astronomy preview and ch 1 b
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ASTRONOMY PRE ASSESSMENT
3/20/2012 5th
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ASTRONOMY
Star Naming
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Modern Astronomy
Study of the knownUniverse beyond ourAtmosphere
UNIVERSEUNIVERSE
One RotatedOne Rotated
The totality of everything
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Good VirtualGood Virtual
Planetarium ProgramsPlanetarium ProgramsStellarium
Cartes Du Ciel
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s u y n
PERSPECTIVE We are living things on the planetEARTH Which Rotates about its axis every
Which Revolves around our star every
Our star, Is an average sized / powered star.
With Many satellites revolving around it.
Revolves around the every 240
million years
Milky Way Galaxy
Member of a local cluster of galaxies
SOL
24 hours365 days
Milky Way Core
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Difficulties of Teaching/LearningDifficulties of Teaching/Learning
AstronomyAstronomy
Incorrect Prior KnowledgeTopics are of magnitudesthat most students have
difficulty graspingcognitivelyTopics are sometimes VERY
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Video Notes
Narrated By:Narrated By:
TimothyTimothy
FerrisFerris
TOPICS TO WATCH FOR:TOPICS TO WATCH FOR:
WHAT ARE THE BIG IDEAS?WHAT ARE THE BIG IDEAS?
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COSMOLOGY
Order Study
ofStudy of the nature ofthe Universe
Including history
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COSMOLOGYCOSMOLOGY
Difficult, due tolimitations ofevidence.
Borders onreligious study
Myths/ Legends /
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HOMEWORK
WRITE A
SUMMARY OFYOUR CREATIONMYTH
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IN THE BEGINNING...IN THE BEGINNING...
Humankind tried to explain the world ina manner that they could understand.
They made up explanations based ontheir experiences
The stories for the explanations oftenused stars in the sky
COSMOS: 7 9:00 15:00
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COMPARING MYTHS
MAKE A VENN DIAGRAM
2 or 3 myths
Show SHARED TRAITS of the Myths
& Unique aspects of the Myth
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AstrologyAstrology
Study of the starsBelief that the astronomical
occurrences have a directimpact on Human events.
ZodiacCircle of Animals
CONSTELLATIONS:
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Studied the Heavens for a PURPOSE.Telling stories
Telling Time
Main objects of Study:
Sun
Moon Stars
?Earth?
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Ancient Astronomy Ancient Greece
500 BC Height of Classical GreekScience.
Pythagoras Deduced Earth was a SPHEREEarth is a Perfect place, requiring a Perfect Shape.
Aristotle Interpreted Earth was a SPHEREShadow of a eclipse is always a spherical ArcTravelers south saw new constellations
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Ancient Astronomy
Alexandria Greek-founded city in
Egypt Great Library Center of Learning for
the ancient world.
Eratosthenes Found an account of a well to the souththat had NO shadow on the summersolstice.
He knew that on the same day, there WASa shadow in elexandria.
COSMOS 1 30:30
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360CircumferenceAngular Distance Between
Distance Between
=
= tan-1(A/O)
(experimental
value) (true value)% error = 100
true value
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Angle of Sun at Kalamazoo () =
Angular Distance between Overhead & Kalamazoo = 42.32 -
Circumference of the Earth
% ERROR (find true value from Mr. K)
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ACTUAL
Circumference
TRUE VALUE = 24,901miles
40,074,274 m COMPUTE % ERROR
On the Back, Write an explanationof what you believe your sources
of Error might be
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Eratosthenes .4% Error Due to construction of wall or well
Sun was not DIRECTLY overhead at the
well. A few degrees off Distance walked ???
His number was lost when Library was
burned.
Arabs saved text, rediscovered in 1500s
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Astronomy
ANGULAR MEASUREObjects at great distances, wecannot measure directly
INDIRECT EVIDENCEALGEBRA
Ratios and comparisons betweenknowns and unknowns
GEOMETRYThe universe has som regularity ofform
Triangulation
Spheres, Circles, Ellipses
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Eratosthenes pt. 2Compute the Circumference
of an Unknown circlegivenDistance between 2 points
and a sun angle
After each group hascomputed for Circumference,we will CONSTRUCT the circleand measure TRUE
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Eratosthenes
Reasoned that 2 differentangles of shadow MUST meanthat there was a curve to the
EarthReasoned that the curve couldbe that of a SPHERE.
