Laguna State Polytechnic UniversitySta. Cruz CampusSta. Cruz, LagunaCollege of Engineering

Soc. Sci. 426Politics and Governance with Constitution

Submitted By : Moran, Jhonie P.ME-4A

Submitted To : Ms. Karen S. CruzInstructor

December 22, 2014

Meaning of Politics and Political SciencePolitics- the activities associated with the governance of a country or other area, especially the debate or conflict among individuals or parties having or hoping to achieve power.Political Science- Academic discipline concerned with the empirical study of government and politics. Political scientists have investigated the nature of states, the functions performed by governments, voter behaviour, political parties, political culture, political economy, and public opinion, among other topics.Scope, function, and Importance of Political Science

A. Scope of Political ScienceThe scope of political science is vast and experts have divided the field of political science into five sub-disciplines that are political theory, public administration, comparative politics, international relations, and public law. It needs to be noted that these sub-disciplines cover the entire gamut of the modern political economy and provide the basis for the study and understanding of how the global political economy works. The study of the matters concerning the allocation and distribution as well as the transfer of power is one of the main preoccupations of political scientists. The success or otherwise of the governance structures is gauged by political scientists who examine the multifaceted and multilayered factors at work that contribute to good or bad governance. The scope of the political scientists has now been broadened to include the realm of the study of the democratic elections across the world. In other words, with the explosion in the political systems all over the world, political scientists, and their scope of study has been considerably enhanced.B. Function of Political Science

Adequatereflexion of a political reality, disclosing of objective communications inherent in her and laws allow political science to carry out epistemo-logical (gnoseological) function.

Its sense consists in revealing of the nature of imperious relations, the states, accumulating of knowledge of the political phenomena and processes, the justification of efficiency of forms of development of a society. Generalising world and national experience of creation of political institutes, the political science helps to find an optimum political policy, to formulate scientifically reasonable purposes and means of their achievement.

the political science not only is limited to adequate reflexion of a political reality, but also states an estimation to a political system, institutes and events. In it its akseo-logic function is expressed.

The political science carries out function of rationalisation of political life, political institutes and relations, politiko-administrative decisions, behaviour and etc. This science acts as a theoretical basis of political building, political reforms and reorganisation. It proves necessity of creation of one and liquidation of other political institutes, develops optimum models of government, technology concerning the painless permission of sociopolitical conflicts.

the political science urged to determine conformity of programs, political policies as to tendencies of social progress, and real possibilities and a condition of development of a concrete society. It becomes possible within the limits of diagnostic function.

The political science performs prognosticheskuju function, in which frameworks probably occurrence of desirable variants of development of political processes. It allows to determine efficiency of accepted decisions beforehand. Availability of preliminary expert examination allows to insure a society from negative consequences and inefficient actions.

within the limits of function of a political reflexion the political science has possibility to develop capability rationally, critically to estimate political processes, is free samoopredeljatsja in political life.

The political science carries out function of political socialisation which allows the person to be guided adequately in difficult sociopolitical conditions.

C. The Importance of Political ScienceThe importance of political science lies in the fact that all of us live within political systems and we are affected by the changes in the global political economy. With the advent of globalization, there has been a concomitant rise in the interest taken by the people of the world in understanding the political systems of other countries. Hence, political scientists become valued and important as they provide the lens through which we can understand the global political economy. There are many universities that provide graduate and higher-level degrees in political science and in recent years, because of the renewed interest in political science as a field of study, there are many takers for these courses.Goal in the study of political ScienceAmong the core concepts Political Science majors should understand are the following: The interactions between institutions and individuals; and between different countries and regions of the world; how regimes influence the character and priorities of their citizens; the national and international roles played both by key individuals and large political and natural forces (e.g., famine, revolutions, demographic shifts); the impact of globalization on a states institutions, culture, and economic well-being; the influence of nationalism and religious fundamentalism; the tension between liberty and equality; liberty and order; change and continuity.Meaning of StateA state is more than a government; that is clear. Governments change, but states endure. A state is the means of rule over a defined or "sovereign" territory. It is comprised of an executive, a bureaucracy, courts and other institutions. But, above all, a state levies taxes and operates a military and police force. States distribute and re-distribute resources and wealth, so lobbyists, politicians and revolutionaries seek in their own way to influence or even to get hold of the levers of state power. States exist in a variety of sizes, ranging from enormous China to tiny Andorra. Some claim a long lineage, while others are of modern construction. In all but the short term, states are in flux. They expand and contract as military and political fortunes change.

