“atrium design strategies for daylighting and natural … nov. 2003 usgbc : international...
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
GreenBuild: International Conference & Expo
S. Faruq Ahmed, PE [email protected]
P. Richard Rittelmann, [email protected]
Jayesh [email protected]
“Atrium Design Strategies for Daylighting and Natural Ventilation”
Pittsburgh, PennsylvaniaNovember 12 – 14, 2003
Burt Hill Kosar Rittelmann Associates101 East Diamond Street
Butler, PA 16001714-285-4761
www.burthill.com
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Introduction§ The study examines the daylighting and thermal
performance of an atrium§ The atrium is a three-story space § The building is located in Troy, New York
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Introduction (Cont’d)§ Investigations were conducted to examine the natural
cooling/ventilation strategies for the atriumV
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Building Description§ The building is
a laboratory building, “Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Building”, at Rensselaer Polytechnics Institute
§ Total area: 220,000 SF
§ Building functions are:§ Biotechnology and
Interdisciplinary Labs§ Offices§ Computational Labs
Add building plan
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Building Description (Cont’d)§ Building massing study (animation)
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Glass Properties
100.280.240.291638Lower
300.240.210.31330Middle
500.20.180.31023Top
Frit.%
Shading Coeff.
Solar Heat Gain Coeff.SHGC
Summer “U”Btu/(sq.ft-hr.F)
SolarTrans.%
Light Trans.%
Glass Location
§Double Glass assemblyOuter Glass ¼”Air gap ½”Inner glass, safety glass ¼ + ¼”
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Glass Properties§ Glass fritting patterns
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Daylighting§ Efficient daylighting with little heat gain
East Atrium South Atrium
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Daylighting§ Daylighting animation, August 1, 7:30 am to 7:30 pm
East Atrium South Atrium
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Atrium Thermal Performance Study§ Investigate the use of natural cooling
§ Quantify the expected temperature regime in the atrium during the year
§ CFD analysis and TRNSYS were used as complementary methodologies§ CFD analysis was used for studying temperature
profiles and surface temperatures
§ TRNSYS was used to quantify average space temperature throughout the year (hourly simulation)
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Software Used§ CFD Analysis§ Flovent by Flomerics
§ TRNSYS – Transient Simulation System from University of Wisconsin§ Development started in 1975
§ Modular software
§ No fixed component configuration
§ Flexible modeling approach
§ Single node lumped capacitance model was used
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Atrium Cooling Strategies§ The following strategies were investigated§ Natural ventilation, using CFD analysis
§ Forced ventilation using CFD analysis
§ Hourly simulation on non-vented atrium using TRNSYS
§ Hourly simulation of forced ventilation using TRNSYS
§ Hourly simulation of forced ventilation of atrium, air leakage from conditioned space and night pre-cooling of atrium
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
CFD Analysis - Assumptions§ In the south atrium, 20% of the air from offices is relieved into
the atrium
§ Relief air temperature is 73F
§ Outside heat transfer coefficient, 1.76 Btu/(hr-sq. ft.-F)
§ Solar angles at 2pm solar time were used
§ Number of louvers for air inlet§ 24 in south atrium§ 12 in east atrium
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
CFD Analysis – Assumptions (Cont’d)§ Five smoke exhaust fans, total 150,000 CFM Max, used
at 50% capacity
§ Outlet louvers§ 27 in South Atrium§ 18 in East atrium
§ Solar radiation, 900, 600, and 400 Watts/meter sq.