Mathematically KNEW that theRATIO of the arc distance tothe whole sphere MUST be the
same as the RATIO of the
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THE PLANFINISH MEASURES &COMPUTATION
CUT OUT ARCBring to front to tape togetherCompute Error
Answer Error AnalysisQuestion
Hand into basket. k
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knownto determine the
Unknown He knew the arc. Dist & Angle He assumed this ratio would be the same
for the full sphere. Could mathematically infer the
Circumference.
OUR EXAMPLE I will Measure DIAMETER, & use C=dALSO will attempt to use string to
measure TRUE Circumference
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Using ANGULAR SIZE todetermine true size
The closer to an object,the ______ it appears.
We can measure the ANGLE
We MAY be able to find Distance
THEN we can find the WIDTH
or DIAMETER of the object
Larger
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The Moon Illusion Effect: the moon APPEARS larger when near
the Horizon
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Effect: the moon APPEARS larger when near the Horizon
Cause: Object appear larger in seen inconjunction with a VANISHING POINT
The Moon Illusion
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Construction of a ClinometerConstruction of a Clinometer
Purpose: To measure angles above thePurpose: To measure angles above the
Horizon.Horizon. Construction:Construction:
Specialized ProtractorSpecialized Protractor Cut outCut out
Sight tube.Sight tube. StrawStraw
Gravity Indicator.Gravity Indicator.
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Clinometer Lab
Follow Lab procedures 2-6 For Object 1Do analysis & Conclusionfor Object 1(Average & %Error)
Get Work CheckedFollow Lab procedures 2-6 For Object 2
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BEFORE SCIENCE:
MYSTICISM / GODS:Phenomena wereexplained through gods
and hocus-pocus
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God,God,thethe
GeometeGeomete
rr
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CosmologyCosmology
pt 2pt 2
Backbone of Night
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Backbone of Night-Cosmos VII:
What explained the worldbefore science?
COSMOS:CHAOS:IONIA:SCIENTISTS: Who & What
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2 Competing Ideas
CHAOS: Idea that the World was totally
unknowable and unpredictable.RANDOM - Religion
COSMOS:
Idea that the World was Orderedand predictableORDER ScienceTO KNOW
IONIA
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IONIA: loose collection of city-statesscattered around the Aegean Sea,
Birthplace of SCIENCE!Chased there, NOT an easy place tolive.To stay alive, people had toexperiment & invent
Merchants and Tradesmen experimented
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THALES of Miletus: FIRST true scientist
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Thales
-Well traveled Greek-
-Explained the world WITHOUT gods
-Earth Made from Piled Mud by water
Anaxamander
ANAXAMANDER: First recorded
ever to DO an
experiment
measured time
Conceived of
EVOLUTION
THEODORUS:
Architect, artist, Inventorore smelting & casting.
water level,
a carpenter's square,
lock and key
turning lathe.
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Democritus
DEMOCRITUS: First to
Describe the indivisible ATOM
Conceived of planets like ours in
the skyFigured galaxies & Milky Way
as many small stars
EMPEDOCLES: Conceived the idea of invisible
matter, air, water pressure
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SILENT QUESTIONCOMPARE & CONTRAST:ROTATION to REVOLUTION
ROTATIO-Rolling
VOLVERE-To Turn
Around(somethingelse)
Rotate: to spin on ones ownAxis
Revolve: turn in orbit around SCIENTIFIC METHOD:
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SCIENTIFIC METHOD: Used in ALL Sciences Used to Solve Problems
&Answer Questions Hypotheses are QUESTIONED!!!!!
AGAINST the scientificmethod: Philosophers, who would THINKabout a problem until they decidedwhat the most Logical explanation
for something was, and assumedthey were right-
still, it WAS an attempt at Cosmos
Cosmology pt 2
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Cosmology pt 2
How is the UniverseHow is the Universeset up?set up?2 competing ideas:2 competing ideas:
GEOCENTRICGEOCENTRICEarth is the center of the
UniverseReasoning:Everything in the sky
Appears to be revolving Geocentric Reasoning cont...
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Geocentric
Universe
Reasoning cont...The Fasteran object
moved, thecloser toearth it
must be.Planetiahave theirown
spheres ofmovement.Stars are in
fixed Geocentric Reasoning cont...
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Geocentric
Universe
Reasoning cont...
Question?
Do all the objects /spheres revolvearound Earth?
Or
Geocentric Universe Reasoning cont...
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g
Aristotle liked thistheory.
Problem:Unexplained forces?Why are some starsbrighter / bigger?
