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Assumptions of the Big Bang Theories All Big Bang theories begin with the metaphysical assumption for the eternal constant of 1/1836 for the electron/proton mass ratio. From this they con-clude that the universe’s matter and energy exploded from some imagined point-like location called a singularity. Then, as the singularity expanded and “cooled”to a point where the temperature was just right, a number of protons appeared from the cooling residue of the singularity’s photons. Then, after an even longer period of time an, equal number of electrons spontaneously appeared within an expanding spacetime and the singularity was gone. From this time one, no electrons or protons could be spontaneously created from photons without their antiparticles and no protons or electrons could disap-pear into photons without their antiparticles.

Let there be Atoms ThefirstknowninventionofaninstantcreationprocessoccurredwhentheauthorofGenesiswrote“LettherebePhotons”.ThissimplestatementisstillthebasicassumptionforBigBang’ssingularity.Theproblemwiththisassump-tionisthatit isupsidedown.Thefirst lawforthecreationofphotonsisLet there be Atoms.Photonsaresecondarytoatoms.Atomsemitandabsorbpho-tons.Photonsdonotemitandabsorbatoms.Thesingularityisupsidedownandbackwardsbecauseittriestomakeatomsoutofphotonsinsteadofthemakingphotons fromatoms. Ifwebegin theLivingUniversewithatoms insteadofphotons,wecanarriveattoday’suniversewithoutmakinganyothermetaphysi-calassumptionsorviolatingtheaccelerometermeasurementsofmass,space,time,andgravity. ThereallyweirdrulefollowedbytheoreticalBigBangcosmologistsisthattheyaretotallyfreetoconstructanynumbercomplicatedandconvolutedtheo-riestoexplainaprocessbywhichvastamountsofpurephotonenergycouldhaveappearedfromnowhereatthebeginningoftheuniverseandthengradu-allytransformedintotheatomsandphotonsoftoday.Bycontrast,itisstrictlytabooforcosmologiststoproposethatonlyatomsappearedfromthesingularityandthat theonlyphotonsbackthenwerethoseemittedbyatoms.Thisisanelectrodynamiclawthatalltheoreticalphysicistsfailtoheed.Anyexperimentalphysicistwilltellyouthatitisveryeasytogetphotonsfromatomsbutnearlyimpossibletogetatomsofmatterfromphotons. Itwasn’tuntilwell into the20thcentury thatGeorgeLamaitrebegan toapplyscientificprinciplestotheideathattheuniversehadasuddenbeginningthatwaseithercreatedbyGodorwasthedefinitionofGod.Hisideaswerees-sentiallycorrectashetriedtocreatetheuniversefromasinglegiantatomthatsomehowsplitapartintotheatomsoftoday.GeorgehadtheLivingUniversebasicallyfiguredoutbutsincehedidn’tknowaboutphotons,neutrons,antimat-

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ter,Hubbleredshifts,orthe2.7˚KCosmicBlackbodyRadiation,hewasunabletofillinmanyofthedetails. However, his followers soon tookhis ideasof creation and turned themaroundintoanexpandinguniversemodelthatbeganwiththearbitraryideaofaBigBangsingularitythatcreatedatomsfromphotons.Thiswasfollowedbyalonglistofmetaphysicalassumptionsdescribingparametersandprinciplesthatpaintedasomewhatcoherentpictureofacreationofatoms,starsandgal-axies.WhatcametobecalledthestandardmodelBigBangtheorycontainedmany contradictions and violations of the physical laws of nature but thesewereexplainedawaywithsuch ideasascomplementarityandrelativity.ThestandardmodeloftheBigBangcombinesastronomicalmeasurementswithalargenumberoftheoriesandcontradictoryassumptionsabouttheexistenceofunmeasuredparametersandimaginedancientlawsofphysicsthatarenolongerineffecttoday.AlloftheBigBangtheory’sstructuralproblemsstemfromitsassumptionsofeternalelectronmassandtheideathatatomscanbeconstructedfromphotons. According toquantummechanicalBigBang theories, 2.7˚K is regardedasarandomtemperaturepoint inthecoolingprocessoftheCBRthatbeganlongagoinamuchhotteranddenseruniverse.Inthecirclonmodelofneutronandatomicstructure,2.7˚Kistheonlypossibletemperatureforthepredictedhomogeneouseventthattransformedauniversefullofdecayingneutronsintoauniversefullofradiatingatoms. TherearemanywaysthatBigBangtheoristsviolatethelawsofexperimen-talphysicsbyproposingnaturalphenomenathatcannotbemeasuredorevendetected.Ofthese,therearethreeinparticularthathaveneverbeensatisfacto-rilyresolved.

The creation of matter without antimatter.Noexperimentalphysicisthaseverbeenabletocreatematterwithoutalsocreatingantimatter.Whydowenotde-tectanyleftoverantimatteranywhereinthecosmosfromtheinitialcreationofourprotonsandelectrons? The answer is that what is called “matter and antimatter” is really posi-tive magnetic matter (protons) and the negative electric matter (electrons) and equal numbers of matter and antimatter particles are still with us in the Living-Universe today. The electron was once the antiparticle to the proton.

The cooling of the CBR without any transfer of energy to the rest of the uni-verse.HowisitpossiblefortheuniversetocoolifenergyfromtheCBRpho-tonsisnottransferredtotherestofthematterintheuniverse?Wheredoesthisenergygo?Theconservationofenergydoesnotallowheattodisappear.TheCBRcouldnotcoolwithoutheatingupsomethingelse.BigBangpeopleclaimtheCBRphotonsoriginallyhad1000timesmoreenergyandmomentumthantheyhavetoday.Wheredidallofthisnon-conservedenergyandmomentum

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disappearto? The answer is that the CBR had a temperature of 2.7˚K when it was formed and it still has the same temperature today.

Resolving the paradox between the Doppler and non-Doppler shifts of the Hubble galaxies and the Cosmic Blackbody Radiation. Whenwelookatpho-tonsintheuniverse,theycomprisetwodistinctgroups.Morethan99%makeuptheCBRandtheother1%arethephotonsproducedfromatoms,stars,andgalaxies.The first group is blackbody photonswith a single temperature of2.7˚Kandthesecondgroupconsistsofspectralphotonsfromatomsatallpos-sible temperatures.Both theCBR photons and the highest red shiftHubblephotonsfromtheedgesoftheuniverseareassumedtohavebeenemittedfromthesameatomsduringthefirstmillionyearsofcosmichistory.TheBigBangassumesthatmostof thesephotonsfrombothgroupswereemittedfromthesameatomsthathadatemperatureofaround3000˚K. OneofthegreatparadoxesinBigBangtheoryishowtheHubblegroupofphotonsacquiredonlymodestredDopplershiftsoflessthanZ=10,whiletheCBRphotonsacquiredenormousredshiftsofZ=1000.Accordingtotheory,bothgroupstraveledasimilardistancethroughthesamespaceduringthesameperiodoftime. The solution to this paradox is that neither group of photons is Doppler shifted and both received their “shifts” from the evolving mass of the electron. The CBR photons were emitted from a time much further in the past than were the Hubble photons from distant galaxies.

