atar human biology units 3 & 4 course outline 2017 1 chapter 1 science inquiry chapter 2...

ATAR Human Biology

Units 3 & 4

Course Outline 2017

Student Name: ____________________

Teacher: Mr Scott Hewson

General Overview Textbook – Human Perspectives, ATAR Units 3 & 4, 7th Edition, TJ Newton and AP Joyce

Week 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Term 1

Chapter 1 Science Inquiry

Chapter 2 Chemical Messengers

Chapter 3 Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

Chapter 4 Divisions of the Nervous System

Chapter 5 The Central Nervous System

Chapter 6 Detecting and Regulating Change

Chapter 7 Homeostasis of Body Temperature and Fluids

Assessment: Science Inquiry Task

Chapter 8 Homeostasis of Blood Sugar

Chapter 8 Homeostasis of Gas Concentrations

Term 2

Chapter 9 Disruptions to Homeostasis

Chapter 10 Protection Against Invaders

Chapter 11 Specific Resistance to Infection

Chapter 12 Mutations and Gene Pools

Chapter 13 Techniques in Biotechnology

Chapter 13 Techniques in Biotechnology

Chapter 14 Evolutionary Mechanisms

Exam Revision Semester 1 Exams

Semester 1 Exams

Term 3

Chapter 14 Evolutionary Mechanisms

Chapter 15 Evidence for Evolution

Chapter 16 Fossil Evidence for Evolution

Chapter 17 Primate Evolution

Chapter 18 Evolutionary Trends in Hominids

Chapter 19 Human Ancestors

Chapter 20 Cultural Evolution

Exam Revision Semester 2 Exams

Semester 2 Exams

Term 4

Exam Revision Exam Revision Exam Revision ATAR Exams ATAR Exams

Assessment Outline

Assessment Type Assessment Type Weighting

Assessment Task Weighting

Due Date Assessment Task

Science Inquiry 10% 5%

Term 1 Week 8 Task 3 – Temperature Regulation (Investigation)

5%

Term 2 Week 7 Task 7 – Biotechnology (Practical)

Extended Response

15% 5%

Term 1 Week 3 Task 1 – Treatment of Endocrine Dysfunction

5%

Term 2 Week 1 Task 4 - Homeostasis

5%

Term 3 Week 2 Task 9 – Evidence for Evolution

Topic Test 25% 6%

Term 1 Week 6 Task 2 - Topic Test - Endocrine and Nervous System

7%

Term 2 Week 3 Task 5 - Topic Test – Response to Infection

6%

Term 2 Week 5 Task 6 – Topic Test – Mutations and Gene Pools

6% Term 3 Week 6 Task 11 – Topic Test – Evolution

Exam 50% 20%

Semester 1 Exam Period Task 8 - Semester 1 Exam

30%

Semester 2 Exam Period Task 12 – Semester 2 Exam

Total 100% 100%

Course Outline

Term 1

Week Topics Syllabus Content References

1

SCIENCE INQUIRY Types of Investigations

Observations

Controlled Experiments

Surveys

Trial and Error

Case Studies

Longitudinal Studies Scientific Method Planning an Investigation

Literature Review

Safety

Ethics

Controlling Variables

Repetition and Replication

Validity and Reliability Analysing Results

Quantifying Results

Errors and Limitations in Data

Secondary Data

Processing Data

Probability

Presentation of Data

Referencing

Science Inquiry Skills

identify, research and construct questions for investigation; propose hypotheses; and predict possible outcomes

design investigations, including the procedure(s) to be followed, the materials required, and the type and amount of primary and/or secondary data to be collected; conduct risk assessments; and consider research ethics, including animal ethics

conduct investigations, including the use of virtual or real biotechnological techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequencing, and techniques for relative and absolute dating, safely, competently and methodically for valid and reliable collection of data

represent data in meaningful and useful ways; organise and analyse data to identify trends, patterns and relationships; discuss the ways in which measurement error, instrumental accuracy, the nature of the procedure and sample size may influence uncertainty and limitations in data; and select, synthesise and use evidence to make and justify conclusions

interpret a range of scientific and media texts, and evaluate models, processes, claims and conclusions by considering the quality of available evidence; and use reasoning to construct scientific arguments

select, use and/or construct appropriate representations, including phylogenetic trees, to communicate conceptual understanding, solve problems and make predictions

communicate to specific audiences, and for specific purposes, using appropriate language, nomenclature, genres and modes, including scientific reports

