atrazine-induced hermaphroditism by: michelle lin
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Atrazine-Induced Atrazine-Induced Hermaphroditism Hermaphroditism
By: Michelle Lin By: Michelle Lin
What is Atrazine?What is Atrazine?
What is Atrazine?What is Atrazine?
Systematic herbicide that blocks photosynthesisSystematic herbicide that blocks photosynthesis
What is Atrazine?What is Atrazine?
Systematic herbicide that blocks photosynthesisSystematic herbicide that blocks photosynthesis Metabolized to four hydroxyatrazine compounds Metabolized to four hydroxyatrazine compounds
& to three chlorinated atrazine compounds.& to three chlorinated atrazine compounds.
What is Atrazine?What is Atrazine?
Systematic herbicide that blocks photosynthesisSystematic herbicide that blocks photosynthesis Metabolized to four hydroxyatrazine compounds Metabolized to four hydroxyatrazine compounds
& to three chlorinated atrazine compounds.& to three chlorinated atrazine compounds. Predominate metabolites found in plantsPredominate metabolites found in plants
What is Atrazine?What is Atrazine?
Systematic herbicide that blocks photosynthesisSystematic herbicide that blocks photosynthesis Metabolized to four hydroxyatrazine compounds Metabolized to four hydroxyatrazine compounds
& to three chlorinated atrazine compounds.& to three chlorinated atrazine compounds. Predominate metabolites found in plantsPredominate metabolites found in plants Desethylated atrazine, desisopropyl atrazine, & Desethylated atrazine, desisopropyl atrazine, &
diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) predominate in diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) predominate in animal tissues, & in soils and wateranimal tissues, & in soils and water
What is Atrazine?What is Atrazine?
Systematic herbicide that blocks photosynthesisSystematic herbicide that blocks photosynthesis Metabolized to four hydroxyatrazine compounds Metabolized to four hydroxyatrazine compounds
& to three chlorinated atrazine compounds.& to three chlorinated atrazine compounds. Predominate metabolites found in plantsPredominate metabolites found in plants Desethylated atrazine, desisopropyl atrazine, & Desethylated atrazine, desisopropyl atrazine, &
diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) predominate in diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) predominate in animal tissues, & in soils and wateranimal tissues, & in soils and water
commonly detected pesticide in ground and surface water
What is Atrazine?What is Atrazine?
Systematic herbicide that blocks photosynthesisSystematic herbicide that blocks photosynthesis Metabolized to four hydroxyatrazine compounds Metabolized to four hydroxyatrazine compounds
& to three chlorinated atrazine compounds.& to three chlorinated atrazine compounds. Predominate metabolites found in plantsPredominate metabolites found in plants Desethylated atrazine, desisopropyl atrazine, & Desethylated atrazine, desisopropyl atrazine, &
diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) predominate in diaminochlorotriazine (DACT) predominate in animal tissues, & in soils and wateranimal tissues, & in soils and water
commonly detected pesticide in ground and surface water
detected in streams, rivers, groundwater, and reservoirs is related directly to both its volume of usage, and its tendency to persist in soils and move with water.
It’s a pesticide, so what?It’s a pesticide, so what?
It’s a pesticide, so what?It’s a pesticide, so what?
Most widely used herbicide in the worldMost widely used herbicide in the world
It’s a pesticide, so what?It’s a pesticide, so what?
Most widely used herbicide in the worldMost widely used herbicide in the world Most common contaminant in ground and surface Most common contaminant in ground and surface
waterswaters
It’s a pesticide, so what?It’s a pesticide, so what?
Most widely used herbicide in the worldMost widely used herbicide in the world Most common contaminant in ground and surface Most common contaminant in ground and surface
waterswaters About 64 to 75 million lbs of active ingredient are About 64 to 75 million lbs of active ingredient are
applied per yearapplied per year
It’s a pesticide, so what?It’s a pesticide, so what?
Most widely used herbicide in the worldMost widely used herbicide in the world Most common contaminant in ground and surface Most common contaminant in ground and surface
waterswaters About 64 to 75 million lbs of active ingredient are About 64 to 75 million lbs of active ingredient are
applied per yearapplied per year Three-fourths of all field corn & sorghum are Three-fourths of all field corn & sorghum are
treated with atrazine annually for weed control treated with atrazine annually for weed control
It’s a pesticide, so what?It’s a pesticide, so what?