The Electrodynamics of Absolute Circlon Synchronicity Themainfeatureofcirclonelectrodynamicscalculationsis thatPlanck’sconstanth=mlcisnotasinglemetaphysicalconstantbutacombinationofthetwophysicalconstantsofphoton masslengthY=mlandthespeedoflighth=Yc=mlc.Thiseliminatestheneedforthemasslessphotonaswellasthetransformationbetweenmassandenergyasine=mc2.ThecorrectformofthisphotonequationiscC=e/m.Thecombinedlinearandrotationalmotionofaphoton’smassequalsitskineticenergy.ke=mc2/2+mC2/2=mcC.Cistherotationalspeedoflightandcisthelinearspeedoflight.Aphoton’smassistheabsoluteandconstantmeasuredcomponentofitsenergye=mv2/2,momentump=mv,andangularmomentumIw=mvr.The energy of the photon.e=hƒ=mlcC/l=mcC=mc2/2+mC2/2=EThe angular momentum of the photon.Iw=h/2p=mlc/2p

Today,when theBohr radius is ao = 5.2 x 10-11mand the fine structure

constantisa=.007,theelectrodynamicsoftheHydrogenatomproducesitsintrinsicLymanspectralphotonLyl∞

=4pao/aatawavelengthof9.11x10-8m.

Thisistheshortestpossiblewavelengthinthehydrogenspectrumandwhenit

4 James Carter

isemitted,itleavestheHydrogenatomatitsgroundstate. TheangularmomentumofthegroundstateHydrogenatomis.Iw=meaoac=1.06x10-34ThisconstantforangularmomentumisthesameforallphotonsIw=mlC/2p=1.06x10-34.Thisvalueisauniversalconstantbecauseitisnotchangedbytheevolutionofelectronmass.Aselectronmassdecreases,thefinestructureconstantaincreasesandtheBohrradiusaodecreasestomaintainaconstantvalueforthissocalled“quantum”ofangularmomentum.Thisistheangularmomen-tumatanatom’sBohrradiusaswellastheangularmomentumofallphotons.Anatom,musthaveatleastthisquantityofangularmomentumIw=h/2p=MeaoaCbetween itsprotonandelectron inorder toemitaphoton.ThewavelengthsofspectralphotonsaretransformedasdecreasingelectronmasscauseschangesinthefinestructureoftheBohrradius.Thesechangesarerequiredbytheconserva-tionofangularmomentum. TheseelectrodynamicsexplainthevalueoftheHubbleshiftandarealsoabletocalculateboththe2.7˚Ktemperatureaswellastheprecisetimingoftheoftheinitialburstof2.7˚Kcosmicblackbodyphotons.Aselectronmassdecreases,itin-creasesthefinestructureofadecreasingtheBohrradius.This,inturn,decreasesthewavelengthsofspectralphotons.Decreasesinanelectron’smasswithinthestructure of a neutrondecreases the neutron’s stability and increases its decayenergy.

Living Universe Physics without Metaphysical AssumptionsThis “theory of creation” is not based on either inductive or deductive reasoning because it is not a theory. It is a series of conclusions made from measurements that are fitted together into a theory-like structure for the evolution of the electron within an imaginary Living Universe.

Thisisnotmeanttobeanewtheoryofmatter,energy,orevencosmologybecauseno initialmetaphysical assumptionsof a theory aremadeprior to theconclusionsofexperimentalmeasurements.ItisjustanewwayoflookingatBigBangphysicsthatisupsidedown,insideout,andbackwardsfromthestandardmodeltheoriesbasedontheeternalvalueoftheelectron/proton1/1836massra-tio. Thevalueof1/1836canrepresentanintervalofcosmictimeonanElectronEvolutionclock.TEE=1/1836isthetimeintervalthatwearelivingthroughtoday.ThenextintervalofElectronEvolutionTimeTEE=1/1837willbeinourdistantfuturewhen theelectron/protonmass ratiohasdecreased to thatamount.Bothcampfiresandthesunwillhavebecomeslightlyhotteraswellastheneutronbe-comingslightlylessstable. InourjourneybackintothefarreachesofaLivingUniverse,webeginatthisfutureintervaloftimeandthenstopbrieflyinthepresentatTEE=1/1836.WethencontinueourjourneyintothepastwithstopsatTEE=1/1800,TEE=1/900,TEE=1/146,TEE=1/147,andfinallyatTEE=1-/1.Fromthere,wegobackwards

5James Carter

inAntiprotonEvolutionTimefromTAE=1+/1toTAE=147/1,andfinallytothebeginningoftheLivingUniverseatTAE=1836/1.

A Beginning for Time TAE = 1836/1 Atthisarbitrarypointofbeginning,today’snegativeelectronandpositiveprotonhavebeentransformedbythereverseevolutionofnegativematterintoanegativeantiprotonandpositivepositronwithanantiproton/positronmassratioof1836/1.Thispointofbeginningwaswhenpositronandantiprotoncou-pledtogetherintoanAnti-Hydrogenatomandemittedthephotonsnecessarytoreachitsgroundstate. TAE=1836/1 is notmeant tobe abeginningof cosmological time. It issimplythemostlogicalandsymmetricalpointintimetostartacompleteevo-lutionarystoryofaLivingUniversefrombeginningtoend.Itbeginsadetaileddescriptionoftheexistenceandevolutionoftheatomsofmatterandphotons.Inthisinitialconditionoftheanti-universe,atleastoneanti-Hydrogenatomex-istedwithanantiproton/positronratioof1836/1Aswenowgoforwardintime,theanti-atomsits at rest and isotherwisedormantexcept for thedecreasingmassofantiprotonevolution.Whentheantiproton/positronmassratioreachesTAE=146/1,thetertiarycoiloftheantineutron’scirclonshapebecomeslargerthanthesecondarycoilsofthepositron’circlonshape.Whenthishappens,thepositronspontaneouslycollapsesandbecomeslockedinsidethestructureoftheantiproton.Thisprocessiscalled“positroncapture”andformsastableantineu-tron. TheevolutionoftheLivingUniversebeginswithasingleassumptionthatmustbecalledametaphysicalassumptionbecauseitisopenendedtotime.Thisinitialassumption is that thepositivematterprotonsand thenegativematterelectronsareeternalandhavealwaysexistedinequalnumberswithinthevoidofspace.TheirmotionsandinteractionsaremeasuredtobeincompliancewiththestandardNewtonianlawsofphysics.Aconclusionofmeasurementmadefrom this assumption is that the electrons (negativematter)hasbeen slowlyevolvinginasynchronousprocessthatdecreasestheirmassandincreasestheirsize(wavelength). ItisconcludedthataLivingUniversecouldbeginwithasingleanti-Hy-drogenatomthatexistedatitsbeginning.Theonlyotherassumptionthatneedbemadeisthatthisoriginalanti-atomcontainedallofthemassandenergyintoday’suniverse.Wedonotneedtoexplainorevenquestiontheexistenceoftheoriginalpositronandantiprotonatthebeginning.TheyweremadeofthesamequantityofnegativeelectricmatterandpositivemagneticmatterthatstillexistsintheLivingUniversetoday.Wedonotneedtoassumetheexistenceofelectricandmagneticmatterbackatthisarbitrarybeginninganymorethanweneed toassume theirmeasuredexistence today.Onceweconclude thatmat-terhasalwaysexisted,wecanexplainthehistoryandstructureofourworldwithoutanynewlaws,assumptionsorparametersbeingaddedtothelawsofexperimentalphysics.

