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U. Calgary TeamU. Calgary Team NORSTAR (ASIs/MSPs/Riometers)NORSTAR (ASIs/MSPs/Riometers) Data Analysis & Image ProcessingData Analysis & Image Processing Computer VisualizationComputer Visualization THEMIS ASI (Canada) OperationsTHEMIS ASI (Canada) Operations THEMIS ASI PrototypeTHEMIS ASI Prototype THEMIS ASI Web Site (U. Calgary)THEMIS ASI Web Site (U. Calgary) THEMIS ASI Data Management, Analysis, ProcessingTHEMIS ASI Data Management, Analysis, Processing THEMIS ASI Communications IssuesTHEMIS ASI Communications Issues

Themis ground-based ASI Array

Followed by M. Greffen and T. Trondsen

High-level Technical Support

• Kaare Berg (Wilbur; Satellite Instrumentation)

• Cliff Marcellus (CANOPUS Network; Flight Control Software)

• Titus Mathews Jr. (POCA; Image Compression; EE PhD)

• Peter King (Wilbur; Satellite Hardware; RF Engineering)

• Greg Enno (Viking, Freja, Interball UVAIs; Flight Control Soft.)

Brief History of University of Calgary Space Group Experience• ISIS II Scanning Photometer• Host of ground-based instruments (Phot.; FP; Spect.; First ASI)• CANOPUS (ASI; MSPs; Communications Infrastructure)• Viking UV• Freja UV• Interball II UVAI• Nozomi TPA• Numerous rocket optical and particle instruments• NORSTAR• MIRACLE ASI array (experience via Mikko Syrjäsuo)• Portable Auroral Imager; High Speed Photometer; Induction Coil Mags

E. Donovan

L. Cogger

T. Trondsen

M. Syrjäsuo

B. Jackel M. Greffen

D. Wallis F. Creutzberg

E. Spanswick

N. Partamies

M. Connors

D. Knudsen

W. Liu

• Imaging TechnologyImaging Technology• Field OperationsField Operations• CommunicationsCommunications• Auroral StudiesAuroral Studies

• Imaging TechnologyImaging Technology• Machine VisionMachine Vision• Field OperationsField Operations• Database ManagementDatabase Management

• Optical StudiesOptical Studies• ManagementManagement• Technical SupportTechnical Support• Financial SupportFinancial Support

• Auroral DynamicsAuroral Dynamics• Substorm StudiesSubstorm Studies• Energy FluxEnergy Flux

• Auroral ObservationsAuroral Observations• Substorm StudiesSubstorm Studies• Machine VisionMachine Vision• ManagementManagement

• Auroral ObservationsAuroral Observations• Information TheoryInformation Theory• Database ManagementDatabase Management• Field OperationsField Operations• CommunicationsCommunications

• Riometer GuruRiometer Guru• Magnetometer GuruMagnetometer Guru• CommunicationsCommunications• Field OperationsField Operations

• Field Site ManagerField Site Manager• Arctic OperationsArctic Operations• Technical SupportTechnical Support• CommunicationsCommunications

• Photometer GuruPhotometer Guru• Auroral ObservationsAuroral Observations• CommunicationsCommunications• Field OperationsField Operations

• Athabasca ObservatoryAthabasca Observatory• MagnetometersMagnetometers• InversionInversion• Quebec Operations?Quebec Operations?

• Riometer SpecialistRiometer Specialist• Substorm Onset (gloria)Substorm Onset (gloria)• Public RelationsPublic Relations

• Dense ArrayDense Array• Auroral StudiesAuroral Studies

• Enthusiastic Program ScientistEnthusiastic Program Scientist

CANOPUS ASI images (one CANOPUS ASI images (one minute cadence; 557 nm filter) minute cadence; 557 nm filter) for the late growth phase, early for the late growth phase, early expansive phase of a substorm. expansive phase of a substorm. The bottom panel is a keogram The bottom panel is a keogram showing high resolution MSP showing high resolution MSP data from the CANOPUS MSP, data from the CANOPUS MSP, also located at Gillam. also located at Gillam.