Most widely used herbicide in the worldMost widely used herbicide in the world Most common contaminant in ground and surface Most common contaminant in ground and surface
waterswaters About 64 to 75 million lbs of active ingredient are About 64 to 75 million lbs of active ingredient are
applied per yearapplied per year Three-fourths of all field corn & sorghum are Three-fourths of all field corn & sorghum are
treated with atrazine annually for weed control treated with atrazine annually for weed control Also used on sugarcane, wheat, guava, Also used on sugarcane, wheat, guava,
macadamia nuts orchard grass and haymacadamia nuts orchard grass and hay
What does Atrazine cause?What does Atrazine cause?
What does Atrazine cause?What does Atrazine cause?
Hermaphroditism in American Leopard Frogs Hermaphroditism in American Leopard Frogs ((Rana pipiensRana pipiens))
What does Atrazine cause?What does Atrazine cause?
Hermaphroditism in American Leopard Frogs Hermaphroditism in American Leopard Frogs ((Rana pipiensRana pipiens)) 21 ppb atrazine exposure in 48 hrs can results 21 ppb atrazine exposure in 48 hrs can results
in severe gonadal dygenesis in African clawed in severe gonadal dygenesis in African clawed frogs (frogs (Xenopus laevis)Xenopus laevis)
What does Atrazine cause?What does Atrazine cause?
Hermaphroditism in American Leopard Frogs Hermaphroditism in American Leopard Frogs ((Rana pipiensRana pipiens)) 21 ppb atrazine exposure in 48 hrs can results 21 ppb atrazine exposure in 48 hrs can results
in severe gonadal dygenesis in African clawed in severe gonadal dygenesis in African clawed frogs (frogs (Xenopus laevis)Xenopus laevis)
at concentrations of 0.1 ppb, atrazine induces at concentrations of 0.1 ppb, atrazine induces hermaphroditism hermaphroditism
The experimentThe experiment
The experimentThe experiment
Leopard frogs obtained from Sensiba March, Leopard frogs obtained from Sensiba March, Brown County, Wisconsin then shipped to the Brown County, Wisconsin then shipped to the University of California BerkeleyUniversity of California Berkeley
The experimentThe experiment
Leopard frogs obtained from Sensiba March, Leopard frogs obtained from Sensiba March, Brown County, Wisconsin then shipped to the Brown County, Wisconsin then shipped to the University of California BerkeleyUniversity of California Berkeley
Larvae were treated by immersion with nominal Larvae were treated by immersion with nominal concentrations of 0, 0.1, or 25 ppb atrazine (98% concentrations of 0, 0.1, or 25 ppb atrazine (98% pure) pure)
The experimentThe experiment
Leopard frogs obtained from Sensiba March, Leopard frogs obtained from Sensiba March, Brown County, Wisconsin then shipped to the Brown County, Wisconsin then shipped to the University of California BerkeleyUniversity of California Berkeley
Larvae were treated by immersion with nominal Larvae were treated by immersion with nominal concentrations of 0, 0.1, or 25 ppb atrazine (98% concentrations of 0, 0.1, or 25 ppb atrazine (98% pure) pure)
Atrazine was predissolved in ethanol, and all Atrazine was predissolved in ethanol, and all treatments contained 0.0036% ethanol treatments contained 0.0036% ethanol
The experimentThe experiment
Leopard frogs obtained from Sensiba March, Leopard frogs obtained from Sensiba March, Brown County, Wisconsin then shipped to the Brown County, Wisconsin then shipped to the University of California BerkeleyUniversity of California Berkeley
Larvae were treated by immersion with nominal Larvae were treated by immersion with nominal concentrations of 0, 0.1, or 25 ppb atrazine (98% concentrations of 0, 0.1, or 25 ppb atrazine (98% pure) pure)
Atrazine was predissolved in ethanol, and all Atrazine was predissolved in ethanol, and all treatments contained 0.0036% ethanol treatments contained 0.0036% ethanol
Exposed throughout larval period from 2 days Exposed throughout larval period from 2 days posthatching until complete tail reabsorbtion.posthatching until complete tail reabsorbtion.