6James Carter

Points in Space and Time Philosophically, theideaofabeginningof timeiskindofanoxymoron.Timeisexperiencedthroughthethoughtprocessandwhilethoughtshavebe-ginningsandends,abeginningorendtotimecannotbeimagined.Thesameis true for the ideas of the point and infinity.We cannot logically begin theuniverseateitherapointinspaceorapointintime.Pointsinspaceandabe-ginningof timeareevenmoredifficult to imaginethaninfinity.At leastyoucanlookfarintotheheavenswithatelescopeandimagineyoucanseeinfinity.However,apointcannotbeseenorevenimaginedwitheventhemostpowerfulofmicroscopes.Fromthis,wecanonlyconcludethattheuniversecouldnotbe-ginasphotonsandparticlesappearingwitha“bang”frompointswithinaspa-cetimeaetherthatsuddenlyappearedfromanotherpoint.TheLivingUniversealwayscontainedindividualcirclonshapedparticlesofelectricandmagneticmattermovingwithinafeaturelessvoid. Todiscoverthetruenatureofwhatwashappeningtoelectronsandprotonsduringtheirreproduction,wemustbeginbystudyingwhatishappeningintheinteractionofmattertodayandthenworkourwaybackintothepasttowardthisevent.Inthisway,wecanexaminetheforensicmeasurementsofmatter’sevolution in terms of physical laws rather thanmakemetaphysical assump-tionsabout imaginedandunmeasured initial conditions for thebeginningoftheuniverse.Theonlyevidencepresentedhereisthemeasurabledynamicsofmatterandphotons.Fromthesefirstprinciplesofmeasurement,wecantracetheevolutionofmatterbacktoitsexistencelongbeforethesocalledBigBangsingularity. Thefirstclueinourquestfortheevolutionofmatteristhediscoverythatthemassoftheelectronisslowlydecreasingwhileitssizehasbeenincreas-ingbyaproportionaterate.Thisdecreasehasbeendetectedinageneralwaybymeasurementsofelectronandprotonmassgoingbacktotheirdiscoveriesattheturnofthe20thCentury.ThisisanexperimentalmeasurementthatwecanmakehereonEarth.Ihavenodoubtthatifwedevelopthetechnologytomakeextremelyprecisemeasurementsofprotonmass,electronmass,theBohrradius,thefinestructure“constant”,andtheHydrogenintrinsicphoton,itwillnotbetoomanyyearsbeforewewillbeabletodetectelectronevolutioninthelaboratory. WhenwelookawayfromEarthandpointourtelescopesdeepintotheuni-verse,theHubbleredshiftbecomesthefirstindependentconfirmationofthisdiscovery.Itshowsusthatspectralphotonsemittedbyatomstodayhavemuchshorterwavelengthsthanphotonsemittedinthedistantpast. WemustnotmakeanyassumptionsortheoriesaboutthecauseoftheHub-bleshiftandinsteadacceptthesemeasurementsatfacevalue.Whattheseshift-

7James Carter

edphotonsobviouslytellusisthatatomsinlongagogalaxiesemittedspectralphotonswithlessmomentumandlongerwavelengththantheyhavetoday.Thisiswhatwemeasure,butnotwhatcosmologistsbelieve. Cosmologists believe these large red shifts arebeDoppler shifts causedbythedistantgalaxiesrushingintothevoidatspeedsapproachingthespeedoflight.However,toproposesuchanideawithoutanycollaboratingevidenceseemsquitepreposterous.Whencosmologistshoofbeatsinthedistance,theywillimmediatelyinsistthatithastobeunicorns.Thetheoristhasthechoicebetweentryingtoaccountforthetremendousenergiesofanexplodinguniverseorjustcalculatingtheenergiesproducedbytheelectron’sevolvingmass.Theexperimentalphysicistmustmakeconclusionsfromwhatcanbemeasuredandthetheoreticalphysicistisfreetoimaginethatwhichcannotbemeasured. Withoutmakingtheassumptionofeternalelectronmass,thereisnologi-calreasontoconcludethattheHubbleshiftsareDopplershiftscausedbytherapidmotionofdistantgalaxies.TheyaresimplytheelectrodynamiceffectsofexpandingelectronsandnottheDopplershiftsofanexpandinguniverse. Measurementsconcludethatinthepast,atomsemittedphotonswithlongerwavelengthsthantheydotoday.TheHubbleshiftdoesnotrequireanyspecialexplanationbecausesuchashiftisrequiredbyelectronmasstransformation.Thereasonforthecosmologicalredshiftisthatastheelectron’smassdecreas-es,theelectrodynamicsofatomsrequirethemtoradiatephotonswithshorterandshorterwavelengths. TheHubbleshiftandthecirclonshapesofelectrons,protons,andneutronsareallweneedtotracetheevolutionofmatterandenergybacktoitsearliestbeginningswithoutinventingmetaphysicalassumptionsortheoriesthatarenotsupportedbytoday’smeasurementsofquantummechanicsorelectrodynamics.Matter’scosmicevolutionisdrivenbydecreasingelectronmassMEthatinturndecreasestheBohrradiusaowithanaccompanyingincreaseinthefinestruc-tureconstanta.Thesethreevalueschangeinacomplementarywayinordertomaintaintheuniversalvalueoftheatomicangularmomentumconstant(Iw=h/2p=MEaoaC). The Beginning of the Living Universe TEE = 1836/1 TheLivingUniversebeganwithtwofullyformedconsciousdeities.Theantiprotonandpositronhadexistedforeverseparatelyandhavejustjoinedto-gethertoformasingleatomofanti-Hydrogen.Wecouldgofurtherbackintimebutthissingleanti-atomcantelluseverythingthatweneedtoknowabouttheevolutionoftheLivingUniverse. Theantiproton/positronmassratiowas1836/1andtheywereidenticalinstructuretotheanti-Hydrogenatomsmadeinthelaboratorytodayexceptthattheycontainedtheentiremass(1080protons)andenergye=mCC(1070Joules)oftoday’suniverse.Thepositronwascoupledtotheantiprotonastheyquietlysataloneattheanti-atom’sgroundstate.Theyoccupiedthezeromomentum

8 James Carter

positionwithinthevoidofspacethatwecaneasilyimaginetobeitscenter.AllatomsareatrestwithinthisframeandhavenomomentumandallphotonsmoveatthespeedoflightrelativetothiszeromomentumrestframeandnophotonsareDopplershiftedinthisframe.TheonlychangethattheyexperiencedwiththepassageoftimewasthatthenegativeelectricmatteroftheantiprotonwasslowlydecreasinginmassjustasthenegativematteroftheelectronhasbeenobserveddoingintherecenthistorytheLivingUniverse.

