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    AtollRF Planning & Optimisation Software

    Technical Reference Guide

    v e r s i o n 2.8.2

    AT282_TRG_E0

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    Technical Reference Guide

    Forsk 2010 AT282_TRG_E0 3

    Contact Information

    Atoll 2.8.2 Technical Reference Guide Release AT282_TRG_E0

    Copyright 1997 - 2010 by Forsk

    The software described in this document is provided under a licence agreement. The software may only be used/copied

    under the terms and conditions of the licence agreement. No part of this document may be copied, reproduced or

    distributed in any form without prior authorisation from Forsk.

    The product or brand names mentioned in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective

    registering parties.

    About the Technical Reference Guide

    This document is targeted at readers with a prior knowledge of Atoll, its operation and basic functioning. It is not the User

    Manual for Atoll, and does not teach how to operate and use Atoll. It is a supplementary document containing detailed

    descriptions of models, algorithms and concepts adopted in Atoll. Therefore, it concerns only the appropriate personnel.

    The Atoll Technical Reference Guide is divided into three parts with each part comprising similar topics. The first part

    contains descriptions of general terms, entities, ideas and concepts in Atoll that are encountered throughout its use. It is

    followed by the second part that consists of descriptions of entities common to all types of networks and the algorithms

    that are technology independent and are available in any network type. Lastly, the guide provides detailed descriptions of

    each basic type of network that can be modelled and studied in Atoll.

    Forsk (Head Office) 7 rue des Briquetiers

    31700 Blagnac

    France

    www.forsk.com

    [email protected]

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    Forsk (USA Office) 200 South Wacker Drive

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    Table of Contents

    Forsk 2010 AT282_TRG_E0 5

    Table of Contents

    1 Coordinate Systems and Units ....................................................... 271.1 Coordinate Systems............................................................................................................................... 27

    1.1.1 Description of Coordinate Systems .................................................................................................. 27

    1.1.1.1 Geographic Coordinate System.................................................................................................. 27

    1.1.1.2 Datum ......................................................................................................................................... 27

    1.1.1.3 Meridian ...................................................................................................................................... 27

    1.1.1.4 Ellipsoid ...................................................................................................................................... 27

    1.1.1.5 Projection.................................................................................................................................... 28

    1.1.1.6 Projection Coordinate System .................................................................................................... 28

    1.1.2 Coordinate Systems in Atoll ............................................................................................................. 28

    1.1.2.1 Projection Coordinate System .................................................................................................... 28

    1.1.2.2 Display Coordinate System ........................................................................................................ 28

    1.1.2.3 Internal Coordinate Systems ...................................................................................................... 28

    1.1.3 File Formats ..................................................................................................................................... 29

    1.1.3.1 Unit Codes .................................................................................................................................. 291.1.3.2 Datum Codes.............................................................................................................................. 30

    1.1.3.3 Projection Method Codes ........................................................................................................... 31

    1.1.3.4 Ellipsoid Codes ........................................................................................................................... 31

    1.1.3.5 Projection Parameter Indices...................................................................................................... 32

    1.1.4 Creating a Coordinate System ......................................................................................................... 32

    1.2 Units ....................................................................................................................................................... 32

    1.2.1 Power Units ...................................................................................................................................... 32

    1.2.2 Length Units ..................................................................................................................................... 33

    1.3 BSIC Format .......................................................................................................................................... 33

    2 Geographic and Radio Data ........................................................... 372.1 Geographic Data .................................................................................................................................... 37

    2.1.1 Data Type ......................................................................................................................................... 37

    2.1.1.1 Digital Terrain Model (DTM) ....................................................................................................... 37

    2.1.1.2 Clutter (Land Use) ...................................................................................................................... 38

    2.1.1.2.1 Clutter Classes...................................................................................................................... 38

    2.1.1.2.2 Clutter Heights ...................................................................................................................... 38

    2.1.1.3 Traffic Data ................................................................................................................................. 38

    2.1.1.3.1 User Profile Environment Based Traffic Maps ...................................................................... 38

    2.1.1.3.2 User Profile Traffic Maps....................................................................................................... 38

    2.1.1.3.3 Sector Traffic Maps ............................................................................................................... 38

    2.1.1.3.4 User Density Traffic Maps..................................................................................................... 39

    2.1.1.4 Vector Data................................................................................................................................. 39

    2.1.1.5 Scanned Images......................................................................................................................... 39

    2.1.1.6 Population................................................................................................................................... 39

    2.1.1.7 Other Geographic Data............................................................................................................... 39

    2.1.2 Supported Geographic Data Formats .............................................................................................. 392.2 Radio Data ............................................................................................................................................. 40

    2.2.1 Site ................................................................................................................................................... 40

    2.2.2 Antenna ............................................................................................................................................ 40

    2.2.3 Transmitter ....................................................................................................................................... 40

    2.2.4 Repeater ........................................................................................................................................... 40

    2.2.5 Remote Antenna .............................................................................................................................. 41

    2.2.6 Station .............................................................................................................................................. 41

    2.2.7 Hexagonal Design ............................................................................................................................ 41

    2.2.8 GSM GPRS EGPRS Documents ..................................................................................................... 41

    2.2.8.1 TRX............................................................................................................................................. 41

    2.2.8.2 Subcell ........................................................................................................................................ 41

    2.2.8.3 Cell Type..................................................................................................................................... 41

