asynchronous transfer mode. what is atm? atm is a cell-switching and multiplexing technology that...
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![Page 1: ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE. WHAT IS ATM? ATM is a cell-switching and multiplexing technology that combines the benefits of circuit switching (guaranteed](https://reader038.vdocuments.us/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e7d5503460f94b800d7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Presenters: Shahid Iqbal &
Haris Tariq
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE
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WHAT IS ATM? ATM is a cell-switching and multiplexing
technology that combines the benefits of circuit
switching (guaranteed capacity and constant transmission delay) with those of packet switching (flexibility and efficiency for intermittent traffic)
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Major AdvantagesBandwidth EfficiencyScalabilityTransparencyNetwork Flexibility
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The B-ISDN Reference Model
THE ATM PROTOCOL STACK
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THE ATM PROTOCOL STACKA 3 stage processo Segmentation of user data into cellso Transfer of cells through the networko Reconstruction of the original information at the receiving end
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The ATM Adaptation layer (AAL)Divides higher level data streams into
segmentsThese segments are more compatible with
the requirements of the ATM LayerThe AAL process depends on the type of
traffic being transmitted
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Types of traffic 5 Classes of Traffic
Class A: Constant Bit Rate (CBR)
Class B: Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
Connection-orientedRequired timing
relationship between source and destination [constant bit-rate video]
Connection-orientedRequired timing
relationship between source and destination [packet-video, voice]
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Types of trafficClass C: Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
Class D: Variable Bit Rate (VBR)
Connection-oriented No timing relationship
required between source and destination [Bursty data traffic]
ConnectionlessNo timing relationship
required between source and destination [Bursty datagram traffic]
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Types of traffic Class X: User defined
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The AAL ProcessDivided into two sub layers:
o The convergence sub layer (CS) o The segmentation and reassembly sub layer
(SAR)
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The convergence Sub Layer (CS)Divides the application data stream into
rational, fixed length protocol data units (PDUs)
Length of PDU depends on the nature of the traffic being passed (such as 64 Kbytes for Class D traffic)
Appends header and trailer to the CS payload
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The SAR Sub LayerDivides CS-PDUs into small segments
ranging from 44 to 48 bytes in length depending on the type of traffic being transmitted
To form SAR-PDU header and trailer information is
added to the basic payload segment
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AAL Process
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The ATM LayerThe heart of the ATM communication processPackages data, received from the AAL into
cellsThe ATM layer operates between adjacent
network nodes
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Physical LayerDefines the various transmission medium
used for the transmission of the ATM cellDivided into two parts:
o The Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) Sub layer
o The Transmission Convergence(TC) Sub layer
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The PMD Sub LayerAssociated with a given media type and
transmission speedDeals with the actual transfer of information
bits between adjacent nodes of the networkConcerned with specific characteristics of a
particular transmission technology
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The TC Sub LayerIndependent of the underlying physical mediaProvides necessary framing and convergence
operations required to fit the ATM cells into the physical transport media
Calculates and inserts the header error control information into the HEC field of the ATM cell header; and, before passing a recovered cell to the ATM layer at the receiving end, checks the received HEC field and discards the cell if an error is indicated
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The ATM Protocol Data Unit : The CellThe basic unit of ATM information transfer53-byte in lengthA 5-byte header and a 48-byte payload field
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The ATM Cell Structure
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The ATM Cell FieldsGFC(Generic Flow
control) The last four bits of
byte-1 form the generic flow control
Used to control the flow of traffic across the User-Network Interface (UNI)
VPI/VCIThis three-byte field
makes the ATM address
First byte contains virtual path identifier (VPI)
Next two bytes contain the virtual channel identifier (VCI)
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The ATM Cell FieldsPT(Payload Type)Differentiates
between user data and control messages
Indicates if a cell has experienced congestion
CLP(Cell Loss Priority)
The first bit of byte-4
Cells with a CLP set to “1” are subject to discard prior to cells for which the CLP is “0” during periods of network congestion
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The ATM Cell FieldsHEC(Header Error
Control)The final byte of the
ATM cell headerDetects errors in the
cell header but not the Payload
provides protection against miss-routing of ATM cells due to addressing errors
PAYLOAD FieldThe remaining 48
bytes of the ATM Cell are reserved for the data inserted by the AAL
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ATM TOPOLOGYDefines how the various network components
and user terminal devices are interconnectedInterfaces are divided into two groups
o User-to-network interface (UNI) o Network-to-network or node interface (NNI)
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The UNIThree variations in UNI
o Public UNIo Private UNIo Residential UNI
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The NNIThree versions of the NNI
o Public NNIo Private NNI(PNNI)o Broadband Inter-Carrier Interface (B-ICI)
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ATM TOPOLOGY
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THE ATM COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSBased on a simple and fast transport relay
mechanismCall connection, termination, addressing,
sequencing, and payload error control are handled at the trans-mitting and receiving ends
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Association between User and Network Functions
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ATM NetworkingConnection-oriented serviceEstablishes connections between adjacent
Layer 2 ATM entitiesUses virtual channels and virtual paths to
establish end-to-end virtual circuit connections
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ATM Transmission PathVirtual Channel (VC)Virtual Path (VP)Virtual Circuit Connection (VCC)
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ATM Transmission Path
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ATM SwitchingATM switches operate very differently from
analog or digital switchesATM switches use self-routing proceduresA self-routing switch relies on information
contained in the VPI/VCI fields of the cellThe switch adds a temporary routing header
or “tag” to the cell
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Routing in a Switch
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ATM SignalingATM end-users require the capability to
establish connections across the networkTwo Types of End-to-End Connections
o Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC)o Switched Virtual Circuit(SVC)
The signaling mechanism used for ATM is based on ISDN Signaling System Number 7 (SS7)
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ATM SignalingThe Q.2931 signaling protocol with Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL) is adapted for ATM Signaling
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Signaling ATMAdaptation Layer (SAAL)The SAAL provides reliable transport of
signaling messages between two ATM systems
Composed of two sub layerso Common part o Service-specific part
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Service-Specific PartSubdivided into Service-Specific Coordination Function
(SSCF) Service-Specific Connection Oriented
Protocol (SSCOP)
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Virtual Circuit Connection (VCC)Types
4 ClassesPoint-to-point (pt-pt)Point-to-multipoint (pt-mpt)Multipoint-to-point (mpt-pt)Multipoint-to-multipoint (mpt-mpt)
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ATM Addressing FormatATM-connected devices use an ATM end-system address (AES)
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Initial Domain Part (IDP)This part contains Address Format Identifier (AFI)Initial Domain Identifier (IDI)The IDI
o Data Country Code (DCC)o International Code Designator (ICD)
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Domain Specific Part (DSP)ContainsHigh-Order Part (HO-DSP) Lower-Order Part (LO-DSP)
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THANK YOU
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High-Order Part (HO-DSP) ContainsDomain Format Identifier (DFI)Address Authority (AA)Routing Domain (RD) Area
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Lower-Order Part (LO-DSP)
ContainsEnd-System Identifier (ESI) Selector (SEL)
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THANK YOU