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Artificial classification systems group living organisms together according to their sharing of one or few

unifying characters The characters are selected first, then the plants are grouped based on the criteriaselected. This is referred to as an a priori classification because the criteria are first established, and then

the plants placed into the system.

Natural classification aims at classifying and arranging plants according to their overall similarity and

consequently can reveal their real kin relationships. ( cit. )

http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:UF1

An artificial classification is an arrangement that is based on superficial or arbitrary attributions. It is

constructed rather than based on discoveries. A natural classification, on the other hand, is a

classification that reflects a natural order suppoArtificial System:

1. Classification without basing on relationship among plants.

2. Based on one or two superficial morphological characters.

3. Characters chosen were arbitrary, sexual and for sake of convenience only .

4. Does not give any idea on origin and evolution of different taxa.

Example: Linnaean system.

Natuaral System:

1. Classification basing on form or natural relationship between plants.

1. Based on one or more natural characters.

2. Characters chosen were permanently retained sexual or vegetative characters.

3. Also does not give any idea on origin and evolution of different taxa, but gives some idea on their

natural relationship.

Example: Bentham and Hookers system.

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sed to exist and be discovera natural classification is that which is based on natural properties. here, the

grouping of objects is according to natural order. artificial classification is based on external features such

as colours, shapes, etc. howerever, for libraries it is based on subjects.

-- preetied by science. ( cit. )

a natural classification is that which is based on natural properties. here, the grouping of objects isaccording to natural order. artificial classification is based on external features such as colours,shapes, etc. howerever, for libraries it is based on subjects.

-- preeti1902 Encyclopedia>Biology> Artificial and Natural Classification inTaxonomy
http://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:UF1aJEOQMwYJ:edu.shams.edu.eg/%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%2520%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%2520%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/Biology/CVS/Botany/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%2520%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85/biodiversity/biological%2520classifications.doc+artificial+classification%2Bdefinition&hl=de&ct=clnk&cd=19&gl=dehttp://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:UF1aJEOQMwYJ:edu.shams.edu.eg/%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%2520%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%2520%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/Biology/CVS/Botany/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%2520%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85/biodiversity/biological%2520classifications.doc+artificial+classification%2Bdefinition&hl=de&ct=clnk&cd=19&gl=dehttp://www.preservearticles.com/201101113057/difference-between-cyathium-and-hypathodium.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/201101113057/difference-between-cyathium-and-hypathodium.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/201106188206/what-is-the-difference-between-zea-mays-and-canna-stem.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/201106188206/what-is-the-difference-between-zea-mays-and-canna-stem.htmlhttp://www.1902encyclopedia.com/http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/http://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BIO/biology.htmlhttp://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BIO/biology.htmlhttp://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BIO/biology.htmlhttp://www.1902encyclopedia.com/B/BIO/biology.htmlhttp://www.1902encyclopedia.com/http://www.preservearticles.com/201106188206/what-is-the-difference-between-zea-mays-and-canna-stem.htmlhttp://www.preservearticles.com/201101113057/difference-between-cyathium-and-hypathodium.htmlhttp://209.85.135.104/search?q=cache:UF1aJEOQMwYJ:edu.shams.edu.eg/%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%2520%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%2520%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9/Biology/CVS/Botany/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%2520%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85/biodiversity/biological%2520classifications.doc+artificial+classification%2Bdefinition&hl=de&ct=clnk&cd=19&gl=de


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Biology(Part 8)

Artificial and Natural Classification in Taxonomy

The differences between "artificial" and "natural" classifications are differences indegree, and not in kind. In each case the classification depends upon likeness; but in anartificial classification some prominent and easily observed feature is taken as the markof resemblance or dissemblance; while, in a natural classification, the things classified

are arranged according to the totality of their morphological resemblances, and thefeatures which have been ascertained by observation to be the indications of manylikenesses or unlikenesses. And thus a natural classification is a great deal more than amere index. It is a statement of the marks of similarity of organization; of the kinds ofstructure which, as a matter of experience, are found universally associated together;and, as such, it furnishes the whole foundation for those indications by whichconclusions as to the nature of the whole of an animal are drawn from a knowledge ofsome part of it.