Why all planets/Sun/Moon on the same plane?ECLIPTIC Line showng
the path of the sun in the
e ocen r c
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e ocen r c
UniverseUniverse Aristarchus of Samos-Aristarchus of Samos-
Used Eratosthenes Earth Circumference andthe Shadow during Lunar eclipses todetermine Moons Diameter.
Suggested that the SUN is the center of
revolutionary motion. Used Moon and Earth sizes to Estimate SunDistance and Size of the Sun.
Was WAY OFF.
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L ti St t1
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Locating Stars pt1 Celestial Sphere An imaginary globe around the
Earth.
Used to determine star locations First Model used to
understand the universe
We NOW understand thatthey are different distancesfrom us, but still works for
our reference.
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e A tool for showingwhat stars will be inthe sky on any
particular day &time.
U i th Pl i h
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Using the Planisphere
Assumes a viewing location of 40 North
We are close enough (42)
Must be held above the head and looked at
from below.
(Notice East and west)
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MEASURESALTITUDEAngularinclination
above theHorizonHORIZON = 0
ZENITH = 90
AZIMUTH Angular distance
from North
Measuredclockwise
N=0
E=90S=180W=270
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PLANETSPLANETSCOMPARED TO THECELESTIAL SPHERE
We must be
able to imagine
bothGEOCENTRICALLY
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S
DRAW UNIVERSEHELIOCENTRICALLY
e es a
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e es a
CoordinatesDECLINATIONAngularDifference from
CelestialEquatorEquator = 0 North Star =90
Like CelestialLATITUDE
RIGHTASCENSION Measured in
HOURS andminutes
Celestial
Meridian=0hrLike Celestial
Longitude
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HOMEWORK:
DRAW heliocentric andGeocentric Universe According tothis night sky
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RIGHT ASCENSIONRIGHT ASCENSION //DECLINATION PRACTICEDECLINATION PRACTICE
PolarPolar
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torialtorialR.A. calcalPolarPolar
DecNa
me
R.A. DecNa
me
R.A. DecNa
me
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Pick one of Each.CIRCUMPOL
AR Draco
Ursa
Major
UrsaMinor
Perseus
Cassiopeia
ZODIACAL
Virgo Leo Cancer Gemini
Taurus Aries Pisces Aquarius
Capricornus Sagitarius Scorpius Libra
Equatorial
Orion Cetus Canis
Major
Hydra Aquila Cygnus
Pegasus Andromeda Lepus Hercules
G
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Greek
Alphabet
OR
use
assignedname
HOMEWORK
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HOMEWORK
Reading CH 1 SectionReading CH 1 Section11
Grab Review SheetGrab Review Sheet
CoordinateCoordinateAssignment: 10-15Assignment: 10-15
minutes Frida tominutes Frida to HIPPARCHUSHIPPARCHUS
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HIPPARCHUSHIPPARCHUS
FIRST STAR CATALOGUEFIRST STAR CATALOGUE
1025 STARS1025 STARS
Retrograde Motion
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Retrograde Motion
BackwardWalkEach planet
movescompared tothe CelestialSphere.From East toWest
Occasionally,
the planet will
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FIRST 15 - 25 Min.
Discuss Material Coverage
Preview, 2-1, 1-1, 2-2, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4
FINISH CONSTELLATION
COORDINATES
ANSWER RETROGRADE LAB
QUESTIONS
Ptolemys Universe
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Alexandrian GreekTo explainretrograde motion,suggestedEPICYCLESEach planet orbitsaround an empty
point on its sphere.EARTH is just OFFcenter
Better atredictin lanet
Ptolemys Universe
ro em w
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ro em w
Ptolemaic UniverseIt violates a keyscientific principle:
Occam's razor: aka lexparsimoniaeOther things being equal, a
simpler explanation is betterthan a more complex one.Ptolemy made SO many
modifications to
l ti fl ti f
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explanation ofexplanation of
RetrogradeRetrogradeEarth Revolves aroundSun FAST
Mars Revolves aroundSun SLOWWhen on planet LAPS
another,our perspective shifts.
