asterids – part 1 “basal” asterids , lamiids
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Asterids – Part 1 “Basal” Asterids , Lamiids. Spring 2014. Fig. 8.1. Asterid characters. Molecular data Sympetalous corollas Epipetalous stamens Number of stamens = number of petals - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Asterids – Part 1“Basal” Asterids, Lamiids
Spring 2014
Fig. 8.1
Asterid characters
• Molecular data• Sympetalous corollas• Epipetalous stamens• Number of stamens = number of petals• Ovules with a single integument and a thin
nucellus (reduction from two integuments and a thick nucellus)
• Iridoid compounds• Ca. 82,000 species or about 25% of angiosperm
diversity
Asterid characters
Sympetaly and epipetalous stamens
# stamens = # petals
Unitegmic,tenuinucellateovules
Fig. 8.83
Asterid taxa“Basal” Asterids
Order Cornales – dogwoods Order Ericales – azaleas, blueberries, cranberries
LamiidsOrder Solanales – potatoes, tomatoes, peppersOrder Gentianales – gentians, milkweeds, coffeeOrder Lamiales – mints, olives, snapdragons
CampanulidsOrder Apiales – ginseng, carrots, dill, parsleyOrder Dipsacales – honeysuckle, elderberryOrder Asterales – bluebells, sunflowers
Core Asterids
Asterid taxa – Part 1“Basal” Asterids
Order Ericales*Ericaceae – blueberries, heaths
LamiidsOrder Gentianales
*Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweedsRubiaceae – coffee, quinine
Order Solanales*Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper
Order Lamiales*Lamiaceae – mints
Campanulids (Part 2)
*family required for recognition
“Basal” Asterids:Ericales: Ericaceae(The Heath or Blueberry Family)
• Cosmopolitan; most diverse in montane habitats in E. Asia, E North America, S Africa, Australia. Favor acid soils; sunny or part-shaded habitats
• Trees, shrubs, lianas, occasionally mycoparasitic herbs lacking chlorophyll; leaves usually alternate and spiral
• Diversity: 4,100 species in 124 genera• Flowers: Often showy. Sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, connate forming a
cylindrical to urn-shaped corolla; stamens (3) 8-10; anthers inverted, often with appendages, and poricidal dehiscence, pollen grains often in tetrads; carpels 2-10, connate, superior to inferior ovary; fruit a septic. or loculic. capsule, berry, drupe
• Significant features: anthers often with poricidal dehiscence & sometimes with appendages; leaves often coriaceous
• Special uses: blueberries & cranberries (Vaccinium), Rhododendron and allies (Rhododendron, Erica, Kalmia, Pieris) are showy ornamentals
• Family required
Ericaceae anthers (Fig. 8.89)
Ericaceae: Rhododendron
-ecologically important in forests in the Eastern U.S. and Eastern Asia-the deciduous taxa are known as azaleas
Sarraceniaceae—another origin of carnivory by pitchers
Asterid taxa – Part 1“Basal” Asterids
Order EricalesEricaceae – blueberries, heaths
LamiidsOrder Gentianales
*Apocynaceae – dogbanes, milkweedsRubiaceae – coffee, quinine
Order Solanales*Solanaceae – potatoes, tomatoes, pepper
Order Lamiales*Lamiaceae – mints
Campanulids (Part 2)
*family required for recognition
Asterids -- Lamiids:Gentianales: Apocynaceae(The Milkweed Family; incl. Asclepiadaceae)
• Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; some in temperate regions
• Trees, shrubs, herbs, lianas, vines with laticifers and usually milky sap
• Diversity: ca. 4,600 species in ca. 400 genera• Flowers: Sepals usu. 5; petals usu. 5, connate forming bell- funnel- or
tubular-shaped corolla; stamens usually 5, filaments always adnate to the corolla, anthers distinct or connate and forming a ring to fused to the stylar head; staminal outgrowths (corona) often present and petal-like; carpels usually 2, connate by styles/stigmas only & ovaries distinct to fully connate, superior ovary; apex of style expanded and highly modified, forming a 5-sided stylar head, secreting viscin; fruits often paired, each ovary developing into a dry follicle, drupe or berry
• Significant features: Usually opposite leaves; pollen in sticky masses (w/ viscin) or in pollinia; seeds flattened, often with a tuft of hairs
• Special uses: Some chemical uses (e.g., Catharanthus, “Madagascar periwinkle”) and ornamentals (Asclepias, Vinca, Plumeria, Nerium)
• Family required
anther views
pairedfruits
separateovaries G: stylar head
Apocynaceae – Groups without pollinia
Plumeria
Nerium oleander
Vinca
ApocynumCatharanthus
Thevetia
corona
pair of pollinia
Apocynaceae with pollinia (Asclepiadoideae)
Asclepias
Stapelia
CeropegiaHoya
Calotropus
Apocynaceae: Asclepias-plants herbaceous, stems erect to leaning-leaves usually opposite, sometimes alternate or whorled-inflorescence an umbel-corona of 5 hooded fleshy bodies, each usually with an incurved horn but lacking a crest-pollen in pollinia, the pollinia suspended-fruit a dry, ovoid or lanceolate follicle, one of the pair often aborting
Asterids -- Lamiids:Gentianales: Rubiaceae
