atmosphere 2009 in brussels replacing f-gases with ammonia or why ammonia was never replaced by...
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Replacing F-gases with ammonia
or why ammonia was never replaced by synthetic refrigerants…
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Facts about ammonia
• Ammonia occurs naturally in the enviroment, e.g. human beings produce about 6 kg/year, a cow 1.000 kg/year
• Ammonia is one of the first refrigerants, used since 1872
• It is the most efficient refrigerant available
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Ammonia in refrigeration systems• Ammonia is not „consumed“, but recirculated in
the refrigeration system
• It can be estimated today about 5% of the available ammonia is „stored“ in refrigeration systems
• Only about 0,5% of the produced ammonia is used for refrigeration systems
• The price of ammonia is only fraction of the price for common synthetic refrigerants
Trading ammonia is not „big business“Lobby work for ammonia is not very attractive…
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Ammonia drawback• Flammable, although only at a certain
concentration (15 to 28%)
• Explosive, although nearly impossible due to required concentration and very high ignition temperature (651°C)
• Toxic, but smell will prevent harmful influence as long as persons can run away (smell of ammonia is regognized at 20 ppm, but becomes life threatning > 1.000 ppm)
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Is ammonia safe?• Accidents, particularly lethal accidents, do not
occur more frequently than with synthetic refrigerants. Ammonia has a good safety record!
• Accidents occur mainly during maintenance work within the close vicinity of the machinery room when safety regulations were disregarded
• However, due to the characteristic smell of ammonia, information about a leak will travel around the world fast
When used by trained personnel and according to regulations ammonia is at least as safe as any synthetic refrigerant!
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Leak tight systems
• Unpleasant and penetrating smell will ensure ammonia leaks are not tolerated
• Leakage rates of most synthetic refrigerants until today were determined to be more than 20%, because it is difficult (or nearly impossible) to detect synthetic refrigerants
Leak tight systems are a general requirement, (e.g. according to the F-gas regulation), not just a requirement for ammonia systems!
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Ammonia - requirements• Safety analysis
• Leak tight installation - welded steel pipe is the best choice.
• Installation according to technical standards
• Leak detection and proper ventilation
• Proper training of the staff required
This is not different from any refrigeration system using synthetic refrigerants, installed correctly!
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Safe ammonia applications• For more than 130 years ammonia is used in
industrial refrigeration systems, e.g. for food, chemical, pharmaceutical industry
• Ammonia is particularly suitable for heat recovery and heat pumps
• In recent years numerous ammonia systems for public buildings have been installed, e.g. for airports, hospitals, exhibition centers, govermental buildings, banks, universities, sport facilities, distric cooling, space craft and space station, to name just a few…
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
London Heathrow, Terminal 5
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Zürich airport, Switzerland
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Homerton hospital, London
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Roche DeeWhy, Australia
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
East railway station, Berlin
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Design buildings with ammonia chillers
O2 sport arenaBerlin, Germany
TreptowersBerlin, Germany
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Curling rink, Aberdeen
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
EVO heat pump, Germany
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
International Space Station (ISS)
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Why was ammonia always used?
• The specific enthalpy is 6 – 7 times higher than common synthetric refrigerants making it the most efficient refrigerant available
Wherever energy efficiency is important ammonia remains to be first choice - provided legislation will not prevent it‘s use!
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Legislation concerning ammonia?
• EN378 is a harmonised regulation that specifies all requirements to produce and install ammonia refrigeration systems
• Unfortunatelly operation of refrigeration system is still the responsibility of each member state and regulations differ widely
For example it is fairly easy to take advantage of efficient ammonia systems in UK, but it is nearly impossible to do so in France…
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
Ammonia - outlook
Ammonia will gain - and has already gained importance - not only for industrial applications, but also in other sectors, when energy consumption is of increasing concern!
The full potential of ammonia has not been fully used until today!
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
About eurammon
Our objectives:
• Providing a platform to share information about natural refrigerants.
• Increase awareness and acceptance of natural refrigerants.
• Promote natural refrigerants as environment-friendly, energy-efficient, future-proof, cost-effective and safe solution.
• Support sustainability in refrigeration technology.
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Atmosphere 2009 in Brussels
eurammon• … is a joint initiative of companies, institutions and
individuals who advocate an increased use of natural refrigerants.
• … delivers specific project experience for users and planners of refrigeration projects.
• … contributes to the development of progressive solutions in refrigeration as a partner to business and politics.
• … is committed to sustainable solutions at international level.
• … has a worldwide network with around 70 members from nearly 30 countries.