    2.2.9 All CDMA, WiMAX, and LTE Documents ......................................................................................... 41

    2.2.9.1 Cell.............................................................................................................................................. 41

    3 File Formats .................................................................................... 453.1 BIL Format ............................................................................................................................................. 45

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    3.1.1 HDR Header File...............................................................................................................................45

    3.1.1.1 Description ..................................................................................................................................45

    3.1.1.2 Samples ......................................................................................................................................46

    3.1.1.2.1 Digital Terrain Model..............................................................................................................46

    3.1.1.2.2 Clutter Classes File................................................................................................................46

    3.1.1.2.3 BIL File...................................................................................................................................46

    3.2 TIF Format start here..............................................................................................................................47

    3.2.1 TFW Header File...............................................................................................................................47

    3.2.2 Sample ..............................................................................................................................................48

    3.2.2.1 Clutter Classes File .....................................................................................................................483.3 BMP Format............................................................................................................................................48

    3.3.1 BMP File Description.........................................................................................................................48

    3.3.1.1 BMP File Structure ......................................................................................................................48

    3.3.1.2 BMP Raster Data Encoding ........................................................................................................50

    3.3.1.2.1 Raster Data Compression Descriptions.................................................................................50

    3.3.2 BPW/BMW Header File Description..................................................................................................51

    3.3.3 Sample ..............................................................................................................................................51

    3.3.3.1 Clutter Classes File .....................................................................................................................51

    3.4 PNG Format............................................................................................................................................51

    3.4.1 PGW Header File Description ...........................................................................................................51

    3.5 Generic Raster Header File (.wld) ..........................................................................................................52

    3.5.1 WLD File Description ........................................................................................................................52

    3.5.2 Sample ..............................................................................................................................................52

    3.5.2.1 Clutter Classes File .....................................................................................................................523.6 DXF Format ............................................................................................................................................52

    3.7 SHP Format ............................................................................................................................................52

    3.8 MIF Format .............................................................................................................................................53

    3.9 TAB Format ............................................................................................................................................53

    3.10 ECW Format ...........................................................................................................................................54

    3.11 Erdas Imagine Format ............................................................................................................................54

    3.12 Planet EV/Vertical Mapper Geographic Data Format .............................................................................54

    3.13 ArcView Grid Format ..............................................................................................................................55

    3.13.1 ArcView Grid File Description ...........................................................................................................55

    3.13.2 Sample ..............................................................................................................................................55

    3.14 Other Supported Geographic Data File Formats ....................................................................................55

    3.15 Planet Format .........................................................................................................................................55

    3.15.1 DTM File............................................................................................................................................563.15.1.1 Description ..................................................................................................................................56

    3.15.1.2 Sample ........................................................................................................................................56

    3.15.2 Clutter Class Files .............................................................................................................................56

    3.15.2.1 Description ..................................................................................................................................56

    3.15.2.2 Sample ........................................................................................................................................57

    3.15.3 Vector Files .......................................................................................................................................57

    3.15.3.1 Description ..................................................................................................................................57

    3.15.3.2 Sample ........................................................................................................................................58

    3.15.4 Image Files........................................................................................................................................58

    3.15.5 Text Data Files ..................................................................................................................................58

    3.16 MNU Format ...........................................................................................................................................59

    3.16.1 Description ........................................................................................................................................59

    3.16.2 Sample ..............................................................................................................................................59

    3.17 XML Table Export/Import Format ...........................................................................................................593.17.1 Index.xml File ....................................................................................................................................59

    3.17.2 XML File ............................................................................................................................................60

    3.18 Externalised Propagation Results Format ..............................................................................................61

    3.18.1 DBF File ............................................................................................................................................61

    3.18.1.1 DBF File Format ..........................................................................................................................61

    3.18.1.1.1 DBF Structure ........................................................................................................................61

    3.18.1.1.2 DBF Header (Variable Size - Depends on Field Count) ........................................................61

    3.18.1.1.3 Each DBF Record (Fixed Length)..........................................................................................63

    3.18.1.2 DBF File Content .........................................................................................................................63

    3.18.2 LOS File ............................................................................................................................................64

    3.19 Externalised Tuning Files .......................................................................................................................64

    3.19.1 DBF File ............................................................................................................................................64

    3.19.1.1 DBF File Format ..........................................................................................................................643.19.1.1.1 DBF Structure ........................................................................................................................65

    3.19.1.1.2 DBF Header (Variable Size - Depends on Field Count) ........................................................65

    3.19.1.1.3 Each DBF Record (Fixed Length)..........................................................................................66

    3.19.1.2 DBF File Content .........................................................................................................................66

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    3.19.2 PTS File............................................................................................................................................ 67

    3.20 Interference Histograms File Formats.................................................................................................... 67

    3.20.1 One Histogram per Line (.im0) Format............................................................................................. 67

    3.20.1.1 Sample........................................................................................................................................ 68

    3.20.2 One Value per Line with Dictionary File (.clc) Format ...................................................................... 68

    3.20.2.1 CLC File...................................................................................................................................... 69

    3.20.2.1.1 Description ............................................................................................................................ 69

    3.20.2.1.2 Sample .................................................................................................................................. 69

    3.20.2.2 DCT File...................................................................................................................................... 70

    3.20.2.2.1 Description ............................................................................................................................ 703.20.2.2.2 Sample .................................................................................................................................. 70

    3.20.3 One Value per Line (Transmitter Name Repeated) (.im1) Format ................................................... 71