The experimentThe experiment
Leopard frogs obtained from Sensiba March, Brown Leopard frogs obtained from Sensiba March, Brown County, Wisconsin then shipped to the University County, Wisconsin then shipped to the University of California Berkeleyof California Berkeley
Larvae were treated by immersion with nominal Larvae were treated by immersion with nominal concentrations of 0, 0.1, or 25 ppb atrazine (98% concentrations of 0, 0.1, or 25 ppb atrazine (98% pure) pure)
Atrazine was predissolved in ethanol, and all Atrazine was predissolved in ethanol, and all treatments contained 0.0036% ethanol treatments contained 0.0036% ethanol
Exposed throughout larval period from 2 days Exposed throughout larval period from 2 days posthatching until complete tail reabsorbtion.posthatching until complete tail reabsorbtion.
All dosing and analyses were conducted blindly All dosing and analyses were conducted blindly with color-coded tanks and treatments. with color-coded tanks and treatments.
The experiment continuedThe experiment continued
The experiment continuedThe experiment continued
At metamorphosis, each animal was weighed and At metamorphosis, each animal was weighed and measured then euthanized in 0.2% benzocaine, measured then euthanized in 0.2% benzocaine, fixed in Bouin’s fixative, and preserved in 70% fixed in Bouin’s fixative, and preserved in 70% ethanol until further analysis.ethanol until further analysis.
The experiment continuedThe experiment continued
At metamorphosis, each animal was weighed and At metamorphosis, each animal was weighed and measured then euthanized in 0.2% benzocaine, measured then euthanized in 0.2% benzocaine, fixed in Bouin’s fixative, and preserved in 70% fixed in Bouin’s fixative, and preserved in 70% ethanol until further analysis.ethanol until further analysis.
Sex of all individuals were determined based on Sex of all individuals were determined based on gross gonadal morphology using a Nikon SMZ 10Agross gonadal morphology using a Nikon SMZ 10A
The experiment continuedThe experiment continued
At metamorphosis, each animal was weighed and At metamorphosis, each animal was weighed and measured then euthanized in 0.2% benzocaine, measured then euthanized in 0.2% benzocaine, fixed in Bouin’s fixative, and preserved in 70% fixed in Bouin’s fixative, and preserved in 70% ethanol until further analysis.ethanol until further analysis.
Sex of all individuals were determined based on Sex of all individuals were determined based on gross gonadal morphology using a Nikon SMZ 10Agross gonadal morphology using a Nikon SMZ 10A
Tissues dissected and dehydrated in graded Tissues dissected and dehydrated in graded alcohols followed by infiltration with Histoclear alcohols followed by infiltration with Histoclear and paraffinand paraffin
The experiment continuedThe experiment continued
At metamorphosis, each animal was weighed and At metamorphosis, each animal was weighed and measured then euthanized in 0.2% benzocaine, measured then euthanized in 0.2% benzocaine, fixed in Bouin’s fixative, and preserved in 70% fixed in Bouin’s fixative, and preserved in 70% ethanol until further analysis.ethanol until further analysis.
Sex of all individuals were determined based on Sex of all individuals were determined based on gross gonadal morphology using a Nikon SMZ 10Agross gonadal morphology using a Nikon SMZ 10A
Tissues dissected and dehydrated in graded Tissues dissected and dehydrated in graded alcohols followed by infiltration with Histoclear alcohols followed by infiltration with Histoclear and paraffinand paraffin
Serial histological sections cut at 8µm through Serial histological sections cut at 8µm through entire gonadentire gonad
The experiment continuedThe experiment continued
At metamorphosis, each animal was weighed and At metamorphosis, each animal was weighed and measured then euthanized in 0.2% benzocaine, fixed measured then euthanized in 0.2% benzocaine, fixed in Bouin’s fixative, and preserved in 70% ethanol in Bouin’s fixative, and preserved in 70% ethanol until further analysis.until further analysis.
