Astroparticle Physics (APP) research in the Netherlands

Restricted-ECFA meetingNIKHEF, Amsterdam, 23 Sept. 2005,Gerard van der Steenhoven*

?LOFARGravitationCosmic Rays

Neutrinos

Dark Matter

Astroparticle Physics

*) Chair Committee for Astroparticle Physics in The Netherlands (CAN)

Why relevant for ?

Key questions from ‘The Quantum Universe’:

1. Undiscovered principles:

2. Dark energy:

3. Extra dimensions:

4. Unified forces:

5. Why so many particles:

6. Dark matter:

7. Neutrinos:

8. Origin of the universe:

9. Antimatter:

LHC

1. Beyond SM, SUSY

2. Higgs Field, SN-Ia

3. String Theory,

Gravitation

4. UH energies, p-decay

5. Top, bottom, - physics

6. WIMPs, neutralinos

7. Mass, CP, oscillations

8. QGP, WMAP

9. CP violation APP

Developing APP in the Netherlands • Fall of 2003

– NIKHEF long range plan:

• Fall of 2004

– Formation of “Committee for

Astroparticle Physics in NL”

(Bottom-up initiative)

• Spring of 2005– Publication strategic plan →

APP 2nd priority next to LHC

Astronomy & Physics groups involved• Amsterdam:

– Univ. of Amsterdam (Anton Pannekoek Institute)– Vrije Universiteit (Theory, Exp HEP) – NIKHEF (Antares, Exp HEP)

• Dwingelo:– ASTRON (Radio Astronomy)

• Groningen:– Univ. of Groningen(Kapteyn Institute)– KVI (Theory, Exp NP)

• Leiden:– Leiden Univ. (Theory)

• Nijmegen:– Radboud Univ. (IMAPP, Exp HEP)

• Utrecht:– SRON (Space Research)– Utrecht Univ. (Astron., Exp HEP)

Contents APP Strategic PlanExecutive Summary 5Recommendations 71. Introduction 92. Astroparticle Physics 11

2.1 The nature of dark matter 112.2 The nature of dark energy 132.3 The origin of the highest-energy cosmic rays 152.4 The origin of the large-scale structure of the universe 192.5 The observation and use of gravitational waves 20

3. Proposed astroparticle physics research in the Netherlands 233.1 Considerations 233.2 Strategic plan 243.4 Relevance for key scientific issues 273.3 International aspects 28

4. Training aspects 315. Outreach 336. Computing 357. Application perspective in industry, other disciplines or society 378. Finances and management 39

8.1 Annual running budget 398.2 Investments 438.3 Organization and management 45

Appendix 1: Existing astroparticle physics projects in the Netherlands 47Appendix 2: The KM3NeT project 60Appendix 3: The Pierre Auger Observatory 63Appendix 4: Other research opportunities in astroparticle physics research 65Appendix 5: List of senior scientists supporting the present proposal 68

Key Scientific Questions

a) What is the nature of Dark Matter?

b) What is the nature of Dark Energy?

c) What is the origin of (U)HE Cosmic Rays?

d) What is the origin of large scale structures in the universe?

e) Can gravitational waves be observed; what do they tell us?

73% dark energy

23% dark matter

4% baryons

APP combines methods and technologies from physics and astronomy to address these issues.

a) Dark Matter

Rotation of galaxies Gravitational lensing Microwave background

• Direct searches: CDMS, Edelweiss-II, CRESST,..

• Satellite missions: EGRET, BESS, AMS-02, …

• Indirect searches: Amanda/IceC, Antares/KM3NeT

b) Dark Energy• Astronomy observations:

– Red shifts of high-z SN-Ia:

accelerated expansion

• Physics theory:– Vacuum fluctuations: 10120

– Some scalar field ?

– Related to supersymmetry ?

• New satellites:– SNAP: SN-Ia – PLANCK: evolution DE/DM

c) Origin of (U)HE cosmic rays ?• Science:

– GZK limit (5 1019 eV)?

– Cosmic acceleration AGNs, GRBs, SNRs?

– Composition, sources?

• Multi-messenger appr.:– Ultra HE’s: Auger, Euso,.– Radio: Rice, LOFAR,….. -s: IceCube, KM3NeT,..– GWs: Virgo, Ligo, Lisa,..

GZK limit:E’ < 5 1019 eV Cosmic Microwave Background

E E’

d) Origin of large-scale structures• Cosmic Microwave

Background – CMB:– WMAP

– PLANCK

• PLANCK expectations:

WMAP PLANCK

CMB Polarization

e) Gravitational waves• Science case:

– General Relativity– GW astronomy

• Detectors:– Resonant:

• Explorer, Nautilus,• Mini-GRAIL, Niobe,..