    3.20.3.1 Sample........................................................................................................................................ 71

    3.20.4 Only Co-Channel and Adjacent Values (.im2) Format ..................................................................... 72

    3.20.4.1 Sample........................................................................................................................................ 72

    3.21 Antenna Formats.................................................................................................................................... 73

    3.21.1 2D Antenna Pattern Format ............................................................................................................. 73

    3.21.2 3D Antenna Pattern Format ............................................................................................................. 74

    4 Calculations .................................................................................... 794.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................ 79

    4.2 Path Loss Matrices................................................................................................................................. 80

    4.2.1 Calculation Area Determination........................................................................................................ 814.2.1.1 Computation Zone ...................................................................................................................... 81

    4.2.1.2 Use of Polygonal Zones in Coverage Prediction Reports........................................................... 81

    4.2.2 Calculate / Force Calculation Comparison ....................................................................................... 82

    4.2.2.1 Calculate..................................................................................................................................... 82

    4.2.2.2 Force Calculation........................................................................................................................ 82

    4.2.3 Matrix Validity ................................................................................................................................... 82

    4.3 Path Loss Calculations........................................................................................................................... 83

    4.3.1 Ground Altitude Determination ......................................................................................................... 83

    4.3.2 Clutter Determination ....................................................................................................................... 84

    4.3.2.1 Clutter Class ............................................................................................................................... 84

    4.3.2.2 Clutter Height.............................................................................................................................. 84

    4.3.3 Geographic Profile Extraction........................................................................................................... 84

    4.3.3.1 Extraction Methods ..................................................................................................................... 84

    4.3.3.1.1 Radial Extraction ................................................................................................................... 844.3.3.1.2 Systematic Extraction ........................................................................................................... 85

    4.3.3.2 Profile Resolution: Multi-Resolution Management ...................................................................... 86

    4.4 Propagation Models ............................................................................................................................... 88

    4.4.1 Okumura-Hata and Cost-Hata Propagation Models......................................................................... 89

    4.4.1.1 Hata Path Loss Formula ............................................................................................................. 89

    4.4.1.2 Corrections to the Hata Path Loss Formula................................................................................ 89

    4.4.1.3 Calculations in Atoll .................................................................................................................... 89

    4.4.2 ITU 529-3 Propagation Model .......................................................................................................... 90

    4.4.2.1 ITU 529-3 Path Loss Formula..................................................................................................... 90

    4.4.2.2 Corrections to the ITU 529-3 Path Loss Formula ....................................................................... 90

    4.4.2.2.1 Environment Correction ........................................................................................................ 90

    4.4.2.2.2 Area Size Correction ............................................................................................................. 90

    4.4.2.2.3 Distance Correction .............................................................................................................. 914.4.2.3 Calculations in Atoll .................................................................................................................... 91

    4.4.3 Standard Propagation Model (SPM) ................................................................................................ 91

    4.4.3.1 SPM Path Loss Formula............................................................................................................. 91

    4.4.3.2 Calculations in Atoll .................................................................................................................... 92

    4.4.3.2.1 Visibility and Distance Between Transmitter and Receiver ................................................... 92

    4.4.3.2.2 Effective Transmitter Antenna Height ................................................................................... 92

    4.4.3.2.3 Effective Receiver Antenna Height ....................................................................................... 95

    4.4.3.2.4 Correction for Hilly Regions in Case of LOS ......................................................................... 95

    4.4.3.2.5 Diffraction .............................................................................................................................. 96

    4.4.3.2.6 Losses due to Clutter ............................................................................................................ 96

    4.4.3.2.7 Recommendations ................................................................................................................ 97

    4.4.3.3 Automatic SPM Calibration......................................................................................................... 97

    4.4.3.3.1 General Algorithm ................................................................................................................. 98

    4.4.3.3.2 Sample Values for SPM Path Loss Formula Parameters ..................................................... 984.4.3.4 Unmasked Path Loss Calculation............................................................................................... 99

    4.4.4 WLL Propagation Model ................................................................................................................. 100

    4.4.4.1 WLL Path Loss Formula ........................................................................................................... 100

    4.4.4.2 Calculations in Atoll .................................................................................................................. 100

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    4.4.4.2.1 Free Space Loss..................................................................................................................100

    4.4.4.2.2 Diffraction.............................................................................................................................100

    4.4.5 ITU-R P.526-5 Propagation Model..................................................................................................100

    4.4.5.1 ITU 526-5 Path Loss Formula ...................................................................................................100

    4.4.5.2 Calculations in Atoll ...................................................................................................................101

    4.4.5.2.1 Free Space Loss..................................................................................................................101

    4.4.5.2.2 Diffraction.............................................................................................................................101

    4.4.6 ITU-R P.370-7 Propagation Model..................................................................................................101

    4.4.6.1 ITU 370-7 Path Loss Formula ...................................................................................................101

    4.4.6.2 Calculations in Atoll ...................................................................................................................1014.4.6.2.1 Free Space Loss..................................................................................................................101

    4.4.6.2.2 Corrected Standard Loss.....................................................................................................101

    4.4.7 Erceg-Greenstein (SUI) Propagation Model ...................................................................................102

    4.4.7.1 SUI Terrain Types .....................................................................................................................103

    4.4.7.2 Erceg-Greenstein (SUI) Path Loss Formula..............................................................................103

    4.4.7.3 Calculations in Atoll ...................................................................................................................104