Sex of all individuals were determined based on Sex of all individuals were determined based on gross gonadal morphology using a Nikon SMZ 10Agross gonadal morphology using a Nikon SMZ 10A
Tissues dissected and dehydrated in graded alcohols Tissues dissected and dehydrated in graded alcohols followed by infiltration with Histoclear and paraffinfollowed by infiltration with Histoclear and paraffin
Serial histological sections cut at 8µm through entire Serial histological sections cut at 8µm through entire gonadgonad
Slides were stained in Mallory’s trichrome stain and Slides were stained in Mallory’s trichrome stain and images of gonads were recordedimages of gonads were recorded
The collection sitesThe collection sites
The collection sitesThe collection sites
Localities based on atrazine use determined by sales
The collection sitesThe collection sites
Localities based on atrazine use determined by sales
Countries with <0.4kg/km² atrazine use were chosen as potential control sites
The collection sitesThe collection sites
Localities based on atrazine use determined by sales
Countries with <0.4kg/km² atrazine use were chosen as potential control sites
>9.3 kg/km² were chosen as potential atrazine-exposed sites
The collection sitesThe collection sites
Localities based on atrazine use determined by sales
Countries with <0.4kg/km² atrazine use were chosen as potential control sites
>9.3 kg/km² were chosen as potential atrazine-exposed sites
Collection sites continuedCollection sites continued
Collection sites continuedCollection sites continued
Sampled in Utah on 15 July 2001 and moved Sampled in Utah on 15 July 2001 and moved eastwardeastward
Collection sites continuedCollection sites continued
Sampled in Utah on 15 July 2001 and moved Sampled in Utah on 15 July 2001 and moved eastwardeastward
Collected 100 animals in 8 sites for a total of 800 Collected 100 animals in 8 sites for a total of 800 animalsanimals
Collection sites continuedCollection sites continued
Sampled in Utah on 15 July 2001 and moved Sampled in Utah on 15 July 2001 and moved eastwardeastward
Collected 100 animals in 8 sites for a total of 800 Collected 100 animals in 8 sites for a total of 800 animalsanimals
Selected small individuals in an attempt to Selected small individuals in an attempt to sample newly metamorphosed animalssample newly metamorphosed animals
Collection sites continuedCollection sites continued
Sampled in Utah on 15 July 2001 and moved Sampled in Utah on 15 July 2001 and moved eastwardeastward
Collected 100 animals in 8 sites for a total of 800 Collected 100 animals in 8 sites for a total of 800 animalsanimals
Selected small individuals in an attempt to Selected small individuals in an attempt to sample newly metamorphosed animalssample newly metamorphosed animals
Animals were euthanized in benzocaine, fixed in Animals were euthanized in benzocaine, fixed in Bouin’s fixative for 48 hours and preserved in Bouin’s fixative for 48 hours and preserved in 70% ethanol70% ethanol
Collection sites continuedCollection sites continued
Sampled in Utah on 15 July 2001 and moved Sampled in Utah on 15 July 2001 and moved eastwardeastward
Collected 100 animals in 8 sites for a total of 800 Collected 100 animals in 8 sites for a total of 800 animalsanimals
Selected small individuals in an attempt to Selected small individuals in an attempt to sample newly metamorphosed animalssample newly metamorphosed animals
Animals were euthanized in benzocaine, fixed in Animals were euthanized in benzocaine, fixed in Bouin’s fixative for 48 hours and preserved in Bouin’s fixative for 48 hours and preserved in 70% ethanol70% ethanol
They were measured and sex was determined They were measured and sex was determined and histological analysis was conducted on the and histological analysis was conducted on the gonads of 20 males from each site and a subset gonads of 20 males from each site and a subset of females from each siteof females from each site
Chemical AnalysisChemical Analysis
Chemical AnalysisChemical Analysis
At each site, 100mL of water was collectedAt each site, 100mL of water was collected
Chemical AnalysisChemical Analysis
At each site, 100mL of water was collectedAt each site, 100mL of water was collected Frozen on dry ice Frozen on dry ice
Chemical AnalysisChemical Analysis
At each site, 100mL of water was collectedAt each site, 100mL of water was collected Frozen on dry ice Frozen on dry ice Atrazine levels were determinedAtrazine levels were determined
Chemical AnalysisChemical Analysis