Positron Capture TEE = 147/1 Aslongperiodsoftimepassed,themassoftheantiprotondecreasedandtheanti-Hydrogenatomgrewlargerandlessenergetic.Eventually,whentheantiproton/positronmassratiodroppedto147/1andthepositron’stertiarycoilradiusdecreasedtoao√a,theAnti-hydrogenatomcollapsedintoanantineutronthatwasstillsittingatrestbutspinningwithrotationalkineticenergy. Aswegoforwardintime,themass-to-sizeratiobetweentheparticleswith-in theantineutrongrowcloserandcloser together.Theantiprotoncontinuedtodecreaseinmasswhileincreasinginsize.Eventually,thepointinelectronevolutionwasreachedwherethemassandsizeoftheantiprotonbecameveryclosetothemassandsizeofthepositron.Theeffectofthiswastoconceptuallytransformtheantiprotonintoanelectron.Whenthishappened,the(electron/positron)antiparticlepairwithinthestableantineutronwasableannihilateintoa pare of stable neutrons thatmoved apart at highvelocities in opposite di-rectionsalongasinglevector.Bothneutronswereinitiallystablebutastheirelectronsdecreasedinmasstheyaddedinternalrotationalkineticenergytotheneutronsuntiltheyeventuallyannihilatedintotwonewpairsofneutrons.Thesefourneutronsthenslowlygainedenergyfromelectronevolutionuntiltheybi-furcatedintoeight. Itmayhavebeenmillionsofyearsbetweeneachofthesebifurcations.Thefournewneutronsofthesecondbifurcationcyclemovedapartonvectorsthatwereperpendiculartotheirparent‘svectors.Thenaftermovingforalongtimeatvectorstangenttothecenteroftheuniverse, thesefourneutronssplit intoeight,allmovingonvectorsatrightanglestothefirsttwo.Manyyearslater,theseeightthensplitintosixteenthatmovedapartalongvectorsthatwereallparallel to thevectorof thefirstpair.As theseprimordialneuronscontinuedtoslowlybifurcateandmoveapartathighvelocities,theyformedabasicallysymmetricalsquarecloudthatwasrapidlyexpanding into thevoidofspace.Thenumberofstableneutronsintheuniverseincreasedbyapoweroftwowitheachbifurcationcycle,2,22,23,24,25,26,27,etc. Becauseofthelongperiodsoftimebetweentheindividualserialneutronbifurcations,itmayhavetakenbillionsofyearsforthisprocesstoreachabout256cycles.At thispoint in time, theLivingUniversecontainedat least2256 stableneutrons.ThisisjustslightlylessthanEddington’svenerableestimateof1080protonsforthemassoftheuniverse.

9James Carter

Thisprocesswastheantithesisofachainreactionandwasfinallyhaltedwhen themassof theelectrondecreased to thepointwhere ithad lessmassthanthepositronandtheycouldnolongerannihilateasamatter/antimatterpair.Theconceptualeffectofthisisthattheprimordialpositronsbecamethepro-tonsoftoday.Inthislastcycleofbifurcation,eachproton/electronpairwithinthebifurcatedneutronsbecamelockedtogetherintoastableneutron.Itcanbepointedout thatat themomentbeforethepositronswereconceptuallytrans-formedintoprotons,theLivingUniversecontainedexactlyequalquantitiesofmatterandantimatter.Thenegativeelectronistheprimordialantiparticletothepositiveproton. InthestandardmodelBigBangtheories,neutronsandantineutronsplaylittleornopart in their stories about thecreationofmatter. In experimentalnuclearphysics,theonlyprocessthatcanproducebothprotonsandelectronsisthedecayofneutrons.TheBigBang’screationmodelofmatterwithoutanti-matterhasnoexperimentalverifications.Itisclaimedthatsincethereisnoan-timatterintheuniversetodayitisvirtualproofthatmatterwascreatedwithoutantimatter.NoBigBangenthusiastshaveeverofferedacrediblereasonastowhytheirBigBanguniversecontainsnoantimatter.

Inflation of the Neutron Cloud TEE = 1/1 to TEE = 1/147 Afterthelastneutronbifurcation,anotherverylongintervalintheLivingUniverse’sevolutionoccurredinwhichthegreatsquarehomogeneouscloudofperhaps2256stableneutronscontinuedtospreadoutinalldirectionswithinthevoidofspace.Onceformed,thetotaldensityofthecloudslowlydecreasedastherapidlymovingneutronsspreadoutintothevoid.Duringthislongperiodofneutronstability,thecloudwaseventuallyinflatedtothesizeandlocationoftoday’sLivingUniverse. These neutronswere far apart and rarely collidedwith one another, butwhentheydid,itreducedthecloud’shomogeneitybycreatinglocationswithgreaterandlesserneutrondensities.Theareaswithgreaterdensitieshadgreat-ernumbersofcollisionsandthis increasedthedensityof theseregionsevenfurther.Overtime,thisprocesssegmentedthecloudintomanylocalareasofhigherneutrondensity.Thissegmentationprocessoccurredonmanydifferentlevelsofscale,meaningthatmanysmallhighdensitycloudsclusteredtogetherand formedmuch largerclouds.During this time, theoriginalhomogeneouscloudofneutronshadbecomedividedintoareasofincreaseddensitythatwastheverybeginningoftheconcentrationsthatwouldeventuallybecometoday’sstarsandgalaxies. Duringthemillionsofyearsthatthecloudofneutronswasexpandingintothevoid,themassoftheelectroncontinuedtoslowlydecrease.Aftertheneu-tronshadbeenformed,theelectron/protonmassratiowasjustslightlylessthanunity1/1+.Whentheelectron/protonmassratiofinallyreached1/147,thesec-ondarycoilsofelectron’scirclonshapehadgrownslightlylargerthanthepro-

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This drawing illustrates the exact number of protons and electronsat each stage of the matter bifurcation cycle of the Living Universe.

The Creation Sprial of the Living Universe

C 2013 by James Carter

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The Creation Spiral of the Universe

11 James Carter

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Creation SpiralPowers of Two

Oct

al P

ower

s of T

wo

Decim

al Powers of Tw

o

The Big Bang EquationThisequationshowstheexactprocessofhowthematterintheuniversewastransformedfromasingleantineutronintothe2256electronsandprotonsintheuniversetoday.This

equationclearlyrevealsthattheoctalsystemofcountingisfarsuperiortothedecimalsystemwhenitcomestocalculatingthephysicsofmotionandthedynamicsofcirclonmodelsof

theuniverse.

Thisbifurcationequationbeginsatoctal21whentheevolvingelectron/protonmassratiowasgreaterthan

one.ME/MP=1/1-

2256 isthemostsymmetricalnumberthatiscloseto

Eddington’sdurablenumberof1080forthenumberofprotonsintheuniverse.