    4.4.8 ITU-R P.1546-2 Propagation Model................................................................................................104

    4.4.8.1 Calculations in Atoll ...................................................................................................................105

    4.4.8.1.1 Step 1: Determination of Graphs to be Used.......................................................................105

    4.4.8.1.2 Step 2: Calculation of Maximum Field Strength...................................................................105

    4.4.8.1.3 Step 3: Determination of Transmitter Antenna Height .........................................................105

    4.4.8.1.4 Step 4: Interpolation/Extrapolation of Field Strength ...........................................................105

    4.4.8.1.5 Step 5: Calculation of Correction Factors ............................................................................107

    4.4.8.1.6 Step 6: Calculation of Path Loss..........................................................................................1084.4.9 Sakagami Extended Propagation Model.........................................................................................108

    4.4.10 Appendices .....................................................................................................................................110

    4.4.10.1 Free Space Loss .......................................................................................................................110

    4.4.10.2 Diffraction Loss..........................................................................................................................110

    4.4.10.2.1 Knife-Edge Diffraction..........................................................................................................110

    4.4.10.2.2 3 Knife-Edge Deygout Method.............................................................................................111

    4.4.10.2.3 Epstein-Peterson Method ....................................................................................................112

    4.4.10.2.4 Deygout Method with Correction .........................................................................................112

    4.4.10.2.5 Millington Method.................................................................................................................113

    4.5 Path Loss Tuning..................................................................................................................................113

    4.5.1 Transmitter Path Loss Tuning .........................................................................................................113

    4.5.2 Repeater Path Loss Tuning ............................................................................................................114

    4.6 Antenna Attenuation Calculation ..........................................................................................................1154.6.1 Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles............................................................................................115

    4.6.2 Antenna Pattern 3-D Interpolation...................................................................................................116

    4.6.3 Additional Electrical Downtilt Modelling...........................................................................................117

    4.6.4 Antenna Pattern Smoothing ............................................................................................................117

    4.6.4.1 Smoothing Algorithm .................................................................................................................119

    4.7 Shadowing Model .................................................................................................................................119

    4.7.1 Shadowing Margin Calculation........................................................................................................123

    4.7.1.1 Shadowing Margin Calculation in Predictions ...........................................................................124

    4.7.1.2 Shadowing Margin Calculation in Monte-Carlo Simulations......................................................125

    4.7.2 Macro-Diversity Gains Calculation ..................................................................................................126

    4.7.2.1 Uplink Macro-Diversity Gain Evaluation ....................................................................................126

    4.7.2.1.1 Shadowing Error PDF (n Signals)........................................................................................126

    4.7.2.1.2 Uplink Macro-Diversity Gain ................................................................................................128

    4.7.2.2 Downlink Macro-Diversity Gain Evaluation ...............................................................................1284.7.2.2.1 Shadowing Error PDF (n Signals)........................................................................................128

    4.7.2.2.2 Downlink Macro-Diversity Gain............................................................................................131

    4.8 Appendices ...........................................................................................................................................131

    4.8.1 Transmitter Radio Equipment .........................................................................................................131

    4.8.1.1 UMTS HSPA, CDMA2000 1xRTT 1xEV-DO, and TD-SCDMA Documents..............................132

    4.8.1.2 GSM GPRS EGPRS Documents ..............................................................................................133

    4.8.1.3 WiMAX 802.16d and WiMAX 802.16e Documents ...................................................................133

    4.8.1.4 LTE Documents.........................................................................................................................134

    4.8.2 Secondary Antennas.......................................................................................................................135

    5 GSM GPRS EDGE Networks ........................................................1395.1 Signal Level Calculations......................................................................................................................139

    5.1.1 Point Analysis..................................................................................................................................1395.1.1.1 Profile Tab .................................................................................................................................139

    5.1.1.2 Reception Tab ...........................................................................................................................139

    5.1.2 Signal Level-based Coverage Predictions ......................................................................................140

    5.1.2.1 Service Area Determination ......................................................................................................140

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    5.1.2.1.1 All Servers........................................................................................................................... 140

    5.1.2.1.2 Best Signal Level and a Margin .......................................................................................... 140

    5.1.2.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ............................................................................. 140

    5.1.2.1.4 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin.................................................................. 141

    5.1.2.1.5 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin .................................................... 141

    5.1.2.1.6 HCS Servers and a Margin ................................................................................................. 141

    5.1.2.1.7 Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin.......................................................................... 142

    5.1.2.1.8 Best Idle Mode Reselection Criterion (C2).......................................................................... 142

    5.1.2.2 Coverage Display ..................................................................................................................... 143

    5.1.2.2.1 Coverage Resolution .......................................................................................................... 1435.1.2.2.2 Display Types ..................................................................................................................... 143

    5.2 Interference-based Calculations .......................................................................................................... 144

    5.2.1 Carrier-to-Interference Ratio Calculation........................................................................................ 144

    5.2.2 Point Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 147

    5.2.3 Interference-based Coverage Predictions ...................................................................................... 147

    5.2.3.1 Service Area Determination...................................................................................................... 148

    5.2.3.2 Coverage Area Determination .................................................................................................. 148

    5.2.3.2.1 Interference Condition Satisfied by At Least One TRX ....................................................... 148

    5.2.3.2.2 Interference Condition Satisfied by The Worst TRX ........................................................... 148

    5.2.3.3 Coverage Display ..................................................................................................................... 148

