atm chapter 3
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ATM CHAPTER 3. BY CAPT AB MANAN MANSOR. Chapter 3 Flight Rules Instrument Flight Rules (IFR). IFR -regulations and procedures for flying aircraft by referring only to the aircraft instrument panel for navigation. IFR is flown in a Instrument Flight Condition - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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ATM CHAPTER 3
BY CAPT AB MANAN MANSOR
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Chapter 3 Flight RulesInstrument Flight Rules (IFR)
• IFR -regulations and procedures for flying aircraft by referring only to the aircraft instrument panel for navigation.
• IFR is flown in a Instrument Flight Condition • Only an IFR-rated pilot can fly while looking only at the
instrument panel in IFR. • IFR-rated pilots are authorized to fly through clouds.
Air Traffic Control procedures and airspace rules are designed to maintain separation from other aircraft.
• Most scheduled airline flights operate under IFR.• An IFR aircraft must comply strictly to ATC instructions as it
cannot see outside and depend on ATC seperations.
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Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC)
• Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from clouds, and ceiling equal to or better than specified minima.
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Instrument Meteorological Conditions (IMC)
• Meteorological conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from clouds, and ceiling less than minima specified for visual meteorological conditions (VMC).
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Chapter 3 Flight RulesVisual Flight Rules (VFR)
• VFR are often used for sight-seeing flights, aerial photography, or lift services for parachute jumping. (also military combat aircraft)
• The flight is operated under the Visual Meteorological Conditions.
• Pilots flying under VFR are not permitted to fly through clouds. Many non-commercial, private recreational aircraft also operate under VFR whenever the sky is clear.
• Under VFR, the pilot is primarily responsible for navigation, obstacle clearance and maintaining separation from other aircraft using the see-and-avoid concept.
• Most VFR flights are done in uncontrolled airspace.
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Chapter 3 Flight RulesCruise Level Quadrental Rule< 25,000 ft
• Less 90 degree– Odd thousand of feet
• 90 deg but less than 180 degree– Odd thousand of ft+ 500 ft
• 180 deg but less than 270 degree– Even thousand of feet
• 270 deg but less than 360 degree– Even thousand of ft + 500 ft.
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Chapter 3 Flight RulesCruise Level > 25,000 ft
• IFR– East (360 deg – 179 deg)• Odd (thousand ft)
– West (180 deg – 359 deg) • Even (thousand ft)
• VFR – East (000 deg – 179 deg)• Odd (thousand five hundred ft)
– West (180 deg – 359 deg)• Even (thousand five hundred ft)
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Airspace Class
• Class A• Class B• Class C• Class D• Class E • Class F• Class G
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Chapter 4 – Air Traffic Control Clearance
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