Lockyer’s sketch of his “evolutionary” stellar classification system

Lockyer’s laboratory spectra from electric arcs and (higher temperature) sparks, showing “proto-elements”

Astrophysics: starsAstrophysics: stars

Astrophysics: starsAstrophysics: stars

Hertzsprung

Russell

Astrophysics: starsAstrophysics: stars

HR diagram from binary star data, Redman, MNRAS 88 (1928) 718, and sketch of giant-and-dwarf evolution from Eddington 1926

Astrophysics: starsAstrophysics: stars

Astrophysics: Astrophysics: astrochemistryastrochemistry

Astrophysics: fusionAstrophysics: fusion

Astrophysics: Astrophysics: nucleosynthesisnucleosynthesis

Astrophysics: stellar Astrophysics: stellar remnantsremnants

Sirius B: faint in optical, but bright in X rays!

The Crab Nebula and its pulsar (SNR

1054)

HST image of

Eskimo planetary

nebula

Astrophysics: stellar Astrophysics: stellar remnantsremnantsThe presumed black-

hole binary Cygnus X-1 seen in radio

emission (Gallo et al., Nature

436 (2005) 819-821)

Astrophysics: stellar Astrophysics: stellar evolutionevolution

Evolution of approximately solar-mass star in 1958 and today