Human Perspectives Ch1 pg. 2-20 Review Questions Ch1 pg. 19 - 20 Study Guide Ch1 pg. 1-7

Reporting

Scientific Report Format Case Study: Louis Pasteur

2

CHEMICAL MESSENGERS Endocrine Glands Hormones

Enzyme Amplification

Hormone Clearance

Control of Hormone Secretions The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland

Anterior lobe

Posterior lobe The Pineal Gland The Thyroid Gland The Parathyroid Glands The Thymus The Adrenal Glands

Adrenal Cortex

Adrenal Medulla The Pancreas The Gonads Other

Science as a Human Endeavour

synthetic hormones may be developed to control or treat endocrine dysfunction, including diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, to improve the quality of life for individuals

Science Understanding: Endocrine System

the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, thymus, gonads, pineal and adrenal glands, are endocrine glands found in the human body

hormones secreted from the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands are involved in homeostasis by affecting specific target organs

the secretions of the pituitary gland are controlled by the hypothalamus through transport of hormones, either via nerve cells or the vascular link between them

hormones can be lipid-soluble and able to cross cell membranes to bind with and activate intracellular receptors or, water-soluble and able to bind with and activate receptors on cell membranes, and require secondary messengers to affect cell functioning

Human Perspectives Ch2 pg. 21-34 Review Questions Ch2 pg. 33-34 Study Guide Ch2 pg. 8-15

3

NERVE CELLS AND NERVE IMPULSES Nerve Cells

Types of Neurons o Functional Types o Structural Types

Synapses Nerve Impulses

Action Potential

Transmission of the nerve impulse o Unmyelinated Fibres o Myelinated Fibres o Synapse



Science Understanding: Nervous System

the reflex arc comprises of specially structured neurons, including sensory, interneuron and motor neurons, to transmit information from the receptor to the effector to respond rapidly to stimuli

transmission of nerve impulses is via electro-chemical changes that occur at the generation of the impulse, the propagation of the impulse along the nerve fibre, and the transfer of the impulse across the synapse

Human Perspectives Ch3 pg. 35-48 Review Questions Ch3 pg. 48 Study Guide Ch3 pg. 16-33

Effect of Chemicals on Nerve Transmission

4

DIVISIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Divisions of the Nervous System

Central - Peripheral

Afferent - Efferent

Autonomic - Somatic

Sympathetic - Parasympathetic The Autonomic Nervous System

Fight-or-Flight Response Comparison of Hormonal and Nervous Coordination


structure and function of the divisions of the nervous system can be observed and compared at different levels in detecting and responding to the changes in the internal and external environments including:

o central-peripheral o afferent-efferent o autonomic¬-somatic o sympathetic-parasympathetic

the nervous and endocrine systems work together to co-ordinate functions of all body systems, but differ in terms of:

o speed of action o duration of action o nature and transmission of the message o specificity of message


5

THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Protection of the CNS

Meninges

Cerebro-spinal Fluid The Brain

The Cerebrum o Structure o Function

The Corpus Callosum

The Cerebellum o Hypothalamus o Medulla Oblongata o Spinal Cord


structure and function of the divisions of the nervous system can be observed and compared at different levels in detecting and responding to the changes in the internal and external environments including:

o central-peripheral o afferent-efferent o autonomic¬-somatic o sympathetic-parasympathetic

the parts of the central nervous system, including the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, corpus callosum) and spinal cord, have specific roles in the co-ordination of body functions and are protected by the meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid


6

DETECTING AND REGULATING CHANGE Receptors

Thermoreceptors

Osmoreceptors




Human Perspectives Ch6 pg. 71-83 Review Questions

Chemoreceptors

Touch Receptors

Pain Receptors Reflexes

Learned Reflexes Homeostasis

Tolerance Limits

Feedback Systems Stimulus-Response and Feedback

Positive Feedback

different receptors detect changes in the internal and external environments, including thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors and receptors for touch and pain

Science Understanding: Homeostasis

homeostatic processes involve nerves and hormones in maintaining the body’s internal environment within tolerance limits through the control of metabolism and physiological and behavioural activities