12James Carter

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21302131213221332134213521362137213821392140214121422143214421452146214721482149215021512152215321542155215621572158215921602161216221632164216521662167216821692170217121722173217421752176217721782179218021812182218321842185218621872188218921902191219221932194219521962197219821992200220122022203220422052206220722082209221022112212221322142215221622172218221922202221222222232224222522262227222822292230223122322233223422352236223722382239224022412242224322442245224622472248224922502251225222532254225522562257

InanefforttobeasexactingaspossibleinthismathematicalinventionoftheLivingUniverse,Ihaveincludedthecompleteequationthatshowstheexactnumberofpro-tonsandelectronsintheuniverseateverystageinthebifurcationprocessofcreationforalloftheparticlesthatstillexisttoday.Tomaintainmathematicalpurity,Ihave

includedboththeoctalanddecimalversionsofthisformula.

Thisbifurcationequationendsatoctal2400whentheevolving

electron/protonmassratiowaslessthanone.ME/MP=1/1+

2256

13 James Carter

ton’stertiarycoil.Priortothis,theelectronandprotonwerecoupledtogetherinastableneutronwiththeelectron’sstructurelockedfirmlyinsideoftheproton.Assoonastheelectronbecametoolargetofitinsideoftheproton,theneutronbecameunstableandtheelectronpoppedoutfrominsidetheproton. AfterTEE=1/147,theelectroncouldattachtotheoutsideoftheprotontoformanatom,butitcouldnolongerattachtotheinsidetoformaneutronwith-outtheadditionofcouplingenergy.Afterthispointintime,theneutronsallbe-comeunstableanddecayedintoelectronandprotons.Sincethen,neutronshavegonefromavirtuallyinfinitelifetimetotoday’slifetimeofabout19minutes. Astheelectronwasslowlylosinginertialmasswithinthestableneutron,the kineticmass of the neutron’s kinetic energywas increasing by an equalamount.Inordertoconserveangularmomentum,theneutron’sinternalrota-tionalkineticenergyincreasedastherestmassoftheelectrondecreasedanditssizeincreased.Thisslowprocesscontinueduntilalmostonehalfoftheuni-verse’smassandenergywaskineticmasscontainedintherotationalkineticen-ergyoftherotatingcirclon-shapedneutronmassstructures.Allofthisinternalkineticmass/energymadeeachstableneutronintoatinybutpowerfulatomicbomb. Even though the primordial neutrons contained an enormous amount ofenergy,theyremainedcompletelystableaslongastheelectron’sgrowingsec-ondarycoilsweresmallerthantheproton’stertiarycoil.Thisdifferenceinsizekepttheelectron’ssecondarycoilstructurelockedwithinthelargertertiarycoilstructureoftheproton.Aftertheirratioreached1/147,theyalldecayedwithanenormousamountofmomentum.Innearlyaninstant,theLivingUniversewastransformedfromvastcloudsoffrozenneutronstoaseethingmassofhighmomentumelectronsandprotons.

The Great Neutron Decay TEE = 1/146 Aftertheirlongincubationprocess,theneutronshadaccumulatedtremen-dousamountsofkineticenergyfromthedecreasingmassoftheelectron.Astheneutronsdecayed,theyweretransformedintohighenergyelectronsandpro-tonsmovinginalldirections.Theseimmediatelybegancollidingwithonean-other,emittingphotons,formingatomsandconvertingbackintonearlystableneutrons.Inamereinstantincosmologicaltime,theuniversewasconvertedfromgreatandsmallcloudsofbasicallyfrozenneutronsintoaseethingmassofhighlyenergeticelectrons,protons,andneutrons.

Nuclear Synthesis TEE = 1/148 Inthishigh-energyandneutron-richenvironment,protons,electrons,andneutronscollidedandjoinedtogetherintoatomsandtheatomicnucleiofalltheelements.Bythetimethisgreatnuclearsynthesishadended,theuniversewascomposedofmostlyHydrogenandHelium.Therestoftheuniversecontainedquantitiesofatleastatleastafewatomsofallthe2000orsoidentifiednuclear

14 James Carter

isotopes.Theprocessfinallystoppedwhenvirtuallyalloftheuniverse’ssup-plyofprotons,electronsandneutronshadbeenabsorbedintothestructuresofabout2000differentchemicalatoms. When theywere formed, all of the isotopeswerevirtually stablewith anuclearstabilitynumberofone#NS=MP/ME √a=1.Then,aselectronevolu-tionprogressedandtheneutronstabilitynumber#NSincreasedtosay10or20,theneutronbegantobecomemoreunstable.Thiscausedthelargestandleaststableoftheatomicnucleitodecayintolighternuclei. Inthetimethatthe#NS=1+advancedto#NS=156,the2000originaliso-topeshaddecayedintothe285virtuallystableisotopesthatmakeuptheperi-odictable.Today,elementsheavierthanHydrogenandHeliummakeuponlyaboutonepercentofatomicnuclei.Today,mostofanelement’smanynuclearisotopesareunstable,butat thetimeTEE=1/148justafterthegreatneutrondecay,theywereallatleastvirtuallystable.

2.7˚K Grand Fire TEE = 1/147 to TEE = 1/1836 Astheprocessofrapidneutrondecaycontinued,electronsbegancouplingtoprotonsandothernucleitoformatomsandemitspectralphotons.Boththekineticenergyoftheelectron’srapidmotionandtheionizationenergybetweenelectronandprotonwereslowlyconvertedintospectralphotonsfromalltheelements.Afterthisenergywasdissipatedintophotons,theuniversebecamefilledwith blackbody photons and the atoms settled down into their groundstatesandbecamerelativelydormant.Inthisstate,theypossessedlessthanoneunit of photon angularmomentumand couldno longer emit photonsunlesstheyabsorbedaphotonorgainedangularmomentumfromcollidingwithotheratoms.With an electron/protonmass ratio of 1/147, heated atoms producedspectralphotonsatablackbodytemperatureof2.7˚K. Thisgrandfireofradiatingatomsfilledtheuniversewithagreatburstofphotonsthatcontainedtheionizationenergyofalltheelementsaswellasmuchoftheenormousdecayenergyoftheneutronclouds.Thisgreatreleaseofpho-tonenergycanstillbeviewedintheuniversetodayasthephotonsthatmakeupthe2.7˚KCosmicBlackbodyRadiation.Thesephotonsrepresentedatremen-dousamountofenergy.EventodaytheCBRphotonshaveaboutathousandtimesasmuchenergyasthephotonsproducedbyallthestarsandgalaxiessincetheirformation. Oncetheindividualatomshadconvertedtheirionizationenergyintospec-tralphotons, thisuniversalfrozenfireeventuallywentout leavingthewholeuniverseataconstantblackbodyphotontemperatureof2.7˚K.Theatomscon-tinuedtoabsorbandemitsomethesephotonsbutthatdidnotchangetheoverallcharacterandtemperatureoftheirblackbodyradiationspectrum.