Heliocentrice ocentr c explanationexplanation
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Heliocentrice ocentr c ppof nightlyof nightly Star ShiftStar Shift
The LOCAL starslocations change at a
different rate that theLOCAL sun location.The SUN returns to a
spot in the skyEvery 24 hoursA STAR returns to a spot in
the sky
Ret rn to Geo HelioReturn to Geo v Helio
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Return to Geo v HelioReturn to Geo v Helio
l i
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..RevolutionRevolutionThink BIG
?How long for Earth to REVOLVEonce? 365.25 DAYS
?How Many Degrees along the
orbit does Earth shift each Day? 360 365 days 1/ Day?How long for Earth to ROTATE
once? NOT 24 HOURS 24 hr = NOON to NOON. BUT, we have shifted 1 on the
orbit. 24 hours 361
1440 minutes 361 4 minutes /
vsvs
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vsvsDAYDAY
SIDERIAL DAY=Amount of time it takesfor a star to return to alocal point.
23 Hr, 56min, 4secSYNODIC DAY=
Amount of time it takesfor the sun to return to alocal point.
Another thing RotationAnother thing Rotation
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ggExplains...Explains...
All rotating objects wobblePRECESSIONAs it precesses, the point on the
celestial sphere the pole pointsto changes.
North Star changes very slowly21,000 yrs for full
wobble
Earths TILT doesnt
HeliocentrismHeliocentrism
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HeliocentrismHeliocentrismWHY It NEVER TOOK OFF:Went against THEOLOGY
Most scientists agreed that
stars would be at differentdistances from Earth.If the Earth changed Position
in relation to those stars,they SHOULD appear tochange location relative to
each other
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PARALLAXPARALLAX
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PARALLAXPARALLAXWhen observed from 2different locations, a near
object shifts greater angularlythan a distant one.
Using trigonometry, we canfind the distance to thatobject.
U i P ll t fi d di t
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Using Parallax to find distance
BASELINE (b): Distance between 2 observation points
: Change in angle to apparent location of Star in Question
: Other angle
d: Distance to the Star in Question
Di t U i
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Distance UsingParallax
d= .5b
tan
NEED
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NEED:
NOTEBOOKS
+
1 lined paper to hand in
Misperception and Misconceptions
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Misperception and Misconceptions
People have told you wrong informationabout the universe.
You have made stuff up to understand the
universe.
UNLEARNING is the hardest type of
learning.
3 QUESTIONS?
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3 QUESTIONS?
WHAT CAUSES THE SEASONS?
WHAT CAUSES THE PHASES OF THE
MOON?
WHY IS THE SKY BLUE?
THE SEASONS:THE SEASONS:
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THE SEASONS:THE SEASONS:
Result from aconfluence of events/ Factors
Earths Rotation is Tilted 23.5to the plane of the ecliptic (Earths OrbitalPlane)
SO WHATSO WHAT
??!!??!!??!!??!!??!!??
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EARTH ROTATES COUNTERCLOCKWISEEARTH ROTATES COUNTERCLOCKWISE
EARTH REVOLVESEARTH REVOLVES
COUNTERCLOCKWISECOUNTERCLOCKWISE
WHEN LOOKED AT FROM ABOVE ( NORTHPOLE)
SeasonsSeasons
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SeasonsSeasons
SUMMER= Period of the year where the sun is most directlyoverhead
WINTER= Period of the year where sun is least overhead.
Technically starts on the day where sun isto its TROPIC LINE
Heating up or cooling down happens slowly, soTemperature extreme days = 2 months later
SPRING & FALL= Period of time where the sun is Overhead at the
SUN ANGLESUN ANGLE
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SUN ANGLESUN ANGLE The more directly overhead theThe more directly overhead the
sun is, the Greater the intensitysun is, the Greater the intensity
energy is transferred to theenergy is transferred to the
Earth.Earth.
LOW SUN ANGLE= WEAK HEATING
HIGH SUN ANGLE= STRONGHEATING
SUN OVERHEAD?SUN OVERHEAD?
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SUN OVERHEAD?SUN OVERHEAD? DEC 21 -
TROPIC OFCAPRICORN 23.5 S MAR 21 -
EQUATORJUN 21 -TROPIC OF CANCER 23.5 N
SEPT 21 -EQUATOR
KALAMAZOO:
HOMEWORK
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HOMEWORK
1-18
SKIP 7&11
DAY LENGTH
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DAY LENGTH
DAY LENGTH
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DAY LENGTH
The Hemisphere inclinedTOWARD the sun
receives more hours ofDAYLIGHT.Greater Time lit=Moretime to convert sunlightto heat.
DAY LENGTH
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DAY LENGTH
SOLSTICES:Greatest / Least
amount of Solar TimeSun rises the
Farthest North /South
E IN XE :
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Where is the sun overhead?
Where is observer?
Find the difference.