    5.2.3.3.1 Coverage Resolution .......................................................................................................... 148

    5.2.3.3.2 Display Types ..................................................................................................................... 148

    5.3 GPRS/EDGE Calculations ................................................................................................................... 149

    5.3.1 Coding Scheme Selection and Throughput Calculation Without Ideal Link Adaptation ................. 1495.3.1.1 Calculations Based on C .......................................................................................................... 149

    5.3.1.2 Calculations Based on C/I ........................................................................................................ 150

    5.3.1.3 Calculations Based on C/(I+N) ................................................................................................. 150

    5.3.2 Coding Scheme Selection and Throughput Calculation With Ideal Link Adaptation ...................... 151

    5.3.2.1 Calculations Based on C .......................................................................................................... 151

    5.3.2.2 Calculations Based on C/I ........................................................................................................ 151

    5.3.2.3 Calculations Based on C/(I+N) ................................................................................................. 151

    5.3.3 Application Throughput Calculation................................................................................................ 152

    5.3.4 BLER Calculation ........................................................................................................................... 152

    5.3.5 GPRS/EDGE Coverage Predictions............................................................................................... 152

    5.3.5.1 Service Area Determination...................................................................................................... 152

    5.3.5.1.1 All Servers........................................................................................................................... 152

    5.3.5.1.2 Best Signal Level and a Margin .......................................................................................... 1525.3.5.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ............................................................................. 153

    5.3.5.1.4 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin.................................................................. 153

    5.3.5.1.5 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin .................................................... 153

    5.3.5.1.6 HCS Servers and a Margin ................................................................................................. 153

    5.3.5.1.7 Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin.......................................................................... 154

    5.3.5.1.8 Best Idle Mode Reselection Criterion (C2).......................................................................... 154

    5.3.5.2 Coverage Display ..................................................................................................................... 154

    5.3.5.2.1 Coverage Resolution .......................................................................................................... 154

    5.3.5.2.2 Display Types ..................................................................................................................... 154

    5.4 Codec Mode Selection and CQI Calculations ...................................................................................... 156

    5.4.1 Circuit Quality Indicator Calculations.............................................................................................. 158

    5.4.2 CQI Calculation Without Ideal Link Adaptation .............................................................................. 158

    5.4.2.1 Calculations Based on C/N....................................................................................................... 158

    5.4.2.2 Calculations Based on C/(I+N) ................................................................................................. 1585.4.3 CQI Calculation With Ideal Link Adaptation ................................................................................... 159

    5.4.3.1 Calculations Based on C/N....................................................................................................... 159

    5.4.3.2 Calculations Based on C/(I+N) ................................................................................................. 159

    5.4.4 Circuit Quality Indicators Coverage Predictions ............................................................................. 160

    5.4.4.1 Service Area Determination...................................................................................................... 160

    5.4.4.1.1 All Servers........................................................................................................................... 160

    5.4.4.1.2 Best Signal Level and a Margin .......................................................................................... 160

    5.4.4.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ............................................................................. 160

    5.4.4.1.4 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin.................................................................. 160

    5.4.4.1.5 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin .................................................... 161

    5.4.4.1.6 HCS Servers and a Margin ................................................................................................. 161

    5.4.4.1.7 Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin.......................................................................... 161

    5.4.4.2 Coverage Display ..................................................................................................................... 1625.4.4.2.1 Coverage Resolution .......................................................................................................... 162

    5.4.4.2.2 Display Types ..................................................................................................................... 162

    5.5 Traffic Analysis..................................................................................................................................... 162

    5.5.1 Traffic Distribution .......................................................................................................................... 162

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    5.5.1.1 Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer) ..........................................................................162

    5.5.1.1.1 Circuit Switched Services ....................................................................................................162

    5.5.1.1.2 Packet Switched Services ...................................................................................................163

    5.5.1.2 Concentric Cells ........................................................................................................................163

    5.5.1.2.1 Circuit Switched Services ....................................................................................................163

    5.5.1.2.2 Packet Switched Services ...................................................................................................163

    5.5.1.3 HCS Layers ...............................................................................................................................163

    5.5.1.3.1 Circuit Switched Services ....................................................................................................163

    5.5.1.3.2 Packet Switched Services ...................................................................................................163

    5.5.2 Calculation of the Traffic Demand per Subcell................................................................................1635.5.2.1 User Profile Traffic Maps ...........................................................................................................163

    5.5.2.1.1 Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer).....................................................................163

    5.5.2.1.2 Concentric Cells...................................................................................................................164

    5.5.2.1.3 HCS Layers .........................................................................................................................165

    5.5.2.2 Sector Traffic Maps ...................................................................................................................168

    5.5.2.2.1 Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer).....................................................................168

    5.5.2.2.2 Concentric Cells...................................................................................................................169

    5.5.2.2.3 HCS Layers .........................................................................................................................169

    5.6 Network Dimensioning..........................................................................................................................173

    5.6.1 Dimensioning Models and Quality Graphs......................................................................................173

    5.6.1.1 Circuit Switched Traffic..............................................................................................................174

    5.6.1.2 Packet Switched Traffic .............................................................................................................174

    5.6.1.2.1 Throughput ..........................................................................................................................174

    5.6.1.2.2 Delay....................................................................................................................................1765.6.1.2.3 Blocking Probability .............................................................................................................176

    5.6.2 Network Dimensioning Process ......................................................................................................178

