atmospheric air pollution sampling · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. third edition. arthur c stern....
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION
SAMPLING
Prof JC (Koos) Engelbrecht
Associate Professor: Environmental Health
Faculty of Science
TSHWANE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
2013
SOURCE SAMPLING
Stack sampling An overview of sampling techniques
![Page 2: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Main aim of this lecture:
After promulgation of the list of activities which result in atmospheric
emissions which have or may have a significant detrimental effect on the
environment (Government Gazette No. 33064 dated 31 March 2010), the
sampling of point (stack) sources was prioritised. Industries that are holders
of atmospheric emission licenses, are required to conduct stack sampling to
comply to emissions standards as prescribed in the Minimum Emission
Standards. Specific methodology is also prescribed as per Schedule A of the
Standards.
This lecture aims to provide summative information to interested and affected
parties on the basics of stack sampling and to provide guidance on an
overview of sampling techniques and equipment.
SOURCE SAMPLING
Stack sampling An overview of sampling techniques
![Page 3: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
ISOKINETIC
ISO - means the same
KINETIC – means moving energy
![Page 4: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Misconceptions about
isokinetic sampling
• It is not a quick, simple exercise – fairly involved and complex, “almost an art”
• Time consuming – setting up of equipment, preliminary checks etc
• It is not related to occupational measurements – totally different discipline
• Specifically used for determining flue gas particulate / gas concentrations in a duct or stack
• Purpose designed equipment
![Page 5: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ISOKINETIC SAMPLING
DEFINITION
Sampling at such a rate that the velocity and the
direction of the gas entering the sampling nozzle is
the same as that of the gas in the duct / stack at the
same sampling point.
![Page 6: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Source sampling Stack (Isokinetic)
Reasons for sampling
• To determine the effectiveness of control equipment
• To demonstrate legal compliance (atmospheric emission license
conditions)
• To determine the specific source contribution to the receptor
environment
• To provide data for dispersion modeling
• To provide data for process efficiency
![Page 7: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Particulate
stack sampling
(Isokinetic)
![Page 8: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling
Sampling train diagrammatic representation
![Page 9: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling equipment
particulates
![Page 10: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling
Sampling train for particulates
![Page 11: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Stack sampling
Sampling train for gaseous pollutants (SO2) / PM
![Page 12: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Stack sampling
Velocity measurement system
![Page 13: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling
Criteria for selection of the sampling location
• At the point of greatest interest (e.g. a stack)
• In a straight section op ducting
• 5 or more diameters downstream from any bend or flow disturbance
• 3 or more diameters upstream from any bend or flow disturbance
• Accessible to sampling personnel and equipment
• Availability of electricity, water and air if needed
• Safety of point of sampling
OFTEN AN IDEAL SITE CANNOT BE FIND
AND A COMPRIMISE MUST BE REACHED
![Page 14: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling
Exemplified structure of measuring hole
![Page 15: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling
Typical sampling point provisions
![Page 16: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling
Gas velocity profile
• Velocity of gas entering the sampling probe must be
equal to the gas velocity at the sampling position.
• The gas velocity must be measured continually and
sampling velocity adjusted accordingly
• The sampling needs to be conducted under so called
“Normal conditions” that is prescribed by legislation
as 10% O2, 273 Kelvin and 101,3 kPa
![Page 17: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling - Gas velocity profile
Sampling position - theory
![Page 18: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Isokinetic sampling - Gas velocity profile
Sampling position - theory
At any point “r” from the center the velocity is found from:
U/Center = (1 – r/R)1/7
Also known as the1/7th law
Samples should therefore not be taken
from the central point of blocks (rectangular)
or rings (round) ducts, but from
representative positions in the duct.
![Page 19: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling
Over and under sampling
![Page 20: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling
Over and under sampling
![Page 21: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Isokinetic sampling
Sampling probe positions
Circular ducting
Annual rings of equal area minimum of 10 sampling points
![Page 22: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Isokinetic sampling particulates
Sampling position
Particle distribution in a duct
![Page 23: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Isokinetic sampling
Sampling probe positions
Rectangular duct
Minimum of nine measurement in the center
of each envisaged rectangular
![Page 24: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling
Sampling position – bends and curves
Sampling must be conducted:
In a straight section of pipe
If bends or flow disturbances:
• 5 or more diameters downstream
• 3 or more diameters upstream
![Page 25: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling
Sampling position – bends and curves
![Page 26: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling
Angle between inlet tube and stream direction
![Page 27: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Stack sampling
Isokinetic sampling
Sampling standards for particulates
Mostly ISO (International Standards Organisation) and EPA (United
States Environmental Protection Agency) are recommended in Schedule
A (Method for sampling and analysis) as methods to be used to confirm
legal compliance. Some examples are:
• ISO 9096 Stationary source emissions – Manual Determination of the
mass concentration particulate matter
• ISO 7935 Stationary source emissions – Determination of the mass
concentration of sulfur dioxide - Performance characteristics of
automated measuring method
• EPA Method 10 Carbon monoxide - NDIR
Other methods that the listed Schedule A may be used with the written
consent of the National Air Quality Officer
![Page 28: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Source sampling
Sampling equipment
![Page 29: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Isokinetic sampling
Particulates
Sampling nozzle
![Page 30: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Isokinetic sampling
Particulates
Sampling head with
filter holder
![Page 31: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Isokinetic sampling
Particulates
Filters – in stack fitration
![Page 32: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Isokinetic sampling
Particulates
Filters and filter holders
![Page 33: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Isokinetic sampling
Stack gas velocity - pitot tubes
![Page 34: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Isokinetic sampling
Vacuum pump
![Page 35: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Gaseous stack
sampling
![Page 36: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
GASEOUS SAMPLING PRINCIPLES
• Homogenous nature of gases – therefore not
necessary to sampling isokinetically because:
– Flue gas are presumed mixed thoroughly
– Very small molecules therefore not adversely
affected by gravity
– Properties of gases are such that a sample can be
taken at several predetermined points along the
diameter of the duct and still be representative
without having to sample isokinetically
![Page 37: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Stack sampling
Sampling train for gaseous pollutants (SO2) / PM
![Page 38: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Gas sampling
Bubblers
Gas washing bottles
![Page 39: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Stack sampling
Gases
Sampling train
![Page 40: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Associated errors that could
influence sampling accuracy
• Moisture
• Gas composition
• Nozzle, probe direction
• Leakages on test equipment
• Test equipment not calibrated
• Non-compliance to minimum requirements of relevant standard
• Not collecting enough particulate matter
• Unstable process conditions
![Page 41: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
CONTINIOUS
MONITORING
(Gases and particulates)
![Page 42: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Stack sampling
Opacity monitoring
In line stack
![Page 43: ATMOSPHERIC AIR POLLUTION SAMPLING · 2013-12-03 · air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976. • AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042909/5f3a2ba00d704277cb0fc477/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
ADDITIONAL REFERENCE MATERIAL
• Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis. Third Edition. James P Lodge.
Lewis Publishers. 1988.
• AIR POLLUTION. Volume III Measuring, monitoring and surveillance of
air pollution. THIRD EDITION. Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1976.
• AIR POLLUTION. Volume VII. Supplement to measuring, monitoring and
surveillance and engineering control of air pollution. THIRD EDITION.
Arthur C Stern. Academic Press. 1986.