Formation of Galaxies TEE = 1/147 to 1/918 Theextinguishingofthegrandfirebegananotherverylongandcold,era

15James Carter

inthehistoryoftheLivingUniversewhenthegravitationalexpansionofmass,space,andtimebegantogathertheatomsintoindividualcloudsofgasanddustwithgreaterandgreaterdensities.Thesecloudsslowlybecamesegmentedintostillsmalleranddensercloudsthateventuallycollapsedintoplanets,stars,andgalaxies.As thesenewstars formed, starlightbegan to lightup theuniversewithspectralblackbodyphotonsforthesecondtime.Thisprocesstookmanybillionsofyearsbutmayhavebeenmostlycompletedbythetimetheelectron/protonmassratioreached1/918orabouthalfwhatitistoday.

Hubble Constant TEE = 1/918 ThegalaxieswiththegreatestredshiftsobservablewiththeHubbletele-scopeatthevisibleedgesoftheuniverseareaboutZ=10.Wecanconcludefromthisthattheinitialformationofstarsandgalaxieswaslargelycompletedbythetimetheelectron/protonmassratiowasabout1/918.Fromthistimeinthestarformationprocesstothepresent,theenergiesofspectralphotonshaveincreasedbyaboutafactorof10. Fromthispointon,theuniverseisjustwhatweobserveittobewithourtelescopes.TheCBRstillmaintainsitsoriginaltemperatureof2.7˚Kandthetotaltemperatureoftheuniverseproducedbystarlightisslowlyincreasingbutstill far below 1˚K.The temperature from photons inside theMilkyWay isabout3˚Kbutoutbetweenthegalaxiesitisstillmuchcolder. Whatwemeasurewith our telescopes is the opposite ofwhat cosmolo-gistshavelongbelievedtobetrue.TruebelieversintheEternalElectronMassConstantandtheinventionoftheBigBangsingularityhavelongbelievedthatentropywasnegative and that theuniversewas constantly in theprocessofcoolingdowninprocesstheycall“heatdeath”.However,thecorrectinterpre-

.01m.1m1m .0001m.001m

10001 10 100Frequency(GHz)

Wavelength(meter)

.000179mBrightness(ergcm-2sec-1sr

-1Hz-1)

10-14

10-15

10-16

10-17

10-18

10-19.0003m

λmax =

.00107m

.0002m.02m .002m.2m

HydrogenSpectrumatMatterCreation

LymanBalmerPaschen

Brackett

Pfund

sixthorbit

seventhorbit

eighthorbit

ninthorbit

tenthorbit

eleventhorbit

twelvethorbit

thirteenthorbit = 4πaoαHλ∞

YC

2

kT4.965λmax =

HydrogenIntrinsicPhoton@

Mp/M

Eα=1

=H λ

∞

MP/ME α=1

16James Carter

tationsofelectronevolutionandbothDarkEnergyandtheHubbleshiftwouldshowthattotalentropyisatleastneutralandmayevenbepositive.Itisperhapstruethattheincreasingenergyofspectralphotonsisgenerallyequaltotheen-ergylostfromtheemissionofphotonswithlongerandlongerwavelengths.Theuniverseiscoolingdownfromphotondissipationatthesametimeitisheatingupfromelectronevolution.

Conservation of Momentum TEE = 1/1 OneofthegreatunsolvedparadoxesoftheBigBangtheoryconcernsthesimpleconservationofmomentum. Ifallof theuniverse’sprotonsandelec-tronswereejectedfromasingularitypointatextremelyhighvelocities,theirmomentumvectorswouldall point to thevoid from this singlepoint.Sinceadjacentparticleswouldbetravelingonvirtuallyparallelmomentumvectors,theywouldhavealmostnorelativemomentumorvirtualangularmomentumtoformatomsandemitphotons.Theywouldconstantlybemovingfartherapartfromoneanotherandtherewouldbelittlechanceofanyofthemcollidingorinteractingon their long journeys to theedgeof theuniverse fromthesamepoint.Thephysicalmechanicsof theBigBangtheorycompletelyeliminatesanyphysicalmechanismthatcouldgathertogetherthesespeedingparticlesofmatterintoclouds,stars,galaxies,andeventuallypeople. In Big Bang theory, all of its momentum and energy are used to sendparticlesofmatterawayfromoneanotherfromasinglepoint.IntheLiving-

1/146.5 12.53 .00682 .0000465 1967 Z=1966Neutronsdecay,atomsformandthe2.7˚KCosmicBlackbodyRadiationfillstheuniverse

1.0λ=.000179m

1/918 2.0 .0428 .001825 8 Z=7EM=1/2protonmass

39

1/100 18.36 .000022.000466 .4

1/1500 1.22 .0701 .0049 1.82 Z=.82105

1/1200 1.53 .056 .00312 3.58 Z=2.8567

1/1800 1.02 .0838 .007 1.06 Z=.06151

ElectronMassME

1.14x10-29kg

BohrRadiusao

5.292x10-11m

FineStructureConstant

α.0073

CirclonConstant

α.0855

NeutronStructureConstant

Q=MP/ME α156.8

HubbleZNumberZ=0

MapofCosmicTimeandtheEvolutionofMatterHydrogen’sIntrinsic

Wavelength

λi=4πao

α

1/1ElectronandProtonareparticle/antiparticlepair

1/1836 1.00 .0855 .0073 1 Z=0157Today’sElectronMass λ=.0000000911m

h/2π=MECαao

OnlystableneutronsNoatomsorphotons

17James Carter

Universe,thegreatexplosivedecayofneutronsthatcreatedtheelectronsandprotonsoccurrednotatasinglepoint,butwithinagreatsymmetricalsquarecloudofneutronsspreadoutwithinthewholeuniverse.Whentheydecayed,theseneutronsweremovinginmanydifferentdirectionsandatmanydifferentvelocities.Theenergyofthesedecayingneutronsputalloftheelectronsandprotonsondifferenthighenergytrajectorieswheretheycouldcrashintooneanotherratherthanallofthemmovingawayfromthepointofauniversalsin-gularity. When high speed electrons pass near or collide with protons and otheratomicnuclei,theybounceoffoneanotherandemitphotonsinaprocessthatslows down theirmotions.When they collide at lesser velocities, they emitphotonsastheycoupletogetherintoradiatingatoms. Asthenumberofatomsinaparticularregionofspacegrows,thenumberofcollisionswithfastmovingparticlesincreasesandadensecloudofatomsbegins toform.Withfastmovingelectronsandprotonsfeedingthesecloudsfromalldirections,theyincreaseindensityandcompressintogalaxies,stars,planetsandeventuallypeople.

