atmospheric motion nonrotating earth equator – warming and rising of air – rising air cools as...
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Atmospheric Motion
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Nonrotating Earth• Equator– Warming and rising of air– Rising air cools as it ascends– Surface winds blow towards
equator to replace ascending air
• Poles– Cool, dry air descends
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Global Wind Bands• Hadley cells– Subtropical cells– Air rises at the equator due to solar heating, and
falls due to cooling at ~30º
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Global Wind Bands• Ferrel cells– Temperate cells– Occurs between 30º and 50-60º latitude– Some air descending at 30º turns poleward
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Global Wind Bands• Polar cells– Centered over each pole– At 50-60º, the air is warm and wet enough to
ascend, but too dense to mix with Ferrel cell
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Wind Patterns• Between Cells:– Vertical air
movement– Weak surface
winds
• Within Cells:– Horizontal air
movement– Strong surface
winds
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Wind Patterns• Between Cells:• Hadley cells– Doldrums• Near the equator• Decrease in
pressure gradient• Variable breezes
– Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
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Wind Patterns• Between Cells:• Hadley and Ferrel
cells– Horse latitudes• 30º latitude• Subtropical high
pressure• Sinking air; dry
– Many deserts are found at this latitude
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Wind Patterns• Within Cells:– Hadley cell• Trade Winds
– Easterlies• Centered at 15º
– Ferrel cell• Westerlies• Centered at 45º
– Polar cell• Easterlies• 60-90º
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Radiation and Latitude
• More heat gained at equator
• More heat lost at higher latitudes
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Atmospheric Pressure
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Atmospheric Pressure
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High vs. Low Pressure High Pressure Cell
Anticyclonic rotation (clockwise) in N hemisphere
Downward vertical motion
Air is compressed and warmed
Dry weather
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High vs. Low Pressure Low Pressure Cell
Cyclonic rotation (counter clockwise in N hemisphere)
Upward vertical motion
Air expands and cools as it rises
Wet weather
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Fig. 8.16
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Wind Band Modification• Seasonal Changes
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Wind Band Modification• Seasonal Changes
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Wind Band Modification• Seasonal Changes
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Wind Band Modification• Seasonal Changes
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Monsoons - Summer• Land heats more rapidly
than ocean• Air above land expands
and rises creating low pressure
• Cool air flows from ocean
• Cool air is heated, expands, rises and condenses
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Monsoons - Winter• Land cools more rapidly than ocean• Air contracts and sinks creating high pressure• Dry surface winds move seaward
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Onshore & Offshore Breezes(small, daily mini-monsoons)
• Onshore Breeze
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Onshore & Offshore Breezes(small, daily mini-monsoons)
• Offshore Breeze
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Topographic Effect• Windward = wet• Leeward = dry
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• Rain shadow
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Jet Streams• High speed winds in the
upper troposphere
• Polar• Subtropical• Weather of temperate
zone
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Hurricanes• Easterly wave
• > 26.5 C (80 F)
• Typhoon or cyclone
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Hurricanes
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El Niño – Southern Oscillation
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El Niño – Southern Oscillation
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El Niño• Sea surface topography
and temperature
• Normal• El Niño• End of El Niño
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La Niña• Colder phases
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Storm Surge• Low atmospheric pressure• Strong onshore winds
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