When a paleontologist argues from the characters of a bone or of a shell to the natureof the animal to which that bone or shell belonged, he is guided by the empiricalmorphological laws established by wide observation, that such a kind of bone or shell, isassociated with such and such features in the rest of the body, and no others. And it is

these empirical laws which are embArtificial versus natural

classification

An artificial classification is an arrangement that is based onsuperficial or arbitrary attributions. It is constructed rather thanbased on discoveries. A natural classification, on the other hand, isa classification that reflects a natural order supposed to exist and bediscovered by science.

This definition is in conflict with a definition provided by Daily inLibrary and Information Science (LIS):

"A classification is called natural for the same reason that a language is called natural.

It arises from the needs and methods of communication utilized in everyday life from

time immemorial among all the peoples of the world. A natural language cannot betraced to its ultimate origin, although it would be possible to define human beings as

those primates that use language. Although library classifications can be traced quite

clearly, if not entirely accurately, at least back to classical sources,[1] only those


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library classifications developed first by Melvil Dewey and then by those who followed

in his path need concern us here." (Daily, 2003, 2114).

Daily seems to be ignorant concerning the use of naturalclassification and artificial classification in biology.Linnaeusfreelyadmitted that his method of classification produced an artificialclassification, not a natural one, which would take into account allthe similarities and differences between organisms. In botany isAntoine-Laurent de Jussieu' work Genera plantarum secundumordines naturales disposita, juxta methodum in horto RegioParisiensi exaratum anno 1774 ("Genera of Plants ArrangedAccording to Their Natural Orders, Based on the Method Devised inthe Royal Garden in Paris in the Year 1774", published in 1789)

considered a natural classification and this work also introduced themethod by which natural classifications can be constructed.

Literature:

Daily, J. E. (2003). Natural classification. IN: Encyclopedia of Libraryand Information Science. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. (Pp. 2114-2125).

Khalidi, Muhammad Ali (1993). Carving Nature at theJoints,Philosophy of Science, 60(1), 100-113.

Klee, Robert (1996). Introduction to the Philosophy of Science:Cutting Nature at Its Seams. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Lupyan, G (2005). Carving Nature at its Joints and Carving Joints intoNature: How Labels Augment Category Representations. In A. Cangelosi, G.Bugmann & R. Borisyuk (Eds.) Modelling Language, Cognition and Action:Proceedings of the 9th Neural Computation and Psychology Workshop (pp.

87-96). Singapore: World

Scientific. .http://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~glupyan/NCPW9-

chapter_revised.pdf

See also:Natural kind
http://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/SPECIFIC%20DOMAINS/linnaean_hierarchy.htmhttp://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/SPECIFIC%20DOMAINS/linnaean_hierarchy.htmhttp://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/SPECIFIC%20DOMAINS/linnaean_hierarchy.htmhttp://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~glupyan/NCPW9-chapter_revised.pdfhttp://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~glupyan/NCPW9-chapter_revised.pdfhttp://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~glupyan/NCPW9-chapter_revised.pdfhttp://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~glupyan/NCPW9-chapter_revised.pdfhttp://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/CONCEPTS/natural_kind.htmhttp://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/CONCEPTS/natural_kind.htmhttp://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/CONCEPTS/natural_kind.htmhttp://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/CONCEPTS/natural_kind.htmhttp://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~glupyan/NCPW9-chapter_revised.pdfhttp://www.cnbc.cmu.edu/~glupyan/NCPW9-chapter_revised.pdfhttp://www.iva.dk/bh/lifeboat_ko/SPECIFIC%20DOMAINS/linnaean_hierarchy.htm


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Birger Hjrland

odied and What is Biological Classification?

It is defined as a process of giving hierarchy of categories by scientific procedure based on

features of organisms and arranging them into different groups.

Need for Biological Classification:

To study and include each organism along with its identification and habitat.

To establish the relationship among different organisms and to know about their evolution.