Ch6 pg. 83 Study Guide Ch3 pg. 16-33

7-8 HOMEOSTASIS OF BODY TEMPERATURE AND BODY FLUIDS Thermoregulation

Heat Production

Temperature Receptors

The Skin and Temperature Regulation

Preventing Hyperthermia

Preventing Hypothermia

Control of Thermoregulation

Temperature Tolerance Regulation of Body Fluids

Body Fluids

Fluid Balance

Excretion

The Kidneys

Control of water loss by the Kidneys

Regulating water intake

Dehydration and Water Intoxication





conduct investigations, including the use of virtual or real biotechnological techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)sequencing, and techniques for relative and absolute dating, safely, competently and methodically for valid and reliable collection of data


hormones secreted from the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands are involved in homeostasis by affecting specific target organs


different receptors detect changes in the internal and external environments, including thermoreceptors, osmoreceptors, chemoreceptors and receptors for touch and pain



thermoregulation occurs by the control of heat exchange and metabolic activity through physiological and behavioural mechanisms

Human Perspectives Ch7 pg. 84-101 Review Questions Ch7 pg. 100-101

body fluid concentrations are maintained by balancing water and salts via the skin, digestive system and the kidneys, which involve the actions of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone on the nephron, and the thirst reflex

9 - 10 HOMEOSTASIS OF BLOOD SUGAR AND GAS CONCENTRATIONS Regulation of Blood Sugar

Role of the Liver

Role of the Pancreas

Role of the Adrenal Glands

Blood Sugar Homeostasis Regulation of Gas Concentrations

Control of Breathing o Oxygen Concentration o Carbon Dioxide

Concentration o Hydrogen Ion Concentration o Voluntary Control of

Breathing o Exercise and Breathing

Heart Rate

Regulation of Heart Rate

Changes to Blood Flow during Exercise

Behavioural Effect







the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, thymus, gonads, pineal and adrenal glands, are endocrine glands found in the human body


the parts of the central nervous system, including the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, corpus callosum) and spinal cord, have specific roles in the co-ordination of body functions and are protected by the meninges and cerebro-spinal fluid



blood sugar levels are maintained by controlling of sugar uptake, its storage and release by cells and use in metabolism; these processes involve the hormones of the pancreas and adrenal glands

gas concentrations are controlled by balancing the intake of oxygen and the removal of carbon dioxide via the lungs, through the actions of the medulla oblongata and the autonomic nervous system


Term 2


1 DISRUPTIONS TO HOMEOSTASIS Hormonal Causes of Disruptions

Diabetes o Type 1 Diabetes o Type 2 Diabetes

Thyroid Hormones o Hyperthyroidism o Hypothyroidism

Treatment of Hormone Deficiencies using Synthetic Hormones

Diabetes

Thyroid Deficiency

Human Growth Hormone Behavioural Causes of Disruption

Drugs

Excessive Activity

Eating Habits Diseases that disrupt Homeostasis






synthetic hormones may be developed to control or treat endocrine dysfunction, including diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, to improve the quality of life for individuals



blood sugar levels are maintained by controlling of sugar uptake, its storage and release by cells and use in metabolism; these processes involve the hormones of the pancreas and adrenal glands

Human Perspectives Ch9 pg. 117-127 Review Questions Ch9 pg. 127

2 PROTECTING AGAINST INVADERS Pathogens

Bacteria

Viruses Transmission of Pathogens Defences Against Disease Non-specific Defences




conduct investigations, including the use of virtual or real biotechnological techniques of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis for deoxyribonucleic acid

Human Perspectives Ch10 pg. 128-143 Review Questions Ch10 pg. 143 Study Guide

External Defences

Protective Reflexes

Internal Non-specific Defences o Inflammatory Response o Fever

The Lymphatic System Helping Non-specific Defences

Hygiene

Mechanical Barriers

(DNA)sequencing, and techniques for relative and absolute dating, safely, competently and methodically for valid and reliable collection of data

Science Understanding: Infection

infectious diseases caused by invasion of pathogens in the form of viruses and bacteria can be transmitted from one host to another

transmission of pathogens occurs by various mechanisms, including through: o direct and indirect contact o transfer of body fluids o disease-specific vectors o contaminated food and water

the body’s external defence mechanisms against pathogens include features of the: o skin o digestive tract o urogenital tract o respiratory system o the ear o the eye

pathogens that enter the body are targeted by non-specific immune responses of inflammation and fever

Ch5 pg. 49-63

3 SPECIFIC RESISTANCE TO INFECTION Lymphocytes and Macrophages Specific Defences The Immune Response

Antigens

Antibodies

Antibody-mediated Immunity

Cell-mediated Immunity Types of Immunity Vaccines

Vaccine Delivery

Vaccination of Populations Issues with the Use of Vaccines

Risks

Ethical Concerns o Testing of Vaccines




the decision to participate in immunisation programs can be influenced by the social, economic and cultural context in which it is considered