§ CFD analysis done for following times:§ Natural ventilation: Spring and Fall§ Forced Ventilation: Summer
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Results of CFD Analysis
§ CFD-1: Natural ventilation, March, 2 pm§ Maximum 33,000 CFM flow was observed
South Atrium East Atrium
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Results of CFD Analysis (Cont’d)
§ CFD-2: Fall/Spring Forced Ventilation, 2 pm, solar radiation 900 W/m-sq
South Atrium East Atrium
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Results of CFD Analysis (Cont’d)§ CFD-2 (Cont’d): Summer Forced Ventilation, 2 pm, solar
radiation 900 W/m-sq
South Atrium East Atrium
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Results of CFD Analysis (Cont’d)§ CFD-3: Summer Forced Ventilation, 2 pm, solar radiation
600 W/m-sq
South Atrium East Atrium
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Results of CFD Analysis (Cont’d)§ CFD-3 (Cont’d): Temperature profile though stairs,
summer Forced Ventilation, 2 pm, solar radiation 600 W/m-sq
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Results of CFD Analysis (Cont’d)
§ CFD-3 (cont’d): Summer Forced Ventilation, 2 pm, solar radiation 400 W/m-sq
South Atrium East Atrium
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Results of CFD Analysis (Cont’d)§ Temperature profile though stairs, summer Forced
Ventilation, 2 pm, solar radiation 400 W/m-sq
Sou
th A
triu
m
Eas
t Atr
ium
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
CFD Analysis - Observations
§ The software assumed no internal reflections from white atrium walls
§ The slopped glazing was modeled as stepped glass
§ Double glass was not modeled, instead single glass was used with “corrections” to simulate the temperature of glass surfaces
§ Solar modeling capabilities of the software seemed limited, the air flow was accurately modeled
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Results of TRNSYS Analysis
§ TMY2 weather data for Albany, NY was used.
§ Analysis was performed to quantify the behavior of atrium temperature during the year.
§ Frequency of occurrence of the atrium temperature in various ranges is used to examine various cases (alternatives).
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Results of TRNSYS Analysis - Cases Studied
§ Case CT-1: Base case, no atrium ventilation
§ Case CT-2: Forced ventilation with smoke exhaust fans.
§ Case CT-3: Forced ventilation (Case CT-2) and lab support relief air.
§ Case CT-4: Same as Case CT-3 and night cooling of the space.
§ Case CT-5: Same as Case CT-4 with uninsulatedatrium interior walls and air leakage from door opening
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Results of TRNSYS Analysis – Yearly Performance, SOUTH ATRIUM
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Results of TRNSYS Analysis – Yearly Performance, EAST ATRIUM
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Result for Selected Strategy – Case CT-5Detailed Performance
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Observations – TRNSYS Analysis
§ The analysis was useful in quantifying the behavior of the space throughout the year
§ The high quality glass allows adequate amount of light transmission but reduces the heat gain to the space
§ Increasing the quantity of forced ventilation does not necessarily help – limitation of resource (ambient air temperature)
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Recommendations
§ Natural ventilation alone is not a very effective strategy
§ Limited amount of of available opening for ventilation
§ Large temperature gradient along the height of the atrium
§ Forced ventilation with smoke control fans using variable frequency drives, provides acceptable comfort conditions
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Recommendations (Cont’d)
§ The air leakage from the computer labs support and the heat conduction through uninsulated interior walls helps
§ The strategy in Case CT-5 allows the elimination of 250 tons of cooling which would have been used for very few hours during the years
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Recommendations (Cont’d)
§ During the study a parametric analysis was performed using various quantities of forced ventilation air quantity. The result shows:
§ Increasing the ventilation beyond 50,000 CFM does not help much
§ At certain times, depending on the outdoor conditions, only 10% of the air flow may be enough
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Recommendations (Cont’d)
§ The building is using the strategies listed in Case CT-5 with fans controlled by an algorithm so that the fan capacity as a function of outdoor air temperature and atrium temperature:
§ Building control system will control the fans and VFD
§ The Building is under construction
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Overall Observations
§ CFD analysis is an excellent tool for such studies
§ Modeling of solar radiation through the glazing must be evaluated carefully
§ Scattering of solar radiation from inside surfaces must be carefully considered
§ The analyst must have good appreciation of solar systems
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Overall Observations (Cont’d)
§ TRNSYS is an excellent tool which is:
§ Very flexible (configuration is not fixed)
§ Well documented
§ However it is not easy to use
§ Ideally CFD analysis should be used for all hours of the year, however this activity is resource intensive and almost impractical at this time
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Pittsburgh, Nov. 2003
USGBC : International Conference
Thank youS. Faruq Ahmed, [email protected]
P. Richard Rittelmann, [email protected]
Jayesh [email protected]