Objectives of Classification are quite similar to needs of biological classification. There are

basically three types of Biological Classification which can be categorized as artificial, natural

and phylogenetic.

What is Artificial Classification?

Artificial Classification uses form, shape as prominent features for grouping organisms. Animals

were also classified on basis of red blood cells, habitat such as land, water or air. They were also

classified on their basis to fly or not to fly. This system is relatively easy to follow.

Artificial System of Classification has many disadvantages. It relies just on form and shape of

organisms and does not take into account other features. So it is difficult to understand the

evolution of organism. It leads to misunderstanding of any relationship among organisms. The

different types of organisms are arranged in same groups like birds, insects, bats they fly and

they are grouped in same criteria. The form and shape of organism is not permanent and it

changes with time. For Example, some plants keep on changing their shape in different seasons.

What is Natural System of Classification?

It takes into account multiple features such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, biochemistry,

reproduction & cytology to compare the organisms and establish a relationship between them. It

overshadows all the disadvantages of artificial system of classification. It helps to understand the

evolution of organism by knowing the relationship between them.

The features undertaken in this classification are constant. In this bird, reptiles and mammals are

placed in the different groups based on the multiple features as discussed above. For example

humans have 4 chambered hearts, warm blooded nature and de nucleated erythrocytes. Fishes

have 2 chambered hearts, cold blooded and respire through gills.

What is Homology?

In this a relationship is established between the structures which can be compared and originates


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from same source. It helps us to understand the evolution of an organ.

What is Molecular Homology?

In this a relationship is established between the molecules like proteins, RNA which originate

from same source to know about differences and similarities.

A Natural System for classification was proposed by Bentham & Hooker in Genera Plantarum.

What is Phylogenetic System of Classification?

It is defined as a relationship based on the evolutionary aspect of organisms. It is based on

Darwins Concept of Natural Selection. It tells us about the original relationship among

organisms. The foremost phylogenetic system of classification was given by Engler & Prantl.

They divide the plants into primitive and modern types.

Phlogenetic System relies on fossil records and is not static. It never fulfills as there is difficulty

in recording fossils, tracking and keeping record of them as new fossils start appearing.

Zoologists and Botanists have entirely different or conflicting view about phylogenetic system of

classification. Zoologists rely on structural aspect of organism to link with evolutionary aspect.

Botanists do not rely on structural aspect to link with evolutionary aspect.

What is Phenetic Classification?

It is a type of phylogenetic classification which relies on similar and dissimilar features present

in todays organism without including evolutionary and other related aspects. It depends upon

other branches of taxonomy like cytotaxonomy, chemotaxonomy, numerical and cladistic

taxonomy.

What is Cytotaxonomy?

It is defined as a classification which is based on cytological studies (number of chromosomes,

meiosis behavior). It helps us to establish relationship between different organisms based on

these features like man has 46 chromosomes and apes have 48.

What is Chemotaxonomy?

It is also known as Biochemical Systematics.It is defined as a method of classification which is

based upon chemical constituents (amino acids, crystals, alkaloids etc). Chemicals are generally

static and specific.

What is Numerical Taxonomy?

It is defined as a statistical method based upon number of featured derived from almost every


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branch of biology. A number is assigned and computer analysis is done later on. A statistician is

required to obtain the results and evaluate them. Graphic displays are quite common.

What is Cladistic Taxonomy?

It is defined as a method which is based on common ancestral origin. It is further divided into

ancestral and derived characters. Ancestral characters are those which are present in the entire

group while derived ones are those which differ from ancestral and may or may not present in

the entire group.

Derived Characters are not static they keep on changing. They lead to evolution. While ancestral

characters are fixed.

What is Cladogram?

It is a phylogenetic tree in which organisms are arranged based on their characters (Derived or

Ancestral).

Organisms are classified into different kingdoms based on the system of classification.

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1 Response to " What is Biological Classification? "

1. Syeda Zeba says:

May 24, 2011 at 8:41 am

good and interesting. could be much better in points

expressed in a natural classification.

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