Science Understanding: Infection

antiviral and antibiotic drugs are used for treating infections and differ in their specificity to pathogens

passive immunity can be acquired as antibodies gained through the placenta, or antibody serum injections; active immunity can be acquired through natural exposure to the pathogen, or the use of vaccines

immunity is gained through the exposure to specific antigens by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes and the provision of cell-mediated immunity by T lymphocytes; in both cases memory cells are produced


o Decisions Participation Antibiotics Antivirals

4 MUTATIONS AND GENE POOLS Gene Pools Mutations Mutagens Somatic and Germline Mutations Effects of Mutations

Gene Mutations

Lethal Recessives

Chromosomal Mutations

Science Understanding: Mutations

mutations in genes and chromosomes can result from errors in DNA replication, cell division or from damage caused by mutagens

different genotypes produce a variety of phenotypes, which are acted on differently by factors in the environment, producing different rates of survival

mutations are the ultimate source of variation introducing new alleles into a population: new alleles may be favourable or unfavourable to survival

Science Understanding: Gene Pools

populations can be represented as gene pools that reflect the frequency of alleles of a particular gene; gene pools can be used to compare populations at different times or locations

gene pools are dynamic, with changes in allele frequency caused by: o mutations o differing selection pressures o random genetic drift, including the founder effect o changes in gene flow between adjoining groups


5 - 6 TECHNIQUES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY The Human Genome

Biotechnology and DNA

DNA Sequencing

Profiling Techniques

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Recombinant DNA Technology

Examples of Use o Insulin




gene therapy can be used to treat a range of diseases, including diabetes mellitus

hormones and vaccines are developed using recombinant DNA and associated biotechnological techniques


o Human Growth Hormone o Factor VIII o Vaccines

Identification of Hereditary Diseases Gene Therapy Cell Replacement Therapy Tissue Engineering

developments in biotechnology have increased access to genetic information of species, populations and individuals, existing now or in the past, the interpretation and use of which may be open to ethical considerations

Science Understanding: Evolution

biotechnological techniques provide evidence for evolution by using PCR (to amplify minute samples of DNA to testable amounts), bacterial enzymes and gel electrophoresis to facilitate DNA sequencing of genomes

7 EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS Changes to Allele Frequencies in Gene Pools

Natural Selection

Random Genetic Drift

The Founder Effect

Migration

Barriers to Gene Flow

Genetic Diseases The Theory of Evolution Natural Selection

Examples of Natural Selection in Humans

o Body Stature o Sickle Cell Anaemia

Speciation








the incidence of genetic diseases in particular populations illustrates the effects of different factors on the dynamics of gene pools, including the incidence of Tay-Sachs disease, thalassemia and sickle-cell anaemia

natural selection occurs when factors in the environment confer a selective advantage on specific phenotypes to enhance survival and reproduction

the mechanisms underpinning the theory of evolution by natural selection include inherited variation, struggle for existence, isolation and differential selection, producing changes to gene pools to such an extent that speciation occurs


8 EXAM REVISION

9 SEMESTER 1 EXAM

10 EXAM REVIEW

Term 3


7 EVOLUTIONARY MECHANISMS cont. Changes to Allele Frequencies in Gene Pools

Natural Selection

Random Genetic Drift

The Founder Effect

Migration

Barriers to Gene Flow

Genetic Diseases The Theory of Evolution Natural Selection

Examples of Natural Selection in Humans

o Body Stature o Sickle Cell Anaemia

Speciation








the incidence of genetic diseases in particular populations illustrates the effects of different factors on the dynamics of gene pools, including the incidence of Tay-Sachs disease, thalassemia and sickle-cell anaemia


natural selection occurs when factors in the environment confer a selective advantage on specific phenotypes to enhance survival and reproduction

the mechanisms underpinning the theory of evolution by natural selection include inherited variation, struggle for existence, isolation and differential selection, producing changes to gene pools to such an extent that speciation occurs