At each site, 100mL of water was collectedAt each site, 100mL of water was collected Frozen on dry ice Frozen on dry ice Atrazine levels were determinedAtrazine levels were determined Water sample extracted in organic solvent Water sample extracted in organic solvent
followed by aqueous/organic extractionfollowed by aqueous/organic extraction
Chemical AnalysisChemical Analysis
At each site, 100mL of water was collectedAt each site, 100mL of water was collected Frozen on dry ice Frozen on dry ice Atrazine levels were determinedAtrazine levels were determined Water sample extracted in organic solvent Water sample extracted in organic solvent
followed by aqueous/organic extractionfollowed by aqueous/organic extraction Analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass Analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass
spectrophotometry using daughter ionspectrophotometry using daughter ion
Chemical AnalysisChemical Analysis
At each site, 100mL of water was collectedAt each site, 100mL of water was collected Frozen on dry ice Frozen on dry ice Atrazine levels were determinedAtrazine levels were determined Water sample extracted in organic solvent Water sample extracted in organic solvent
followed by aqueous/organic extractionfollowed by aqueous/organic extraction Analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass Analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass
spectrophotometry using daughter ionspectrophotometry using daughter ion Positive controls contained mixtures of pesticides Positive controls contained mixtures of pesticides
at both 0.1 and 10.0 ppb at both 0.1 and 10.0 ppb
Chemical AnalysisChemical Analysis
At each site, 100mL of water was collectedAt each site, 100mL of water was collected Frozen on dry ice Frozen on dry ice Atrazine levels were determinedAtrazine levels were determined Water sample extracted in organic solvent Water sample extracted in organic solvent
followed by aqueous/organic extractionfollowed by aqueous/organic extraction Analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass Analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass
spectrophotometry using daughter ionspectrophotometry using daughter ion Positive controls contained mixtures of pesticides Positive controls contained mixtures of pesticides
at both 0.1 and 10.0 ppb at both 0.1 and 10.0 ppb detection limits at 0.1 ppbdetection limits at 0.1 ppb
Gonadal analysis on lab-animalsGonadal analysis on lab-animals
Gonadal analysis on lab-animalsGonadal analysis on lab-animals
Control animals sexually differentiated at metamorphosis
Gonadal analysis on lab-animalsGonadal analysis on lab-animals
Control animals sexually differentiated at metamorphosis earliest males to
metamorphose had solid testicular lobules
Gonadal analysis on lab-animalsGonadal analysis on lab-animals
Control animals sexually differentiated at metamorphosis earliest males to
metamorphose had solid testicular lobules
testes were more testes were more differentiated differentiated (contained more (contained more distinct tubules and distinct tubules and germ cells) anteriorly germ cells) anteriorly than posteriorlythan posteriorly
Gonadal analysis on lab-animalsGonadal analysis on lab-animals
Control animals sexually differentiated at metamorphosis earliest males to
metamorphose had solid testicular lobules
testes were more testes were more differentiated differentiated (contained more (contained more distinct tubules and distinct tubules and germ cells) anteriorly germ cells) anteriorly than posteriorlythan posteriorly
Gonadal analysis continuedGonadal analysis continued
Gonadal analysis continuedGonadal analysis continued
Animals that Animals that metamorphosed later had metamorphosed later had open lobulesopen lobules
Gonadal analysis continuedGonadal analysis continued
Animals that Animals that metamorphosed later had metamorphosed later had open lobulesopen lobules Contained both primary Contained both primary
spermatogonia and spermatogonia and spermatidsspermatids
Gonadal analysis continuedGonadal analysis continued
Animals that Animals that metamorphosed later had metamorphosed later had open lobulesopen lobules Contained both primary Contained both primary
spermatogonia and spermatogonia and spermatidsspermatids
Females had numerous Females had numerous oocytes in their gonads oocytes in their gonads and a central ovarian and a central ovarian cavitycavity
Gonadal analysis continuedGonadal analysis continued
Animals that Animals that metamorphosed later had metamorphosed later had open lobulesopen lobules Contained both primary Contained both primary
spermatogonia and spermatogonia and spermatidsspermatids
Females had numerous Females had numerous oocytes in their gonads oocytes in their gonads and a central ovarian and a central ovarian cavitycavity