90-difference= noon sun angle
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Video Seasons / Sun Angle
FINISH SEASONS LAB PACK
(GRAPH)
PHASES OF THE MOONPHASES OF THE MOON
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PHASES OF THE MOONPHASES OF THE MOON
The Cause:
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Earth Rotates 361/ 24 hours
(Counterclockwise)
Moon Revolves around Earth / 29.5 days
(Counterclockwise)
NOTICE:
Moon Rotation
360 Rotation / 1 Revolution
Moon ALWAYS has the same side facing Earth.
VISIBLE MOON
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ONLY of the moon
will be lit at any 1 time. Depending on WHERE
the moon is in relation
to the sun, we seedifferent Parts.
WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
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WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
NEW MOON:
WHAT DO WE SEE?
Dark side of the moon
WHERE IS THE MOON COMPARED TO
SUN?
+5 to -5 Declination from the ecliptic
If it was ON the ecliptic=
eCLIPSE
WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
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WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
WAXING CRESCENT:
WHAT DO WE SEE?
RIGHT edge of the moon lit
WHERE IS THE MOON COMPARED TO
SUN?
45 to the LEFT of the moon
WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
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WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
FIRST QUARTER:
WHAT DO WE SEE?
Right HALF of the moon lit
quarter??? Because we see of the moon
WHERE IS THE MOON COMPARED TO
SUN?
90 to the LEFT of the moon
WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
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WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
WAXING GIBBOUS:
WHAT DO WE SEE?
All but the left edge of the moon lit
WHERE IS THE MOON COMPARED TO
SUN?
135 to the LEFT of the moon
WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
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WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
FULL MOON:
WHAT DO WE SEE?
A full side of the moon, all that is lit
As much of the moon we can see:
WHERE IS THE MOON COMPARED TO
SUN?
180 , in opposition with the sun
WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
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WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
WANING GIBBOUS:
WHAT DO WE SEE?
All but the RIGHT edge of the moon lit
WHERE IS THE MOON COMPARED TO
SUN?
135 to the RIGHT of the moon
WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
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WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
THIRD QUARTER:
WHAT DO WE SEE?
Left HALF of the moon lit
quarter??? Because we see of the moon
WHERE IS THE MOON COMPARED TO
SUN?
90 to the RIGHT of the moon
WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
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WHERE ARE THE PHASES?
WANING CRESCENT:
WHAT DO WE SEE?
LEFT edge of the moon lit
WHERE IS THE MOON COMPARED TO
SUN?
45 to the RIGHT of the moon
ECLIPSES
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ECLIPSES
Solar Moon Blocks Suns visible disk
Can only happen during NEW MOON
Still Visible: Suns CORONA
Solar ATMOSPHERE
Very Brief
Moons shadow is small Earth Rotates Quickly
Partial Some sun is still visible
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(in the Penumbra)
Totality No part of Solar Disk is visible
(in the Umbra)
Annular Only the outer Ring of Sun is visible.
eclipses
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eclipses
Lunar Earth Blocks Sunlight from reaching the Moon
Can only happen during a FULL MOON
Still Visible Blood Moon Sunlight passes through our atmosphere
Blue light is scattered
Reddish light passes through to Moon
Lasts several Minutes
Earths shadow is BIG compared to moon
Why Eclipses dont happen all the time
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Moons Orbit is tilted 5 degrees to the Ecliptic
The NODE need to be hitting a FULL or
NEW to have a chance to Eclipse
2x / year
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LAST 30 min
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LAST 30 min
FINISH LAB PACK(s)
PHASES
SEASONS
PARALLAX
RETROGRADE
RA / DEC
PLAN FOR THE DAYPLAN FOR THE DAY
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PLAN FOR THE DAYPLAN FOR THE DAY
CHECK / DISCUSS PRACTICECOMPUTATION
- READING ASSIGNMENTCORRECTIVES
Grade Your Homework for
CORRECTNESS(Every wrong answer =-1 toscore.)
Universe
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Universe Made of MATTER & ENERGY
MATTER:Atoms of Elements made of
Protons, Neutrons and Electrons.
ENERGY: 4 known forces Electromagnetism Gravity Weak Nuclear Force Strong Nuclear Force
Unknown Universe
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Unknown Universe
Dark Matter Invisible Sources of gravity
Possible Neutrino source
Big Bang Concept that the Universe started as one
small point of reality, and is expanding.
Expansion is speeding up
Dark Energy Antigravity pushing galaxies apart