Dinosaur Era TEE = 1/1800 TheevolutionoftheelectronisabletoexplainmanyofEarth’slongheldmysteriesliketheenormoussizeofdinosaurbones.Thegreatparadoxinthestudyofdinosaursisthattheirphysiologydoesnotmatchtheirbodies.Theyaresimplytoobigandheavytobeefficientlysupportedbytheirmusclesandbones.Today, the largestdinosaurswouldbeablefloatandswim inwaterbut theywouldn’tbeabletogetoutandwalkorrun.Thelargestofwhaleswillsuffocatefromtheirgreatweightcompressingtheirlungsiftheyareoutofthewaterforanylengthoftime. IntheLivingUniverse,thedinosaurslivedonalargerEarthwithlessgravityandwerethusabletorompandplayandchaseeachotheraroundjustassmalleranimalsdotoday. Atthetimeofthedinosaurs,theuniversewasmuchlikeit istoday.Themechanicsofthegravitationalexpansionofmass,space,andtimehadassembledthesolarsystemandEarthwasteamingwithmanydifferentlifeforms.Com-paredtotoday’sEarth,themaindifferencewasthattheelectronbackthenwasheavierandtheBohrradiuswaslarger.WithalargerBohrradius,atomswouldhavelowerelectron/protonenergylevelsthanthesameatomstoday.Becauseofthis,theatoms,aswellasEarthitself,werelargerandhadlessdensitythantheydotoday.TheresultofthislargerandlessdenseEarthwasasubstantiallyreducedaccelerationofgravityatitssurface. IfEarth’sradiuswastwicewhatitistoday,itsdensitywouldbeone/eighthanditssurfacegravitywouldbeone/fourth(2.4m/s2)ThisisalmostidenticaltothegravityoftheMoon.Certainly,dinosaursthataretooheavytobeabletowalkaroundonEarthwouldbeabletogetupandrunontheMoon.

18 James Carter

6,454

.2

5,589.5

3,535.1

6.6154 R

Comsat orbit

IW= 3

IW= 4

IW= 5

IW= 6

IW= 7

IW= 8

IW= 9

IW= 10

IW= 11

IW= 12

IW= 13

IW= 2IW=1

IW=

6.6

ML=1/2ML=1

ML=1/3

ML=1/4

ML=1/5

ML=1/6

ML=1/9

ML=1/7

ML=1/8

ML=1/11

ML=1/12

ML=1/13

ML=1/10

g=2.4261/4

g=1.0781/9

g=.60651/16

g=.38821/25

g=.26961/36

g=.19801/49

g=.15161/64

g=.11981/81

g=.09701/100

g=.08021/121

g=.05741/169

g=.06741/144

1 R

2 R

3 R

4 R

5 R

6 R

7 R

8 R

9 R

10 R

11 R

12 R

13 R

g=9.807g = 1

2,281.9

2,383.4

2,499.7

2,634.9

2,192.4

2,794.7

2,987.7

3,227.1

3,535.1

3,952.4

7,904.7

3,370.6

3,762.3

3,952.4

4,225.3

4563.8

4,999.4

7,90

4.7

Sea levelEscape Velocity= 2gResV@ R=11,179 m/s=1

1/2

1/3

1/4

1/5

1/6

1/7

1/8

1/9

1/10

1/11

1/12

1/13

Orbital velocitymeters/sec

Orbital & EscapeVelocity

sea level = 1Escape Velocity

meters/sec

Accelerationof Gravity

Angularmomemtum

Mass-Length

4,346.4 m/s

Earth Orbits to 13 Radii

.2241 m/s 2

5,589.5

4,563.8

3,073.3m/s

1/2

E=1

1/3

1/4

1/5

1/6

1/7

1/8

1/9

1/10

1/13

1/12

1/11

OrbitalEnergy

1

3,227.1

3,100.5

This drawing shows the orbital parameters of Escape Velocity, Orbital Velocity, Orbital Energy, Acceleration of Gravity, Masslength, and An-gular Momentum for Earth orbits out to 13 Earth radii. The Dinosaur Era probably occurred around the time when the radius of Earth was about twice what it is today and gravity was about one-quarter its pres-ent value.

19James Carter

The Effects of a Shrinking Earth TEE = 1/1600 to TEE = 1836 ItisnowtodayintheLivingUniverse.TheelectronhaslostmoremassandEarthhasshrunktoone/halfofitsDinosaurEraradius.Astheelectronlosesmass,atomsgetsmallerandemitmoreenergeticphotons.Thiscausestheblackbodytemperatureofatomsonthesuntoincrease. AsHydrogenatomsonthesungetsmallerandhotter,theatomsofallthechemicalelementsalsodecrease insizeand increase inspectralenergybyalesseramount.Thelargeranatom’smassandnumberofelectrons,thelessitssizedecreasesinproportiontothehydrogenatom.Atomsattheheavyendoftheperiodictableshrinkconsiderablylessthantheatomsatthelightendofthetable.WhenEarthwasinamoltenstate,theheavyelementstendedtosinktowardthemiddle,whilethelighterelementsfloatedtothesurface.OnceEarthhadcooledtoasemi-solidstate,cracksbegantodevelopinitsoutercrustcomposedofmostlyelementslighterthanIron.Astheatom’softhelighterelementsdecreasedinsizefasterthanatomsheavierthanIron,thelightsurfaceofEarthshrunkfasterthanitsheavyinterior.Thiscausedtherigidcontinentstocrackandmoveapartastheelectronmassevolved. IntheLivingUniverse,platetectonicsisanaturalprocessofelectronevolu-tionandnotatheory.ThemotionofEarth’scontinentalplatesisaconclusionofmeasurementanddoesnotrequiretheinitialassumptionofatheory. Thewaythisprocessworksisthataselectronmassdecreases,thefinestruc-tureconstantgrowslarger.ThisinmakestheBohrradiusandthusthesizeofatomsgrowsmaller.Itisconcludedthattheratebywhichthephysicalsizeofaparticularatomdecreasesisdependentonthenumberofitsboundelectrons. ThiseffectprovidesaneasyanswertooneofthemostdifficultofEarth’sgeologicalmysteries.GeologistshavelongtriedtosupplyamechanismtoexplaintheapparentbreakupandspreadingapartofEarth’scontinents.Platetectonicsisthelatestideatoexplainthisphenomenonbutitsometimesopensupmorequestionsthancanbeanswered.EvenifalltheevidenceforcontinentaldriftcouldbeexplainedbythemovementoflargeplatesinEarth’scrust,thereisstillnounderlyingmechanismthatcanmaketheplatesmoveinthefirstplace. ThereisagreatdealofgeologicalevidencetosupporttheideathatEarthoncehadasinglelargeunbrokencontinentcalledPangea.Betweenthenandnow,Pangeabrokeapart intoanumberofcontinentsandislandsthatdriftedovermuchoftheremainingglobe.Theexperimentalevidenceforthiseventisexcellent.TherehaslongbeenexamplesthatmadeEarthandotherheavenlybodiestoappeartobeexpandingwithsurfacescrackingandcontinentsappear-ingtobemovingapart.Theproblemis,noonehasbeenabletocomeupwithaphysicalsystemthatcancomeclosetomakingthewholeprocesswork. IntheLivingUniverse,theshrinkingofthelighteratomsinEarth’scrustat

20James Carter

afasterratethantheheavyatomsinitsinteriorcausesthesurfacetocrackapartasitcontractsfasterthantheheavieratomsinEarth’sinterior.