The ResultsThe Results
The ResultsThe Results
Atrazine-treated males (0.1 Atrazine-treated males (0.1 and 25 ppb) were sexually and 25 ppb) were sexually differentiated at differentiated at metamorphosismetamorphosis
The ResultsThe Results
Atrazine-treated males (0.1 Atrazine-treated males (0.1 and 25 ppb) were sexually and 25 ppb) were sexually differentiated at differentiated at metamorphosismetamorphosis 36 and 12% of males 36 and 12% of males
treated with 0.1 and 25 treated with 0.1 and 25 ppb atrazine suffered ppb atrazine suffered gonadal dysgenesis gonadal dysgenesis
The ResultsThe Results
Atrazine-treated males (0.1 and Atrazine-treated males (0.1 and 25 ppb) were sexually 25 ppb) were sexually differentiated at metamorphosisdifferentiated at metamorphosis 36 and 12% of males treated 36 and 12% of males treated
with 0.1 and 25 ppb atrazine with 0.1 and 25 ppb atrazine suffered gonadal dysgenesis suffered gonadal dysgenesis
Gonadal dysgenesis- Gonadal dysgenesis- underdeveloped testes underdeveloped testes with poorly structured, with poorly structured, closed lobules or no closed lobules or no lobules at all and low to lobules at all and low to absent germ cellsabsent germ cells
The ResultsThe Results
Atrazine-treated males (0.1 and Atrazine-treated males (0.1 and 25 ppb) were sexually 25 ppb) were sexually differentiated at metamorphosisdifferentiated at metamorphosis 36 and 12% of males treated 36 and 12% of males treated
with 0.1 and 25 ppb atrazine with 0.1 and 25 ppb atrazine suffered gonadal dysgenesis suffered gonadal dysgenesis
Gonadal dysgenesis- Gonadal dysgenesis- underdeveloped testes underdeveloped testes with poorly structured, with poorly structured, closed lobules or no closed lobules or no lobules at all and low to lobules at all and low to absent germ cellsabsent germ cells
The Results ContinuedThe Results Continued
The Results ContinuedThe Results Continued
29% of the 0.1 ppb-treated animals and 8% that 29% of the 0.1 ppb-treated animals and 8% that were treated with 25 ppb displayed varying were treated with 25 ppb displayed varying degrees of sex reversaldegrees of sex reversal
The Results ContinuedThe Results Continued
29% of the 0.1 ppb-treated animals and 8% that 29% of the 0.1 ppb-treated animals and 8% that were treated with 25 ppb displayed varying were treated with 25 ppb displayed varying degrees of sex reversaldegrees of sex reversal
Testicular lobules of sex-reversed males Testicular lobules of sex-reversed males contained oocytescontained oocytes
The Results ContinuedThe Results Continued
29% of the 0.1 ppb-treated animals and 8% that 29% of the 0.1 ppb-treated animals and 8% that were treated with 25 ppb displayed varying were treated with 25 ppb displayed varying degrees of sex reversaldegrees of sex reversal
Testicular lobules of sex-reversed males Testicular lobules of sex-reversed males contained oocytescontained oocytes
Males that metamorphosed later contained large Males that metamorphosed later contained large number of oocytesnumber of oocytes
The Results ContinuedThe Results Continued
29% of the 0.1 ppb-treated animals and 8% that 29% of the 0.1 ppb-treated animals and 8% that were treated with 25 ppb displayed varying were treated with 25 ppb displayed varying degrees of sex reversaldegrees of sex reversal
Testicular lobules of sex-reversed males Testicular lobules of sex-reversed males contained oocytescontained oocytes
Males that metamorphosed later contained large Males that metamorphosed later contained large number of oocytesnumber of oocytes
Males that underwent complete sex reversal had Males that underwent complete sex reversal had gonads almost completely filled with oocytes and gonads almost completely filled with oocytes and only a limited number of lobules remained. only a limited number of lobules remained.
The Results ContinuedThe Results Continued
29% of the 0.1 ppb-treated animals and 8% that 29% of the 0.1 ppb-treated animals and 8% that were treated with 25 ppb displayed varying were treated with 25 ppb displayed varying degrees of sex reversaldegrees of sex reversal
Testicular lobules of sex-reversed males Testicular lobules of sex-reversed males contained oocytescontained oocytes
Males that metamorphosed later contained large Males that metamorphosed later contained large number of oocytesnumber of oocytes
Males that underwent complete sex reversal had Males that underwent complete sex reversal had gonads almost completely filled with oocytes and gonads almost completely filled with oocytes and only a limited number of lobules remained. only a limited number of lobules remained.
