astronomy - the origin of the universe notes

16
Astronomy 2022A: Origin of the Universe Measuring the Universe Pearson Educa-on

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Week 1 Day 2 powerpoint slides for UWO's Astronomy 2022A The Origin of the Universe.

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Page 1: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

Astronomy  2022A:  Origin  of  the  Universe  

Measuring  the  Universe  

Pearson  Educa-on  

Page 2: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

Today’s  agenda:  

What  units  are  used  to  measure  astronomical  distances?  

What  methods  are  used  to  measure  astronomical  distances?  

How  do  these  compare  to  the  everyday  world?  

hBp://today.io/qjpr  

TwiBer:  #Astro2022  

Page 3: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

There’s  a  reason  big  numbers  are  called  “astronomical”    

Earth’s  diameter:  –  12756 km

Earth-­‐Sun:  –  150 000 000 km

Earth-­‐Pluto  –  6 000 000 000 km

Earth-­‐nearest  stars  –  10 000 000 000 000 km

Earth-­‐centre  of  our  Milky  Way  galaxy  –  200 000 000 000 000 000 km

Earth-­‐Andromeda  Galaxy  (M31)  –  20 000 000 000 000 000 000 km

Earth-­‐edge  of  observable  Universe  –  100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 km

Page 4: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

50  000  000  000  000  =  5  x  1013  

We  use  scienXfic  (aka  exponenXal)  notaXon  to  write  big  and  small  numbers  

0.0000000082  =  8.2  x  10-­‐9  

exponent  

Page 5: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

To  mulXply  or  divide,  mulXply  or  divide  first  part,  then  add  or  subtract  exponents    

(5  x  1013)/  (4  x  1016  )=  

(5/4)  x  1013-­‐16  =    

1.25  x  10-­‐3    

Page 6: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

The  Earth-­‐Sun  distance  is  called  an  astronomical  unit  (AU);  1  AU  is  150  million  km  

Note  the  scale:  Jupiter  is  about  5  AU  from  Sun,  Neptune  30  

Page 7: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

1  light-­‐year  is  about  1013  km  

1 light - year = (speed of light) × (1 year)

= 300,000 kms

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟ ×

365 days1 yr

×24 hr1 day

×60 min

1 hr×

60 s1 min

⎝ ⎜

⎠ ⎟

= 9,460,000,000,000 km

Pearson  Educa-

on  

Page 8: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

Distances  within  our  galaxy  are  measured  in  light-­‐years  Wikiped

ia,  Pearson

 Edu

ca-o

n  

Page 9: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

•   Know  speed  of  light  

•   Measure  travel  Xme  

•   Compute  distance  

Distances  within  the  solar  system  can  be  measured  using  light  travel  Xme  

Page 10: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

We  measure  distances  within  the  Milky  Way  using  parallax  

Pearson  Educa-

on  

Page 11: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

Brightness  alone  does  not  provide  enough  informaXon  to  measure  distances  in  astronomy  

                                                                   Luminosity            Brightness  =                                                                      4π  (distance)2  

Page 12: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

Cepheid  variable  stars  vary  in  luminosity  over  a  Xme    proporXonal  to  their  average  luminosity  

Astronomyinyourhands.com,  Pearson  Educa-on,  STScI  

Page 13: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

Other  techniques  are  used  to  measure  distances  to  galaxies  further  away  

Pearson  Educa-on  

Page 14: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

The  “Cosmic  Calendar’’  compresses  the  history  of  the  universe  into  1  year  

Pearson  Educa-on  

Page 15: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

Timescales  in  cosmology  are  (millions  or  billions)  of  years  

Ordero>ime.com   hBp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_Xmeline_of_the_universe  

3  x  1010  

3  x  105  

3  x  100  

NB:  Logarithmic  scale!  

Page 16: Astronomy - The Origin of The Universe notes

End  of  class.  

For  next  week:  please  read    State  of  the  Universe,  Chapter  3