The Era of Zero Entropy TEE = 1/1 to TEE = 1/1836 BigBangcosmologistshavelongadoptedtheeternalelectronmassconstantof1/1836asthefundamentalmetaphysicalassumptionofnatureandhavecon-cludedfromitthattheuniverseisinaconstantprocessofcoolingdownfromamuchhotterinitialstate.Mainstreamcosmologicaltheorieshavealwaysbeenbuiltaroundverifyingthisassumptionofconstantelectronmass.However,whenwelookforactualphysicalevidencetosupporttheconclusionofacoolinguni-verse,wecanfindverylittleifany.AllexperimentalevidencewouldindicatethattheLivingUniversewasverycoldwhenitsatomswereformedandithasbeenheatingupeversince. Withtheelectron’smassgettingsmallerandsmaller,itiseasytoseewhytheuniverseisgettinghotter.Thephotonemissionspectraforalltheelementsaregraduallygrowingtogreaterenergiesandshorterwavelengths.Itcouldbethatthiseffectmatchesthe“heatdeath”predictedfortheuniversebythesecondlawofthermodynamics.Iftheassumptionismadethattheseeffectsareequal,thenitcanbeconcludedthatentropyintheLivingUniverseiszero.AstheLivingUniversecoolsfromthedissipationofenergyintolongerandlongerwavelengthphotons,itisalsobeingwarmedbytheincreasingenergyandshorteningwave-lengthsofatomicemissions.

The Chemical Era As themass/size ratio between theproton and electrongrows, there aresubtlechangesinthechemicalreactionsthatoccurfromprotonsandelectronscouplingtogether.BecauseofamuchlargerBohrRadius,chemicalcompoundsinthedistantpasthadsomewhatdifferentpropertiesthantheydotoday.Perhapsthechemicalsthatmakeupdinosaurbonewerestrongerthenthantheyarenow. ItispossibletherewasapointincosmologicalchemistryaboutthreebillionyearsagowhenthechemistrywasjustrightforthespontaneousformationofDNAandotherorganicmolecules.Sincethen,thesemoleculeshavereproduced,diversified,andjoinedtogethertopreservethemselves.Perhaps,therewasonlyasmallwindowoftimeinelectronevolutionwhenthechemistrywasjustrightforthespontaneousformationofDNAmolecules.Afterthatbrieftimeincos-michistory,DNAmoleculeswereabletoreproducebuttheycannolongerbeproducedspontaneously.AlllifeonEarthisdirectlyconnectedtotheseoriginalDNAmolecules.AsTimothyLearysaidinalectureIonceattended,“Wearealltheresultofanunbrokenchainoflifethatisoverthreebillionyears.”Thereisnoplacealongthischainwhereatleastsomeportionofourpresentbodieswasnotpartofalivingorganism.Atleastinprinciple,ourbodiescouldstillcontain

21James Carter

atomsfromoneoftheoriginalDNAmolecules. IntheLivingUniverse,theevolutionoflifeisdrivenbythechangingpa-rametersofcosmologicalchemistry.Inthefuture,moleculesthatdonotexisttodaymaybepossible.Certainly,theenergyandintensityofchemicalreactionswillchangeasthemassoftheelectronevolves. Thereisanotherfactorthatmayverywellhaveasignificanteffectontheevolutionoflifeinboththepastandinthefuture.Thisistheincreasinginsta-bilityoftheneutronanditslinktothedecreasingstabilityofatomicnuclei.Atonetimeinthedistantpast,commonandwidespreadradioactivenucleisuchasThoriumandUraniummayhavebeenstableandthismayalsohavebeenbetrueofmanyotherradioactiveelementsandisotopes.Theendresultofthisevolv-ingprocessisthattodaywehavesomeofthe282stableisotopesandasmallnumberofradioactiveisotopeswithverylonglifetimes.Asthestabilityoftheneutrondecreaseswithelectronevolution,theleaststableofthese282isotopeswillbecomeradioactive. KnowledgeofthiseffectwillalsochangethewaywemeasurethingsliketheageofEarth.OnewaytodeterminetheageofEarthistostudyandquantifytheratethatThoriumandUraniumdecaythroughaseriesofstepsintoLead.ItispossiblethattheseweaklyradioactiveelementsmayhavebeenmuchmorestablewhenEarthwasfirstformed.Alsotheremayhavebeenmanymorethantoday’s282stableisotopes.IfThoriumandUraniumwereoncestableorhadmuchlongerhalflives,thenEarthcouldbemucholderthanpreviouslyestimated.The Era of Conscious Thought TEE = 1/1700 to TEE = 1/1836 Perhaps themost remarkable thingabout thewholescenarioofaLivingUniverseisthatweareheretotryandfigureitoutanddiscussit.Thegreatun-explainedmysteryoftheuniverseisnotsomuchtheexistenceofthechemicalelementsofmatterbuttheexistenceandoriginofconsciousness. Sincetheonlyidentifiableactivityintheobservableuniverseistheinteractionbetweenelectronsandprotons,itisconcludedthattheactivityofconsciousnessmustalsobeapartoftheseinteractions.Thebasicunitsofconsciousnessaresomehowcontainedwithintheindividualstructuresofprotonsandelectrons.Ifeachofouratomscontainsabasicunitofawareness,thenourhigherdegreeofconsciousnessresultsfromtheconnectionsofthemanyatomsandmoleculeswithinourbodies.Theseindividualatomicsensesofawarenessareallorganizedintosymmetricalpatternsofinteractionswithinouratomsthatwesenseasfeelingandexperienceasbothconsciousnessandunconsciousnessthought.Ourtotalconsciousnessistheresultofthe1029possibleconnectedinteractionsbetweentheatomsinourbodiesandbrains. Whiletheatomsofarockmayhaveprimitiveindividualawareness,itcannotreallybecalledconsciousness.ItispossibletrueconsciousnessdidnotarriveintheLivingUniverseuntilthespontaneousformationofDNAmoleculesabout

22James Carter

threebillionyearsago. Theeternalexistenceofmatter is the initialprincipleof theLivingUni-verse.A religiousperson,whowants tobegin theuniversewithGod,mightwanttoconsiderconcludethatelectronsandprotonsareaneternallylivingYin/Yangdichotomyofdeitiesthatcouldbereferredtoasgoddessesandgods.ThisdualityofGodhasalwaysexistedwiththeantiprotonasayingoddessandthepositronasayanggod.Thisgodandgoddessthenworkedtogether,interacted,andreproducedinto2256electronandprotondeitiesthatcontainedallthecon-sciousnessoftoday’sLivingUniverse.Thegodconsciousnessthatweexperi-encestemsfromthebasicconnectedawarenessofthesedeities.

Conclusion Theevolutionofelectronmassisnotanassumptionortheorybecauseitisanexperimentalconclusionmadewithoutanyinitialmetaphysicalassumptionssuchaseternalelectronmass,unmeasurableparameterslikeasingularity,Guth’sinflatingfield,anexpandingmediumforCBRphotons,unmeasuredDopplerredshifts,orthecreationofparticlesofmatterwithoutparticlesofantimatter.Moreover,aLivingUniversedoesnotrequirethecreationofanynewmassorenergyandthereisnorequirementforanexpandingspacetimecontinuumorabeginningoftime.Indeed,onlyphysicalassumptionsaremadethatarecom-pletelyverifiedastheconclusionsofthescientificmethodforthemeasurementofmass,space,time,andgravity.