Note the spiral at 0332 UT, and Note the spiral at 0332 UT, and well defined north-south well defined north-south structure at 0337 UT. Events such structure at 0337 UT. Events such as this illustrate both the as this illustrate both the limitations and advantages of limitations and advantages of ground-based optical ground-based optical observations. The advantage is observations. The advantage is resolution (spatial here, and resolution (spatial here, and temporal not here, but easily temporal not here, but easily obtainable). The disadvantage is obtainable). The disadvantage is limitation to spatial scales smaller limitation to spatial scales smaller than ALL relevant substom than ALL relevant substom phenomena.phenomena.

CANOPUS MSP observations of CANOPUS MSP observations of the proton aurora. This is an the proton aurora. This is an indispensable capability for indispensable capability for comprehensive synoptic comprehensive synoptic observations for closure of the observations for closure of the substorm problem.substorm problem.

In particular, the one-to-one In particular, the one-to-one relationship between relationship between equatorward boundary of the equatorward boundary of the proton aurora and magnetotail proton aurora and magnetotail stretching and not unrelated one-stretching and not unrelated one-to-one relationship between the to-one relationship between the ion plasma sheet pressure and ion plasma sheet pressure and brightness of the proton aurora brightness of the proton aurora makes simultaneous observations makes simultaneous observations of proton auroral distribution of proton auroral distribution across ~6 hours MLT (or more) across ~6 hours MLT (or more) an indispensable component of an indispensable component of ground-based support for ground-based support for THEMIS. THEMIS.

CANOPUS Riometer CANOPUS Riometer observations, in conjunction with observations, in conjunction with GOES 10 and LANL (Alaska) in GOES 10 and LANL (Alaska) in situ observations showing the situ observations showing the temporal evolution of the iner temporal evolution of the iner magnetospheric high energy magnetospheric high energy particle populations. particle populations.

The riometers are a global The riometers are a global resource, vastly underutilized resource, vastly underutilized given the unique insight they given the unique insight they provide into high energy provide into high energy precipitation associated with precipitation associated with dynamic events. This is as central dynamic events. This is as central research theme in the Canadian research theme in the Canadian NORSTAR program, as well as NORSTAR program, as well as the international GLORIA the international GLORIA project which is being led by F. project which is being led by F. Honary at Lancaster.Honary at Lancaster.

RiogramRiogram

NORSTAR - Now

Resolute

Rankin Inlet

Gillam

Pinawa

NORSTAR – Plasmasphere to Polar Cap Imaging

NORSTAR - 2007

NORSTAR Dense Array

Three to four monochromatic imagers to be Three to four monochromatic imagers to be utilized to explore energy deposition, utilized to explore energy deposition, tomography, spectrum of spatial scales. tomography, spectrum of spatial scales. MSc project at UofC under supervision by MSc project at UofC under supervision by D. Knudsen and E. Donovan. Imagers to be D. Knudsen and E. Donovan. Imagers to be purchased through Donovan CRC-CFI.purchased through Donovan CRC-CFI.

We now have pixel pointing to better than oneWe now have pixel pointing to better than one degree, are working on calibration and on-boarddegree, are working on calibration and on-board cloud detection using stars….cloud detection using stars….

Image of the Big Dipper obtained Image of the Big Dipper obtained by averaging one hour of star by averaging one hour of star frames from the NORSTAR frames from the NORSTAR Gillam ASI. Pointing for pixels Gillam ASI. Pointing for pixels determined by minimizing the determined by minimizing the area of celestial objects in area of celestial objects in transformed co-added images. transformed co-added images. The transformation utilizes a The transformation utilizes a matrix that is based on matrix that is based on parameters that reflect the parameters that reflect the location, UT, imager orientation location, UT, imager orientation (pitch, yaw, etc), and details of (pitch, yaw, etc), and details of the optics. All parameters can be the optics. All parameters can be determined directly from the determined directly from the data, provided that celestial data, provided that celestial objects are visible in the data. objects are visible in the data. This is incredibly efficient, This is incredibly efficient, making the tasks at hand easily making the tasks at hand easily manageable, rather than virtually manageable, rather than virtually impossible.impossible.

Rankin Inlet Imager and SuperDARN Rankin Inlet Imager and SuperDARN Kapuskasing-Saskatoon Pair.Kapuskasing-Saskatoon Pair.

Courtesy Jun Liang, USask.