Elements of State

A. A PERMANENT POPULATION

A state is an organization of human beings living together as a community. The population of a state comprises all individuals who, in principle, inhabit the territory in a permanent way. It may consist of nationals and foreigners. As has repeatedly been pointed out by doctrine, the requirement of a population is not necessarily an equivalent of the requirement of nationality. The population of a state need not be completely homogeneous in culture, language, race or otherwise. Indeed, it is even rare, except for Micro-States, to find a State with a homogeneous people. International law does not require a minimum number of inhabitants constituting a State. The smallest number of nationals in a Micro-State can be found in Nauru and in Monaco. This figure can be even lower if we take into account that theoretically Pitcairn with 52 inhabitants has the right to opt for statehood by virtue of its right to self-determination. No reservations have been made by the international community with respect to statehood because of the limited number of nationals of Micro-States, even if the nationals were outnumbered by foreign residents.

B. A DEFINED TERRITORY

The functions of a State, a political and legal community of human beings, must first of all be exercised in a given territory.Territory is a geographical area that is owned and controlled by a government or country to exercise such state sovereignty.Therefore, most of legal professors give and conclude the definition of the territory that territory clearly comprises and refers to land territory which belongs to state and individuals, internal waters and territorial sea (straits) which state claims for sovereignty, and the airspace above this territory.It is required that the State must consist of a certain coherent territory effectively governed and the territory of a State need not be exactly fixed by definite frontiers."A defined geographical area" the existence of Micro-State with minimum land territory such as Monaco (1.95 square kilometer), and the Vatican City (0.44 square kilometer) leads to the conclusion that no minimum size is required for the territory, as this element was never a reason for denying statehood.

C. GOVERNMENT

The government is the executive branch of the state and has the role to administer the state uniformly in the following aspects: political, economic, social, cultural, use of natural resources, environmental protection, national defense and security, and foreign affairs.Form of state is defined depending on the constitution drafted, generally structure of state can be divided into: unitary state and federal state, this probably affects the government in exercising limit on its power.

D. SOVEREIGNTY

Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided. The definition of "the Sovereignty" is quite similar to "the Independence" and they mostly used along together.

Origin of StateThese are the theories on the origin of state as have been formed and developed as a result of the political thought and philosophy in the ancient time until the enlightenment period in Europe.1. Natural Theory. The social urge of the human being to be within a group of people in the community as in sociology describes that man is a social being. The social group provides the political development to stay and work together with common standard law in the community later on transform as a state.

2. Patriarchal Theory. The origin of the state evolves from the enlargement of family under the authority of the parents or the elders. Later on, it will develop into a tribe, kingdom then state.

3. Force Theory. The creation of the state through the constant war and invasion of the great warriors in the ancient time dominated the weak that later on formed a state.

4. Divine Right Theory. The rulers of the past advocated the political dominance of authority and power through their own ordained mandate that they represented the state as on the basis of the divine right ( as God created the state).It was in this nature that the divine rights of kings has the absolute power and influence over the subjects.

5. Social Contract Theory. This is the right of the people to have the deliberate and voluntary contract on the right to overthrow the kings and rulers against corrupt governance to organize a new government with common interest for all the people.

State distinguished from NationA state, or country, is a sovereign, self-governing political entity, for example any state in the United Nations. (The term state is also used to refer to a division of a federal system, as in the United States.) A nation is a group of people who feel bound by a common language, culture, religion, history, or ethnicity, such as the Kurds, who reside mostly in Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Turkey, and the Basque, who inhabit parts of northern Spain and southern France. A nation-state occurs when a nation and a state largely coincide, for example Egypt, Hungary, and Japan. The terms state building and nation building are most often used these days as synonyms to refer to the process of building or rebuilding state institutions to create a legitimate and sustainable state.State distinguished from GovernmentState has four basic elements: people, territory, government and sovereignty. The absence of any of these elements will not make a state a state. Thus, the state cannot exists without a government. There can be a government however even without there being a state. Government may exist as long as a particular society wanted to continue to have institutions that will carry out the rules of action which are necessary for them to live in a social state. A state is permanent while a government is not. A government may come and go, it may be overthrown. But the state continues to be unimpaired and unaffected. A state is an ideal person, intangible, indivisible and immtable. It can do no wrong. The government is an agency of the state. It is perfect if it acts within the sphere. Whatever done wrong is attributed to the government and not to the state.Forms of GovernmentA. Democracy- The word "democracy" literally means "rule by the people." In a democracy, the people govern.