(The Coffee or Madder Family)• Cosmopolitan, most diverse in the tropics and subtropical regions• Trees, shrubs lianas or herbs, vines, shrubs; leaves opposite or
whorled • Diversity: Ca. 12,000 species in ca. 600 genera• Flowers: usually bisexual and radial; sepals 4-5, connate; petals 4-5,
connate, forming a funnel shaped corolla; stamens usually 4 or 5, adnate to corolla; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate, inferior ovary; fruit a loculicidal or septicidal capsule, berry, drupe, or schizocarp
• Significant features: interpetiolar stipules (connate stipules)• Special uses: Major commodity is coffee (Coffea); anti-malarial drug
obtained from the bark of Cinchona (quinine); ipecac (make-U-vomit) comes from Psychotria; gardenias (Gardenia), Pentas, and Ixora provide ornamentals
• Family not required
Rubiaceae
interpetiolar stipules
Rubiaceae
Coffea arabica
Pentas
Asterids -- Lamiids:Solanales: Solanaceae
(The Potato or Nightshade Family)• Widespread but most diverse in the neotropics• Herbs, shrubs, trees, vines; leaves alternate; often with a
‘solanaceous smell’• Diversity: 2,450 species in 91-102 genera• Flowers: Sepals 5, connate; petals 5, connate, forming variously
tubular corolla, plicate (folded) ; stamens 5, filaments adnate to corolla, sometimes anthers connivant; carpels usually 2 (-5), connate, oriented obliquely to the median plane of the flower; superior ovary; fruit usually a berry (occ. a capsule, schizocarp or nutlet)
• Significant features: Complex chemistry with solanaceous tropane alkaloids (belladonna/atropine, nicotine, capsaicin, etc.); stems with internal phloem
• Special uses: Many fruits and vegetables (potatoes & tomatoes - Solanum, peppers - Capsicum), tobacco (Nicotiana), some ornamentals (Petunia)
• Family required; required genus: Solanum
Fig. 8.120
Solanaceaecharacters
Solanaceae diversity
Solanaceae: Solanum-herbs or shrubs-corolla regular, rotate, 5-merous, deeply lobed-anthers forming a tube around the style (connivent), with terminal openings; filaments short-fruit a berry, usually 2-locular-ca. 1,400 species, mostly tropical
SolanaceaeEconomic plants and products:
• Edibles:• Cayenne pepper (Capsicum)• Eggplant (Solanum)• Green pepper (Capsicum)• Red pepper (Capsicum)• Potato (Solanum)• Tomato (Solanum)
SolanaceaeEconomic plants and products:
• Medicinal/toxic plants ~ Alkaloids!
• Belladona (Atropa)• Henbane (Hyoscyamus)• Jimson-weed (Datura)• Nightshade (Solanum)• Mandrake (Mandragora)• Tobacco (Nicotiana)
Fig. 8.83
Lamiales
-gland-headed hairs-diacytic stomates-oligosaccharides (instead of starch)-anther anatomy-protein inclusions in the nuclei of mesophyll cells-endosperm with a micropylar haustorium-molecular data-ca. 22 families and 20,000 species
Major Families of Lamiales
• *Lamiaceae – mints • Oleaceae – olives, ashes, lilacs• Orobanchaceae – louseworts, beechdrops, Indian
paintbrushes• Plantaginaceae – snapdragons, vervains,
penstemons• Scrophulariaceae – mulleins, figworts
*family required for recognition
Asterids -- Lamiids:Lamiales: Lamiaceae
(The Mint Family; Labiatae)• Cosmopolitan• Herbs, shrubs, trees; stems square in herbaceous taxa• Diversity: Ca. 6,800 species in 236-238 genera• Flowers: Sepals 5, connate, calyx radial or bilateral; petals 5, connate,
bilabiate; stamens 4, didynamous to more or less equal; carpels 2, 2 ovules per carpel, connate, styles terminal to an often gynobasic, superior, often deeply 4-lobed ovary; fruit a drupe w/ 1-4 pits, an indehiscent 4-seeded pod, or a schizocarp splitting into 4 nutlets or drupelets
• Significant features: Opposite leaves (usually); aromatic volatile compounds - mint oils; inflorescences with main axis indeterminate and determinate (cymose) lateral axes, these often congested into pseudowhorls (verticillasters)
• Special uses: Many herbs: oregano (Origanum), basil (Basilicum), peppermint/spearmint (Mentha), sage (Salvia), thyme (Thymus); teak wood (Tectona); ornamentals (e.g., Salvia, Callicarpa)
• Family required
Lamiaceae
Stachys floridana
• Ovary: • 2-carpellate• deeply 4-lobed• 4 locules
• Gynobasic style• Schizocarp (4
nutlets)
• Corolla: • zygomorphic• sympetalous• bilabiate
• Stamens: • 4, didynamous• epipetalous
• Square stems (herbaceous taxa)• Opposite leaves• Inflorescence: false whorls
(verticils or verticillasters)
FromZomlefer
LamiaceaeNepeta
OcimumPhytostegia
Clinopodium
Note verticillate whorls of flowers at each node
RosmarinusMonarda
LamiaceaeEconomic plants and products:
Condiments & perfumes:• Basil (Ocimum)• Lavender (Lavandula)• Oregano (Origanum)• Peppermint (Mentha)• Rosemary (Rosmarinus)• Sage (Salvia)• Spearmint (Mentha)• Thyme (Thymus)
Mentha
LamiaceaeEconomic plants and products:Ornamental plants:• Beautyberry (Callicarpa)• Coleus (Coleus)• Salvia (Salvia)
Other interesting Lamiales
Oleaceae(olive family)
Orobanchaceae(hemi- and holoparasitic plants)
Conopholis (parasiticon oaks)
Pedicularis (often parasitizes the heath family)
Castilleja (often parasitizes grasses and various forbs)
lilac
ash
olives