    5.6.2.1 Network Dimensioning Engine ..................................................................................................178

    5.6.2.1.1 Inputs ...................................................................................................................................178

    5.6.2.1.2 Outputs ................................................................................................................................178

    5.6.2.2 Network Dimensioning Steps ....................................................................................................178

    5.6.2.2.1 Step 1: Timeslots Required for CS Traffic ...........................................................................178

    5.6.2.2.2 Step 2: TRXs Required for CS Traffic and Dedicated PS Timeslots ...................................179

    5.6.2.2.3 Step 3: Effective CS Blocking, Effective CS Traffic Overflow and Served CS Traffic..........179

    5.6.2.2.4 Step 4: TRXs to Add for PS Traffic ......................................................................................179

    5.6.2.2.5 Step 5: Served PS Traffic ....................................................................................................181

    5.6.2.2.6 Step 6: Total Traffic Load ....................................................................................................182

    5.7 Key Performance Indicators Calculation...............................................................................................1825.7.1 Circuit Switched Traffic ...................................................................................................................182

    5.7.1.1 Erlang B.....................................................................................................................................182

    5.7.1.2 Erlang C ....................................................................................................................................182

    5.7.1.3 Served Circuit Switched Traffic .................................................................................................183

    5.7.2 Packet Switched Traffic...................................................................................................................183

    5.7.2.1 Case 1: Total Traffic Demand > Dedicated + Shared Timeslots ...............................................183

    5.7.2.1.1 Traffic Load..........................................................................................................................183

    5.7.2.1.2 Packet Switched Traffic Overflow ........................................................................................183

    5.7.2.1.3 Throughput Reduction Factor ..............................................................................................183

    5.7.2.1.4 Delay....................................................................................................................................183

    5.7.2.1.5 Blocking Probability .............................................................................................................183

    5.7.2.1.6 Served Packet Switched Traffic...........................................................................................183

    5.7.2.2 Case 2: Total Traffic Demand < Dedicated + Shared Timeslots ...............................................184

    5.7.2.2.1 Traffic Load..........................................................................................................................1845.7.2.2.2 Packet Switched Traffic Overflow ........................................................................................184

    5.7.2.2.3 Throughput Reduction Factor ..............................................................................................184

    5.7.2.2.4 Delay....................................................................................................................................184

    5.7.2.2.5 Blocking Probability .............................................................................................................184

    5.7.2.2.6 Served Packet Switched Traffic...........................................................................................184

    5.8 Neighbour Allocation.............................................................................................................................184

    5.8.1 Global Allocation for All Transmitters ..............................................................................................185

    5.8.2 Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter .............................................................188

    5.9 AFP Appendices ...................................................................................................................................188

    5.9.1 BSIC Allocation: Hard and Soft Constraints....................................................................................188

    5.9.2 The AFP Cost Function...................................................................................................................189

    5.9.2.1 Cost Function ............................................................................................................................189

    5.9.2.2 Cost Components......................................................................................................................1915.9.2.2.1 Separation Violation Cost Component.................................................................................191

    5.9.2.2.2 Interference Cost Component..............................................................................................192

    5.9.2.2.3 I_DIV, F_DIV and Other Advanced Cost Parameters..........................................................193

    5.9.3 The AFP Blocked Traffic Cost.........................................................................................................194

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    5.9.3.1 Calculation of New Traffic Loads Including Blocked Traffic Loads ........................................... 194

    5.9.3.2 Recalculation of CS and PS From Traffic Loads ...................................................................... 195

    5.9.3.3 Testing the Blocked Cost Using Traffic Analysis ...................................................................... 196

    5.9.3.4 Adjusting CS and PS According to a Known Target Overflow.................................................. 196

    5.9.4 Interferences .................................................................................................................................. 196

    5.9.4.1 Using Interferences................................................................................................................... 196

    5.9.4.2 Cumulative Density Function of C/I Levels ............................................................................... 197

    5.9.4.3 Precise Definition...................................................................................................................... 197

    5.9.4.4 Precise Interference Distribution Strategy ................................................................................ 197

    5.9.4.4.1 Direct Availability of Precise Interference Distribution to the AFP....................................... 1975.9.4.4.2 Efficient Calculation and Storage of Interference Distribution............................................. 198

    5.9.4.4.3 Robustness of the IM .......................................................................................................... 198

    5.9.4.5 Traffic Load and Interference Information Discrimination ......................................................... 198

    6 UMTS HSPA Networks ................................................................. 2016.1 General Prediction Studies .................................................................................................................. 201

    6.1.1 Calculation Criteria ......................................................................................................................... 201

    6.1.2 Point Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 201

    6.1.2.1 Profile Tab ................................................................................................................................ 201

    6.1.2.2 Reception Tab .......................................................................................................................... 201

    6.1.3 Coverage Studies ........................................................................................................................... 202

    6.1.3.1 Service Area Determination...................................................................................................... 202

    6.1.3.1.1 All Servers........................................................................................................................... 2026.1.3.1.2 Best Signal Level and a Margin .......................................................................................... 202

    6.1.3.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ............................................................................. 202

    6.1.3.2 Coverage Display ..................................................................................................................... 203

    6.1.3.2.1 Plot Resolution .................................................................................................................... 203

    6.1.3.2.2 Display Types ..................................................................................................................... 203

    6.2 Definitions and Formulas ..................................................................................................................... 204

    6.2.1 Inputs.............................................................................................................................................. 204

