atmospheric optics - drphysics · atmospheric optics gabriel lombardi presented at cps-aapt meeting...
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Atmospheric Optics
Gabriel Lombardi
presented atCPS-AAPT Meeting
Spring 2003
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A selection of phenomena
• rainbows• halos• sunsets• sun pillars• the green flash• noctilucent & iridescent clouds• contrails / rocket trails
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Causes
• refraction (rainbows, halos, green flash)• diffraction (iridescent clouds)• Rayleigh scattering (sunsets)• Mie scattering (noctilucent clouds)• reflection (sun pillars)
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What color is the Sun?
yellow... orange?
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Chromaticity
• CIE chromaticity diagram
• 5000-6000Kblackbody is white
http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/colour/Tspectrum.html
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The color of stars
http://www.physics.sfasu.edu/astro/color.html
http://casa.colorado.edu/~ajsh/colour/Tspectrum.html
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A real picture
The Sun is white!
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Sunset colors
B:G:R
0.16 : 0.90 : 1.0 0.16 : 0.62 : 1.0 0.16 : 0.37: 1.0 0 : 0.28: 1.0
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Rayleigh scattering
k
E
• polarized• spectrally weighted to the blue• scattering from density fluctuations
I ~ !"4
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0.2 0.4 1.0R:G:B
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0.0 0.0 1.0R:G:B
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Rainbows
• secondary bow (colors reversed)• brighter inside the primary• polarization
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Rainbow theory
Isaac Newton, Opticks
primary
secondary
from Sun
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Rainbow geometry
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
distance from axis
angle
distance
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220 Halos
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/halo.htmlFred Kinley, personal communication
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Hexagonal ice crystals
n=1.31
600
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Deviation by a prism
20
25
30
35
40
45
0 20 40 60 80 100
incident angle
apex: 600
index: 1.31
220
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Sun pillars
• reflection from planar ice crystals
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Iridescent clouds
• uniform drop size (Mie scattering)• thin cloud (single scattering)
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap030311.html
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Rocket trails
• altitude/reddening• shear
http://www.freqofnature.com/photos/mmiii/
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Noctilucent geometry
! =D
R= 2
2h
R
D = 2Rh h
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Pinatubo sunset
http://www.liathach.supanet.com/volcansun.html
• still glowing one hour after sunset• h~20 km
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Green flash
http://www.intersoft.it/galaxlux/GreenFlashGallery.htm http://www.isc.tamu.edu/~astro/research/sandiego.html
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Green flash geometry
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/atmos/redsun.html
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Chinese lantern
Ed Ruf, personal communication