagine that you are writing an evaluation paragraph for the following question: Outline and evaluate research related to the effects of institutionalisation. Select one of the points from the table above and write a burger paragraph.

Poin

t

Evid

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/ Ex

ampl

e

Expl

ain

Task: Imagine that you are writing an evaluation paragraph for the following question: Discuss research into maternal deprivation. Select one of the points from the table above and write a burger paragraph.

Poin

t

Evid

ence

/ Ex

ampl

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Expl

ain

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