    6.2.2 Ec/I0 Calculation ............................................................................................................................ 209

    6.2.3 DL Eb/Nt Calculation ...................................................................................................................... 210

    6.2.4 UL Eb/Nt Calculation ...................................................................................................................... 211

    6.3 Active Set Management ....................................................................................................................... 212

    6.4 Simulations........................................................................................................................................... 212

    6.4.1 Generating a Realistic User Distribution ........................................................................................ 212

    6.4.1.1 Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps ...................................................................... 2136.4.1.1.1 Circuit Switched Service (i) ................................................................................................. 213

    6.4.1.1.2 Packet Switched Service (j) ................................................................................................ 213

    6.4.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps............................................................................... 216

    6.4.1.2.1 Throughputs in Uplink and Downlink................................................................................... 216

    6.4.1.2.2 Total Number of Users (All Activity Statuses) ..................................................................... 217

    6.4.1.2.3 Number of Users per Activity Status ................................................................................... 217

    6.4.2 Power Control Simulation............................................................................................................... 218

    6.4.2.1 Algorithm Initialization............................................................................................................... 219

    6.4.2.2 R99 Part of the Algorithm ......................................................................................................... 219

    6.4.2.3 HSDPA Part of the Algorithm.................................................................................................... 223

    6.4.2.3.1 HSDPA Power Allocation .................................................................................................... 223

    6.4.2.3.2 Number of HS-SCCH Channels and Maximum Number of HSDPA Bearer Users............. 224

    6.4.2.3.3 HSDPA Bearer Allocation Process ..................................................................................... 2246.4.2.3.4 Fast Link Adaptation Modelling ........................................................................................... 226

    6.4.2.3.5 MIMO Modelling .................................................................................................................. 236

    6.4.2.3.6 Scheduling Algorithms ........................................................................................................ 236

    6.4.2.4 HSUPA Part of the Algorithm.................................................................................................... 238

    6.4.2.4.1 Admission Control ............................................................................................................... 238

    6.4.2.4.2 HSUPA Bearer Allocation Process ..................................................................................... 240

    6.4.2.4.3 Noise Rise Scheduling ........................................................................................................ 242

    6.4.2.4.4 Radio Resource Control...................................................................................................... 245

    6.4.2.5 Convergence Criteria................................................................................................................ 245

    6.4.3 Results ........................................................................................................................................... 246

    6.4.3.1 R99 Related Results................................................................................................................. 246

    6.4.3.2 HSPA Related Results.............................................................................................................. 247

    6.4.3.2.1 Statistics Tab ...................................................................................................................... 247

    6.4.3.2.2 Mobiles Tab ........................................................................................................................ 2486.4.3.2.3 Cells Tab ............................................................................................................................. 250

    6.4.3.2.4 Sites Tab ............................................................................................................................. 252

    6.4.4 Appendices..................................................................................................................................... 252

    6.4.4.1 Admission Control in the R99 Part............................................................................................ 252

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    6.4.4.2 Resources Management ...........................................................................................................252

    6.4.4.2.1 OVSF Codes Management..................................................................................................252

    6.4.4.2.2 Channel Elements Management .........................................................................................254

    6.4.4.2.3 Iub Backhaul Throughput.....................................................................................................254

    6.4.4.3 Downlink Load Factor Calculation .............................................................................................255

    6.4.4.3.1 Downlink Load Factor per Cell.............................................................................................255

    6.4.4.3.2 Downlink Load Factor per Mobile ........................................................................................256

    6.4.4.4 Uplink Load Factor Due to One User ........................................................................................256

    6.4.4.5 Inter-carrier Power Sharing Modelling .......................................................................................258

    6.4.4.6 Best Server Determination in Monte Carlo Simulations - Old Method ......................................2596.5 UMTS HSPA Prediction Studies ...........................................................................................................261

    6.5.1 Point Analysis..................................................................................................................................261

    6.5.1.1 AS Analysis Tab ........................................................................................................................261

    6.5.1.1.1 Bar Graph and Pilot Sub-Menu............................................................................................261

    6.5.1.1.2 Downlink Sub-Menu.............................................................................................................263

    6.5.1.1.3 Uplink Sub-Menu .................................................................................................................268

    6.5.2 Coverage Studies............................................................................................................................271

    6.5.2.1 Pilot Reception Analysis ............................................................................................................271

    6.5.2.1.1 Prediction Study Inputs........................................................................................................272

    6.5.2.1.2 Study Display Options .........................................................................................................272

    6.5.2.2 Downlink Service Area Analysis ................................................................................................273

    6.5.2.2.1 Prediction Study Inputs........................................................................................................273

    6.5.2.2.2 Study Display Options .........................................................................................................273

    6.5.2.3 Uplink Service Area Analysis ....................................................................................................2746.5.2.3.1 Prediction Study Inputs........................................................................................................275

    6.5.2.3.2 Study Display Options .........................................................................................................275

    6.5.2.4 Downlink Total Noise Analysis ..................................................................................................276

    6.5.2.4.1 Study Inputs.........................................................................................................................276

    6.5.2.4.2 Analysis on All Carriers........................................................................................................276

    6.5.2.4.3 Analysis on a Specific Carrier ..............................................................................................277

    6.5.2.5 HSDPA Prediction Study ...........................................................................................................277

    6.5.2.5.1 Prediction Study Inputs........................................................................................................277