B. Republic- A literal democracy is impossible in a political system containing more than a few people. All "democracies" are really republics. In a republic, the people elect representatives to make and enforce laws.

C. Monarchy- A monarchy consists of rule by a king or queen. Sometimes a king is called an "emperor," especially if there is a large empire, such as China before 1911. There are no large monarchies today. The United Kingdom, which has a queen, is really a republic because the queen has virtually no political power.

D. Aristocracy- An aristocracy is rule by the aristocrats. Aristocrats are typically wealthy, educated people. Many monarchies have really been ruled by aristocrats. Today, typically, the term "aristocracy" is used negatively to accuse a republic of being dominated by rich people, such as saying, "The United States has become an aristocracy."

E. Dictatorship- A dictatorship consists of rule by one person or a group of people. Very few dictators admit they are dictators; they almost always claim to be leaders of democracies. The dictator may be one person, such as Castro in Cuba or Hitler in Germany, or a group of people, such as the Communist Party in China.

F. Democratic Republic- Usually, a "democratic republic" is not democratic and is not a republic. A government that officially calls itself a "democratic republic" is usually a dictatorship. Communist dictatorships have been especially prone to use this term. For example, the official name of North Vietnam was "The Democratic Republic of Vietnam." China uses a variant, "The People's Republic of China."