No observable effects in atrazine-treated femalesNo observable effects in atrazine-treated females
Observations in the WildObservations in the Wild
Observations in the WildObservations in the Wild
Chemical analysis of water revealed none of the Chemical analysis of water revealed none of the sites were atrazine free sites were atrazine free
Observations in the WildObservations in the Wild
Chemical analysis of water revealed none of the Chemical analysis of water revealed none of the sites were atrazine free sites were atrazine free Only one site (Juab County, Utah) contained Only one site (Juab County, Utah) contained
<0.2 ppb atrazine levels<0.2 ppb atrazine levels
Observations in the WildObservations in the Wild
Chemical analysis of water revealed none of the Chemical analysis of water revealed none of the sites were atrazine free sites were atrazine free Only one site (Juab County, Utah) contained Only one site (Juab County, Utah) contained
<0.2 ppb atrazine levels<0.2 ppb atrazine levels Sites in Utah and Wyoming did not have Sites in Utah and Wyoming did not have
detectable levels of atrazine metabolitesdetectable levels of atrazine metabolites
Observations in the WildObservations in the Wild
Chemical analysis of water revealed none of the Chemical analysis of water revealed none of the sites were atrazine free sites were atrazine free Only one site (Juab County, Utah) contained Only one site (Juab County, Utah) contained
<0.2 ppb atrazine levels<0.2 ppb atrazine levels Sites in Utah and Wyoming did not have Sites in Utah and Wyoming did not have
detectable levels of atrazine metabolitesdetectable levels of atrazine metabolites All sites with atrazine sales exceeding 0.4 kg/km² All sites with atrazine sales exceeding 0.4 kg/km²
and contaminant levels that exceeded 0.2 ppb and contaminant levels that exceeded 0.2 ppb had males that displayed sex reversal similar to had males that displayed sex reversal similar to those that resulted from laboratory those that resulted from laboratory
Observations in the Wild Observations in the Wild ContinuedContinued
Observations in the Wild Observations in the Wild ContinuedContinued
Site 3, North Platte Site 3, North Platte River in Wyoming had River in Wyoming had most advanced cases most advanced cases of hermaphroditism of hermaphroditism
Observations in the Wild Observations in the Wild ContinuedContinued
Site 3, North Platte Site 3, North Platte River in Wyoming had River in Wyoming had most advanced cases most advanced cases of hermaphroditism of hermaphroditism 92% testicular 92% testicular
oocytesoocytes
Observations in the Wild Observations in the Wild ContinuedContinued
Site 3, North Platte Site 3, North Platte River in Wyoming had River in Wyoming had most advanced cases most advanced cases of hermaphroditism of hermaphroditism 92% testicular 92% testicular
oocytesoocytes Advanced stages of Advanced stages of
complete sex complete sex reversalreversal
Observations in the Wild Observations in the Wild ContinuedContinued
Site 3, North Platte Site 3, North Platte River in Wyoming had River in Wyoming had most advanced cases of most advanced cases of hermaphroditism hermaphroditism 92% testicular 92% testicular
oocytesoocytes Advanced stages of Advanced stages of
complete sex reversalcomplete sex reversal All other sites varied in All other sites varied in
frequency and severity frequency and severity of gonadal of gonadal abnormalitiesabnormalities
Observations in the Wild Observations in the Wild ContinuedContinued
Site 3, North Platte Site 3, North Platte River in Wyoming had River in Wyoming had most advanced cases of most advanced cases of hermaphroditism hermaphroditism 92% testicular 92% testicular
oocytesoocytes Advanced stages of Advanced stages of
complete sex reversalcomplete sex reversal All other sites varied in All other sites varied in
frequency and severity frequency and severity of gonadal of gonadal abnormalitiesabnormalities
Contaminant levelsContaminant levels
Contaminant levelsContaminant levels
The Collection SitesThe Collection Sites
The Collection SitesThe Collection Sites
Contaminant levels continuedContaminant levels continued
Contaminant levels continuedContaminant levels continued
What does all this mean?What does all this mean?
What does all this mean?What does all this mean?
Atrazine exposure disrupts gonadal development Atrazine exposure disrupts gonadal development in exposed larvaein exposed larvae
What does all this mean?What does all this mean?
Atrazine exposure disrupts gonadal development Atrazine exposure disrupts gonadal development in exposed larvaein exposed larvae
Widespread atrazine contamination was Widespread atrazine contamination was accompanied by observation of hermaphroditic accompanied by observation of hermaphroditic animals in the fieldanimals in the field
What does all this mean?What does all this mean?
Atrazine exposure disrupts gonadal development Atrazine exposure disrupts gonadal development in exposed larvaein exposed larvae
Widespread atrazine contamination was Widespread atrazine contamination was accompanied by observation of hermaphroditic accompanied by observation of hermaphroditic animals in the fieldanimals in the field
Studies suggest that atrazine impacts amphibians Studies suggest that atrazine impacts amphibians in the wildin the wild
What does all this mean?What does all this mean?