    6.5.2.5.2 Study Display Options .........................................................................................................278

    6.5.2.6 HSUPA Prediction Study ...........................................................................................................281

    6.5.2.6.1 Prediction Study Inputs........................................................................................................282

    6.5.2.6.2 Calculation Options..............................................................................................................282

    6.5.2.6.3 Display Options....................................................................................................................2826.6 Automatic Neighbour Allocation............................................................................................................284

    6.6.1 Neighbour Allocation for All Transmitters........................................................................................284

    6.6.2 Neighbour Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter ............................................288

    6.6.3 Importance Calculation ...................................................................................................................288

    6.6.3.1 Importance of Intra-carrier Neighbours .....................................................................................288

    6.6.3.2 Importance of Inter-carrier Neighbours .....................................................................................289

    6.7 Primary Scrambling Code Allocation ....................................................................................................290

    6.7.1 Automatic Allocation Description.....................................................................................................290

    6.7.1.1 Options and Constraints ............................................................................................................290

    6.7.1.2 Allocation Process .....................................................................................................................291

    6.7.1.2.1 Single Carrier Network.........................................................................................................292

    6.7.1.2.2 Multi-Carrier Network...........................................................................................................292

    6.7.1.3 Priority Determination ................................................................................................................293

    6.7.1.3.1 Cell Priority ..........................................................................................................................2936.7.1.3.2 Transmitter Priority ..............................................................................................................295

    6.7.1.3.3 Site Priority ..........................................................................................................................295

    6.7.2 Allocation Examples........................................................................................................................295

    6.7.2.1 Allocation Strategies and Use a Maximum of Codes ................................................................295

    6.7.2.1.1 Strategy: Clustered ..............................................................................................................296

    6.7.2.1.2 Strategy: Distributed ............................................................................................................297

    6.7.2.1.3 Strategy: One Cluster per Site ............................................................................................297

    6.7.2.1.4 Strategy: Distributed per Site ..............................................................................................298

    6.7.2.2 Allocate Carriers Identically .......................................................................................................298

    6.8 Automatic GSM-UMTS Neighbour Allocation .......................................................................................299

    6.8.1 Overview .........................................................................................................................................299

    6.8.2 Automatic Allocation Description.....................................................................................................299

    6.8.2.1 Algorithm Based on Distance ....................................................................................................2996.8.2.2 Algorithm Based on Coverage Overlapping ..............................................................................300

    6.8.2.3 Appendices................................................................................................................................302

    6.8.2.3.1 Delete Existing Neighbours Option......................................................................................302

    6.8.2.3.2 Calculation of Inter-Transmitter Distance ............................................................................302

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    7 CDMA2000 Networks ................................................................... 3057.1 General Prediction Studies .................................................................................................................. 305

    7.1.1 Calculation Criteria ......................................................................................................................... 305

    7.1.2 Point Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 305

    7.1.2.1 Profile Tab ................................................................................................................................ 305

    7.1.2.2 Reception Tab .......................................................................................................................... 306

    7.1.3 Coverage Studies ........................................................................................................................... 306

    7.1.3.1 Service Area Determination...................................................................................................... 306

    7.1.3.1.1 All Servers........................................................................................................................... 306

    7.1.3.1.2 Best Signal Level and a Margin .......................................................................................... 3067.1.3.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and a Margin ............................................................................. 306

    7.1.3.2 Coverage Display ..................................................................................................................... 307

    7.1.3.2.1 Plot Resolution .................................................................................................................... 307

    7.1.3.2.2 Display Types ..................................................................................................................... 307

    7.2 Definitions and Formulas ..................................................................................................................... 308

    7.2.1 Parameters Used for CDMA2000 1xRTT Modelling ...................................................................... 308

    7.2.1.1 Inputs ........................................................................................................................................ 308

    7.2.1.2 Ec/I0 Calculation....................................................................................................................... 312

    7.2.1.3 DL Eb/Nt Calculation ................................................................................................................ 312

    7.2.1.4 UL Eb/Nt Calculation ................................................................................................................ 313

    7.2.1.5 Simulation Results .................................................................................................................... 315

    7.2.2 Parameters Used for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Modelling .................................................................. 316

    7.2.2.1 Inputs ........................................................................................................................................ 3167.2.2.2 Ec/I0 and Ec/Nt Calculations .................................................................................................... 319

    7.2.2.3 UL Eb/Nt Calculation ................................................................................................................ 320

    7.2.2.4 Simulation Results .................................................................................................................... 321

    7.3 Active Set Management ....................................................................................................................... 322

    7.4 Simulations........................................................................................................................................... 323

    7.4.1 Generating a Realistic User Distribution ........................................................................................ 323

    7.4.1.1 Number of Users, User Activity Status and User Data Rate..................................................... 323

    7.4.1.1.1 Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps................................................................. 323

    7.4.1.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps ......................................................................... 326

    7.4.1.2 Transition Flags for 1xEV-DO Rev.0 User Data Rates............................................................. 331

    7.4.1.3 User Geographical Position ...................................................................................................... 331

    7.4.2 Network Regulation Mechanism..................................................................................................... 331

    7.4.2.1 AtollCDMA2000 1xRTT Power Control Simulation Algorithm................................................... 331

    7.4.2.1.1 Algorithm Initialization ......................................................................................................... 3327.4.2.1.2 Presentation of the Algorithm.............................................................................................. 332

    7.4.2.1.3 Convergence Criterion ......................................