New imagers capable of quantitative low intensityNew imagers capable of quantitative low intensityimaging, and presently operate at 471, 486, 558, imaging, and presently operate at 471, 486, 558, 630 and > 650 nm630 and > 650 nm

Keogram of 630 nm ASI Keogram of 630 nm ASI data. Intensities are data. Intensities are auto-scaled to peak valueauto-scaled to peak valuefrom MSP (below). Note from MSP (below). Note that we are clearly gettingthat we are clearly gettingmeaningful data down tomeaningful data down tobelow 100R. below 100R.

Keogram of 630 nm MSP Keogram of 630 nm MSP data. Intensities are data. Intensities are in Rayleighs. in Rayleighs.

Energy Fluxes

Energy fluxes inferred from two dimensional image data – new techniques which attempt to carry out this difficult task are under development by P. Janhunnen at FMI [Janhunen, JGR, 2001], and being implemented for use with our CANOPUS ASI, NORSTAR ASI and ultimately THEMIS ASI by N. Partamies, presently at FMI but expected to move to Calgary in March 2004.

This will be a major focus of THEMIS activities at the University of Calgary, and will involve NORSTAR ASI and MSP data, and overflights of FAST [AMIX?], DMSP, POES and NPOES.

Machine Vision – Content Based Image Retrieval

We are exploring automatic classification of images, rapid retrieval of images from large datasets, and determination of motion of auroral forms, all using sophisticated machine vision techniques.

This classification and CBIR exercise reduces each image to a 48 element feature vector.

A classification of 300000 CANOPUS Gillam ASI images yielded these magnetic local time occurrence distributions for arcs, patches and omega bands. This took about 6 hours on a 1.5 GHz pentium. An equivalent manual survey, which yielded the same results, took 4 months of dedicated effort by a student (who miraculously stayed in the field!). This figure from Syrjäsuo and Donovan [Ann. Geophys., in review].

Athabasca Alberta

THEMIS

Raw Image Mapped Image

Summary Image

Geodetic Grid

POCA (Eureka)POCA (Eureka) Wilbur (Gillam)Wilbur (Gillam) RIOMETERRIOMETER MSPMSP NORSTAR pre CGSMNORSTAR pre CGSM NORSTAR – CGSMNORSTAR – CGSM THEMISTHEMIS

THEMIS – Data Issues

3 TB disk storage and growing3 TB disk storage and growing data summary, display, and analysis softwaredata summary, display, and analysis software information theory, and machine visioninformation theory, and machine vision

existing data set (<500 GB)

VERY BIG data set

STUPIDLY BIG data set

THEMIS – Communications Mode & CostExisting high-speed infrastructure

ATHA, CONT, CHUR, INUV, FSMI, ….ATHA, CONT, CHUR, INUV, FSMI, ….

Broadband Satellite + RF Link

[A]DSL Telus, Manitoba Telecom, Aliant, …..

Hardcopy via traditional mail

Free Free

5k 9k/yr

0.1k 1k/yr

4k 2k/yr

FSIM, INUV, FSMI, RANK, PBQ (2005+), …FSIM, INUV, FSMI, RANK, PBQ (2005+), …

PGEO, ATHA, FLIN, PINA, KAPU, HEBR, CART, ….PGEO, ATHA, FLIN, PINA, KAPU, HEBR, CART, ….

Telesat HSI Canadian Satellite NOT INUVNOT INUV

VSAT

All sites depending on providerAll sites depending on provider

Glentel, Nanometrics, PolarSat, Stratos, ….

Never fails (well almost never); Not at all sexy!Never fails (well almost never); Not at all sexy!

Sta

ndar

d In

tern

et

Dial up to local ISP All sites; Not real time; Not very sexy.All sites; Not real time; Not very sexy.

0.1k 1k/yr

1k 1k/yr

THEMIS ASI Array UofC Data Management

Station

Imager

Filters

Summary Images

Calibration Data

Classification

Top 40

Entire Dataset

Name, location, mag midnight, history of operation, …

Rel

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30-1

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Online storage of complete high-res data for subset of nights of greatest interest for mission

Great big pile of hardcopy in at least two separate locations in Canada and one at UCB.

THEMIS ASI Array Web Site

Milestones

• 5 imagers 2003-2004 • 5 imagers 2004-2005• 6 imagers 2005-2006

• Complete inventory of infrastructure – 2004• Real time summary database – 2005

CGSM – Something to look forward to