Atrazine exposure disrupts gonadal development Atrazine exposure disrupts gonadal development in exposed larvaein exposed larvae
Widespread atrazine contamination was Widespread atrazine contamination was accompanied by observation of hermaphroditic accompanied by observation of hermaphroditic animals in the fieldanimals in the field
Studies suggest that atrazine impacts amphibians Studies suggest that atrazine impacts amphibians in the wildin the wild Atrazine contamination of water coincides with Atrazine contamination of water coincides with
amphibian breeding activityamphibian breeding activity
What does this mean to us?What does this mean to us?
What does this mean to us?What does this mean to us?
Not so much that amphibian population declines Not so much that amphibian population declines (decline is minimal)(decline is minimal)
What does this mean to us?What does this mean to us?
Not so much that amphibian population declines Not so much that amphibian population declines (decline is minimal)(decline is minimal)
We drink the same waterWe drink the same water
What does this mean to us?What does this mean to us?
Not so much that amphibian population declines Not so much that amphibian population declines (decline is minimal)(decline is minimal)
We drink the same waterWe drink the same water Atrazine effects on amphibians vs. atrazine Atrazine effects on amphibians vs. atrazine
effects on humanseffects on humans
What does this mean to us?What does this mean to us?
Not so much that amphibian population declines Not so much that amphibian population declines (decline is minimal)(decline is minimal)
We drink the same waterWe drink the same water Atrazine effects on amphibians vs. atrazine Atrazine effects on amphibians vs. atrazine
effects on humanseffects on humans May cause reproduction problems if long term May cause reproduction problems if long term
exposure to atrazineexposure to atrazine
What does this mean to us?What does this mean to us?
Not so much that amphibian population declines Not so much that amphibian population declines (decline is minimal)(decline is minimal)
We drink the same waterWe drink the same water Atrazine effects on amphibians vs. atrazine Atrazine effects on amphibians vs. atrazine
effects on humanseffects on humans May cause reproduction problems if long term May cause reproduction problems if long term
exposure to atrazineexposure to atrazine ““Adverse effects Adverse effects on hypothalamic-pituitary
function in humans”--Scientific Advisory Panel convened in June 2000
Risk and ExposureRisk and Exposure
Risk and ExposureRisk and Exposure
The Bigger PictureThe Bigger Picture
The Bigger PictureThe Bigger Picture
Why should we care?Why should we care?
The Bigger PictureThe Bigger Picture
Why should we care?Why should we care? Atrazine contamination may affect us alsoAtrazine contamination may affect us also
The Bigger PictureThe Bigger Picture
Why should we care?Why should we care? Atrazine contamination may affect us alsoAtrazine contamination may affect us also May not be same effects exhibited in May not be same effects exhibited in
amphibiansamphibians
The Bigger PictureThe Bigger Picture
Why should we care?Why should we care? Atrazine contamination may affect us alsoAtrazine contamination may affect us also May not be same effects exhibited in May not be same effects exhibited in
amphibiansamphibians More aware of other pesticidesMore aware of other pesticides
The Bigger PictureThe Bigger Picture
Why should we care?Why should we care? Atrazine contamination may affect us alsoAtrazine contamination may affect us also May not be same effects exhibited in May not be same effects exhibited in
amphibiansamphibians More aware of other pesticidesMore aware of other pesticides
How do we solve Atrazine Contamination?How do we solve Atrazine Contamination?
The Bigger PictureThe Bigger Picture
Why should we care?Why should we care? Atrazine contamination may affect us alsoAtrazine contamination may affect us also May not be same effects exhibited in May not be same effects exhibited in
amphibiansamphibians More aware of other pesticidesMore aware of other pesticides
How do we solve Atrazine Contamination?How do we solve Atrazine Contamination? Prohibit atrazine distributionProhibit atrazine distribution
The Bigger PictureThe Bigger Picture
Why should we care?Why should we care? Atrazine contamination may affect us alsoAtrazine contamination may affect us also May not be same effects exhibited in May not be same effects exhibited in
amphibiansamphibians More aware of other pesticidesMore aware of other pesticides
How do we solve Atrazine Contamination?How do we solve Atrazine Contamination? Prohibit atrazine distributionProhibit atrazine distribution Come up with new pesticide Come up with new pesticide
SourcesSources
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/reregistration/atrazine/hed_redchap_16apr02.PDF
Atrazine-Induced Hermaphroditism at 0.1 ppb in American Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens): Laboratory and Field Evidence http://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/members/2003/5932/5932.pdf
Feminized Frogs: Herbicide disrupts sexual growth http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020420/fob1.asp