Pre-Spanish periodThe Philippines is the only country in Southeast Asia that was subjected to Western colonization before it had the opportunity to develop either a centralized government ruling over a large territory or a dominant culture. In ancient times the inhabitants of the Philippines were a diverse agglomeration of peoples who arrived in various waves of immigration from the Asian mainland and who maintained little contact with each other. Contact with Chinese traders was recorded in 982, and some cultural influences from South Asia, such as aSanskrit-based writing system, were carried to the islands by the Indonesian empires of Srivijaya (7th13th century) and Majapahit (13th16th century); but in comparison with other parts of the region, the influence of both China and India on the Philippines was of little importance. The peoples of the Philippine archipelago, unlike most of the other peoples of Southeast Asia, never adopted Hinduism or Buddhism. Government in the Spanish periodDuring the Spanish colonization in the Philippines , the government was composed of two branches, the executive and the judicial. There was no legislative branch on that time since the laws of the islands were coming from Spain . The only laws created in the Philippines are those who were ordered by the Governor General.The government on that time was lead by the Governor General. He was considered as the representative of Spain and the King himself. He is the highest officer in the island and responsible for implementing laws from the mother country.He also has the power to appoint or relieve officer in the government or priest in the parish, except with those personally appointed by the king of Spain .The provinces in the island were called as Encomienda and were governed by the Encomienderos, later they were replaced by the Alcalde Mayor. Alcalde Mayor had both the executive and judicial power. He had also given the right to collect taxes. The Alcalde Mayor was also allowed to establish a business because of its limited salary. In 1886, their executive power was abolished but their judicial powers remain.Small towns were governed by the gobernadorcillo. Under his authority were one police chief and the lower government employees from which he had jurisdiction.Gobernadorcillo were elected by the married people but later a gobernadorcillo was chosen by those outgoing in the position as his replacement.The city was governed by two mayors, 12 councilors and a police chief, a secretary and other employees. The city is called as Ayuntamiento.The Encomienda system was implemented. It is a system from which the king has the right to transfer the authority of a particular land to any Spanish individual or institution. Those individual who posses the right of encomienda was called as Encomiendero.An Encomiendero has authority to collect taxes from the people in his jurisdiction. He also has the duty to care and look for the benefits of those citizens.Unfortunately, the encomienda system was misused by some encomienderos. A lot of them use the encomienda for their own interest. They tend to abuse their power, collecting taxes more than the real tax value.The encomienderos abuse their powers which sometimes made people revolts against them. The encomienda system created hindrances for the economic development of the masses. This making the elite richer and making the economic situation of the majority under developed.Although the encomienda system is designed for governance, its implementation gives negative effects to the people from which the encomienderos abuse their power against the people, to whom they are bound to govern.Government in the Revolutionary periodThe Katipunan Government The Katipunan was secret society that precipitated our glorious revolution on August 26, 1896. It was organized by Andres Bonifacio. The Philippine Governments during the revolutionary eracentral government of the Katipunan was vested in a Supreme Council (KataastaasangSanggunian). In each province there was a Provincial Council (SangguniangBalangay) and in each town, a Popular Council (Sanggunian Bayan). The Judicial Power was exercised by a Judicial Council (SangguniangHukuman). The Katipunan was replaced by another government whose officials headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo as President, were elected in the Tejeros Convention held on March 22, 1897.The Biak naBato Republic On November 1, 1897, a republic was established by Gen. Aguinaldo in Biak-na-Bato (now San Miguel de Mayumo, Bulacan). It had a constitution which was to take effect for two years only. It declared that the aim of the revolutions was the separation of the Philippines from the Spanish monarchy and their formation into an independence state. The Biak-na-Bato Republic lasted up to December 15, 1897, with conclusion of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.The Dictatorial Government - Following the outbreak of the Spanish-American war on April 25, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo in view of the chaotic conditions in the country, established the Dictatorial Government on May 24, 1898. The most important achievements of the Dictatorial Government were the Proclamation of the Philippine Independence at Kawit on June 12, 1898 and the reorganization of local governments.The Revolutionary Government On June 23, 1898, Gen. Aguinaldo established the Revolutionary Government replacing the Dictatorial Government. The decree-making such change stated that the aims of the new government were struggle for the independence of the Philippines, until all nations including Spain will expressly recognize it, and to prepare the country for the establishment of a real Republic.The First Philippine Republic On September 15, 1898, a revolutionary Congress of Filipino representatives met in Malolos, Bulacan and framed the so-called Malolos Constitution. The constitution established a free and independent Philippine republic which was inaugurated on January 23, 1899 with Gen. Aguinaldo as President. Our First Philippine Republic was not recognized by the family nations. It was nevertheless accepted by the people. It existed from January 23, 1899 to March 23, 1901.In February 1899, the United States annexed the Philippines as a result of the Spanish-American Was in April 1901, Gen. Aguinaldo was captured. Thus, the Philippines began as a democratic society in 1899. We were, in fact, the first democratic country in Asia and the West Pacific, but the Malolos Constitution which provided for the establishment of a Philippine Republic and had no opportunity to operate.Government during the American regimeConsequences of the American colonial ruleDuring the Spanish period the Spaniards had given enormous land properties to the Catholic Church. One of the first things the Americans did was to take care for the redistribution of these land properties. To do so they first had to pay an amount of US $7.2 million to the Vatican in 1904. The small farmers or tenants didn't get any land however. The land became property of some large landowners. Most of the small farmers couldn't pay the asked price or couldn't prove that they were the former owners of the land. The economic development during the 'American period was rather typical colonial. The Philippine economy was strongly related to and depending on the United States. The Philippine economy was focused on mining and exporting crops. Industrial growth didn't take place. Quezon, the first Philippine president. The Philippines was controlled by the Americans from 1900-1942. In 1934 an act was established, which made it possible that the Philippines could have a "Commonwealth of the Philippines. The first president of this Commonwealth was Manuel Quezon. The firstpresident was given certain power for some internal affairs.Government during the Japanese occupationAfter