– Interferometers:• Geo600, Ligo, Virgo,..• Satellite-based: Lisa

• Primordial GW’s……..Grav. Waves

Proposed research focus

Origin (ultra) high-energy cosmic rays

in a multi-messenger approach:

Radio Neutrinos UHE muonsGravitational Waves

Three main research efforts:

1. Radio detection of cosmic rays:– LOPES/LOFAR: proof of principle + full exploitation– Pierre Auger Observatory: “jump start”, GZK limit

2. Deep sea neutrino detection:– ANTARES: proof of principle + first exploitation– KM3NeT: full exploitation, astronomy, dark matter

3. Gravitational wave detection:– LISA-pathfinder: proof of principle / mini-GRAIL– LISA: GW discovery + GW astronomy!

Fast access to data Discovery potential

Radio detection of CR’s• LOFAR:

– Radio emission CR’s (H. Falcke et al.)

– Proof-of-principle: LOPES (Karlsruhe)

– CR composition, anisotropies, -det,

– Count-rate estimate:

5 ev/hr

1 ev/yr

LOPES: proof-of-principle• First data:

Nature 436 (2005) 313

-detection:Consider so-called

inclined showers

Pierre Auger Observatory• Cosmic Ray detection:

– muon & fluorescence det.– 2005: NL-team joined!– export LOFAR technique

• First results (® A. Watson)

3000 km2

1600 stations1.5 km spacing

30 events of 1020 eV per yr

• Dutch contributions:

- All-data-to-shore

concept

(→ Talk by M. de Jong)

- Production line KM3NeT?

Deep-sea neutrino detection

• ANTARES / KM3NeT

• Neutralino searches

• Simulated sky map:– diffuse + point sources

-astronomy: update ‘05• AMANDA-II:

• ANTARES: ~ 0.2 deg.

proven in situ

• KM3NeT: approved FP6 design study– Dutch involvement: NIKHEF, KVI (and Utrecht)

(® A. Karle)

Gravitational Wave Detectors• MiniGrail @ Leiden:

• CuAl(6%) alloy; 1400 kg• freso = 2.9 kHz ( 230 Hz)

• LISA 3-satellite system:

68 cm

T = 20 mK L = 5 x 106 km

10-4 < freso< 10-1 Hz

GW science in NL• Mini-GRAIL:

– now operational– competitive sensitivity

• LISA:– SRON:

• Inertial sensor electronics• LDIM and LISA-pathfinder• Industry: Dutch Space et al.

– Vrije Universeit & NIKHEF:• Initiated GW-physics group• LoI for LISA-analysis

LIGO

Mini-GRAIL

Budget

0100020003000400050006000700080009000

10000

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

New proj.

Gravitation

Neutrino

Radio

Theory

General

Univ/Instit.

Activity 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

RADIO 500 850 1050 1050 1000 850 800 800 800 800

NEUTRINO 400 650 800 850 800 700 700 700 700 700

GRAVITAT. 250 400 550 550 550 500 450 450 450 450

THEORY 200 400 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550

NEW PROJ. - - - - 100 350 450 450 450 450

GENERAL 150 200 250 250 250 250 250 250 250 250

TOTAL 1500 2500 3200 3250 3250 3200 3200 3200 3200 3200

• Basic support

univ. & instit.

• Add. Request:– PhDs, PDs– fees, travel(no investments)

• Includes– outreach– theory– management

Total: 3 M€/yr

Benefits for Dutch science• Be active in front-line research areas:

– France, US: new Astroparticle Physics Institutes– National coordination: “focus & mass”– Common technology: “distributed sensor networks”

• Opportunities for leadership & innovation:

Dutch Expertise Innovation & Industry

Radio detection of cosmic rays

Geo-synchrotron effect(H. Falcke/RU & ASTRON)

Ordina Tech. Autom. bv, Twente Inst. W&M com.

Deep-sea detection

All-data-to-shore with fiber optics (M. de Jong/NIKHEF)

Baas Group bv (photonics)

Gravitational wave detection

Miniaturized inertial sensor electronics (SRON)

Dutch Space, TNO S&I, Bradford Engineering

Perspectives• Funding:

– Summer ’05: no increase NWO budget

– 20 Sept. ’05 - “Innovation Platform”:

• Call for new large scale research facilities

• CAN decides to prepare APP proposal on

• Further APP symposia:– 5th APP symposium: Oct.14th, Utrecht– 6th APP symposium: Febr. 3rd, VU

National research facilitiesfor astroparticle physics

Considerations for r-ECFA

• Astroparticle Physics:– Large discovery potential

– Complementary to HEP

• Opportunities in NL:– Coherent strategic plan

• Science policy:– Collab. with Astronomy

– Organization and financing interdisciplinary research

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