2 EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION Comparative Studies in Biochemistry

DNA

Mitochondrial DNA o Inheritance of mDNA

Protein Sequences

Bioinformatics

Comparative Genomics Comparative Studies in Anatomy

Embryology

Homologous Structures

Vestigial Organs Geographical Distribution Evolution and Creation




developments in biotechnology have increased access to genetic information of species, populations and individuals, existing now or in the past, the interpretation and use of which may be open to ethical considerations

developments in the fields of comparative genomics, comparative biochemistry and bioinformatics have enabled identification of further evidence for evolutionary relationships, which help refine existing models and theories


biotechnological techniques provide evidence for evolution by using PCR (to amplify minute samples of DNA to testable amounts), bacterial enzymes and gel electrophoresis to facilitate DNA sequencing of genomes

comparative studies of DNA (genomic and mitochondrial), proteins and anatomy, provide additional evidence for evolution; genomic information enables the construction of phylogenetic trees showing evolutionary relationships between groups


3 FOSSIL EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION Fossil Formation Discovery or Fossils Dating of Fossils

Absolute Dating

Relative Dating o Stratigraphy o Fluorine Dating

Phylogenic Trees





Geological Time Scale Problems with the Fossil Record




the fossil record is incomplete and cannot represent the entire biodiversity of a time or a location due to many factors that affect fossil formation, the persistence of fossils and accessibility to fossilised remains

sequencing a fossil record requires a combination of relative and absolute dating techniques to locate fossils onto the geological time line

both relative dating techniques, including stratigraphy and index fossils, and absolute dating techniques, including radiocarbon dating and potassium-argon dating, have limitations of application

4 PRIMATE EVOLUTION What are Primates?

Classifying Primates

Characteristics of Primates Evolutionary Trends within Primates

Digits

Dentition

Vision

Cerebral Cortex

Gestation and Parental Care




humans as primates are classified in the same taxonomic family as the great apes. The species within the family are differentiated by DNA nucleotide sequences, which brings about differences in:

o relative size of cerebral cortex o mobility of the digits o locomotion – adaptations to bipedalism and quadrupedalism o prognathism and dentition


5 EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS IN HOMINIDS Evolutionary Trends

Human Ancestors

Adaptations for Erect Posture o Foramen Magnum



Human Perspectives Ch18 pg. 270-285 Review Questions Ch18 pg. 285

o Curvature of the Spine o The Jaw o The Pelvis o Carrying Angle o The Knee o The Foot o Centre of Gravity

Stance and Locomotion

Relative Size of the Cerebral Cortex

Prognathism and Dentition



humans as primates are classified in the same taxonomic family as the great apes. The species within the family are differentiated by DNA nucleotide sequences, which brings about differences in:

o relative size of cerebral cortex o mobility of the digits o locomotion – adaptations to bipedalism and quadrupedalism o prognathism and dentition

determining relatedness and possible evolutionary pathways for hominids uses evidence from comparisons of modern humans and the great apes with fossils of:

o Australopithecus afarensis o Australopithecus africanus o Paranthropus robustus o Homo habilis o Homo erectus o Homo neanderthalensis o Homo sapiens

Study Guide Ch9 pg. 111-114

6 HUMAN ANCESTORS Environmental Effects of Hominin Evolution Australopithecines

Anatomical Features

Variation Homo Habilis Homo Erectus Transition to Modern Humans

Neanderthals

Modern Humans





determining relatedness and possible evolutionary pathways for hominids uses evidence from comparisons of modern humans and the great apes with fossils of:

o Australopithecus afarensis o Australopithecus africanus o Paranthropus robustus o Homo habilis o Homo erectus

Human Perspectives Ch19 pg. 286-303 Review Questions Ch19 pg. 302-303

o Homo neanderthalensis o Homo sapiens

7 CULTURAL EVOLUTION Australopithecine Culture Early Homo Culture of Homo Erectus Neanderthal Culture Transition to Modern Humans Transition to Modern Humans

The Denisovans

The Red Deer Cave People

Agriculture Modern Humans Human Origins






tool use is seen in a number of hominid species and the study of these tools provides important insight into the evolution of the human cognitive abilities and lifestyles: trends are seen in the changes in manufacturing techniques and the materials used in the tool cultures of:

o Homo habilis o Homo erectus o Homo neanderthalensis o Homo sapiens


8 EXAM REVISION

9 SEMESTER 2 EXAM

10 SEMESTER 2 EXAM

Term 4


1 EXAM REVISION

2 EXAM REVISION

3 EXAM REVISION

4 ATAR EXAM

5 ATAR EXAM

atar human biology units 3 & 4 course outline 2017 1 chapter 1 science inquiry chapter 2...

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