Manila became an occupied city, Gen. Masaharu Homma, Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Imperial Forces in the Philippines, issued a proclamation announcing the end of the American rule in the country and the purpose of the Japanese expedition. This was on January 3, 1942 and reiterated the avowed aim of the Japanese occupation to emancipate the Filipinos from the oppressive domination of the United States and letting them establish "the Philippines for the Filipinos".On January 23, 1942, General Homma issued an order re-naming the national government as Central Administrative Organization, headed by a Chairperson. The Chairperson of the Executive Commission was assisted by the Council of State. Jorge B. Vargas was appointed by Homma as the Chairperson of the said Commission. The Central Administrative Organization was composed of six executive departments: Interior, Agriculture and Commerce, Communications, Education, Finance, Justice, Health and Public Welfare, and Public Works and Communications. Each of these departments was under a Commissioner whose task was to "execute an administration within his jurisdiction under the control of the Chairman of the Executive Commission."It must be pointed out that the powers and prerogatives of the Commissioners were limited by the fact that each department had a Japanese adviser and assistant adviser. Furthermore, Vargas' recommendation for the Commissionership of any department or for any subordinate position had first to be approved by General Homma. What can be taken from this set-up is that the Japanese advisers were nothing more than the eyes and ears of the Japanese military authorities.The organization of each department and the courts of justice remained essentially the same as during the Commonwealth period but their general programs of work had to be approved by General Homma. The provincial and municipal levels also remained on status quo.The Japanese made the Filipinos believed that Japan's intention was to see the Philippines become a Republic. Thus, as early as January 21, 1942, the Premier of Japan, Hideki Tozyo, stated in an address before the Japanese Imperial Diet, that "Japan will gladly grant the Philippines its independence so long as it cooperates and recognizes Japan's program of establishing a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere."On January 20, 1943, Jorge Vargas pledged support of the Filipinos in the attainment of independence. On June 18, the KapisanansaPaglilingkodsaBagongPilipinas (KALIBAPI) was instructed to form the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence. On January 20, the KALIBAPI announced the composition of the body with Jose P. Laurel as president and Benigno Aquino and Ramon Avancea as vice-presidents.What followed was the preparation of the draft of the prepared Constitution which was approved on September 4 and ratified by a convention two days later. The new Constitution provided for a unicameral National Assembly whose members were immediately chosen and who elected Laurel as president of the future Republic. This was on October 14, 1943.The Previous Philippine republic (3rd to 5th) Independent Philippines and the Third Republic (1946-1972)In April 1946, elections were held. Despite the fact that the Democratic Alliance won the election, they were not allowed to take their seats under the pretext that force had been used to manipulate the elections. The United States withdrew its sovereignty over the Philippines on July 4, 1946, as scheduled.Manuel Roxas (Liberal Party), having been inaugurated as President as scheduled, on July 4, 1946 before the granting of independence, strengthened political and economic ties with the United States in the controversial Philippine-US Trade Act, In Mar., 1947, the Philippines and the United States signed a military assistance pact (since renewed) which allowed the US to participate equally in the exploitation of the country's natural resourcesand rented sites for 23 military bases to the US for 99 years (a later agreement reduced the period to 25 years beginning 1967). These bases would later be used to launch operations in the areas of Korea, China, Vietnam, and Indonesia.During the Roxas administration, a general amnesty was granted for those who had worked together with the Japanese while at the same time the Huks were declared illegal. His administration ended prematurely when he died of heart attack April 15, 1948 while at the US Air Force Base in Pampanga.Vice President ElpidioQuirino (Liberal Party, henceforth referred to as LP) was sworn in as President after the death of Roxas in April 1948. He ran for election in November 1949 against Jose P. Laurel (Nacionalista Party, henceforth referred to as NP) and won his own four-year term.During this time, the CIA under the leadership of Lt. Col. Edward G. Lansdale was engaged in paramilitary and psychological warfare operations with the goal to hold back the Huk Movement. Among the measures which were undertaken were psyops-campaigns which demoralized the superstition of many Filipinos and acts of violence by government soldiers which were disguised as Huks. By 1950, the U.S. had provided the Philippine military with supplies and equipment worth $200 million dollars.The huge task of reconstructing the war-torn country was complicated by the activities in central Luzon of the Communist-dominated Hukbalahap guerrillas (Huks), who resorted to terror and violence in their efforts to attain land reform and gain political power. They were finally brought under control (1954) after a dynamic attack introduced by the minister of national defense, Ramn Magsaysay. By that time Magsaysay was president of the country, having defeated Quirino in Nov., 1953. His campaign was massively supported by the CIA, both financially and through practical help in discrediting his political enemies. He had promised sweeping economic changes, and he did make progress in land reform, opening new settlements outside crowded Luzon Island. His death in an airplane crash in Mar., 1957, was a serious blow to national morale. Vice President Carlos P. Garca succeeded him and won a full term as president in the elections of Nov., 1957.In foreign affairs, the Philippines preserved a firm anti-Communist policy and joined the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization in 1954. There were difficulties with the United States over American military installations in the islands, and, in spite of formal recognition (1956) of full Philippine sovereignty over these bases, tensions increased until some of the bases were dismantled (1959) and the 99-year lease period was reduced. The United States rejected Philippine financial claims and projected trade revisions. Philippine opposition to Garca on issues of government corruption and anti-Americanism led, in June, 1959, to the union of the Liberal and Progressive parties, led by Vice President DiosdadoMacapagal, the Liberal party leader, who succeeded Garca as president in the 1961 elections. Macapagals administration was marked by efforts to combat the mounting rise that had plagued the republic since its birth; by attempted alliances with neighboring countries; and by a territorial argument with Britain over North Borneo (later Sabah), which Macapagal claimed had been leased and not sold to the British North Borneo Company in 1878. Fourth Republic of the PhilippinesThe opposition boycotted the June 16, 1981 presidential elections, which pitted Marcos and his KilusangBagongLipunan party against retired Gen. Alejo Santos of the Nacionalista Party. Marcos won by a margin of over 16 million votes, which constitutionally allowed him to have another six-year term. Finance Minister Cesar Virata was elected as Prime Minister by the BatasangPambansa.

In 1983, opposition leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. was assassinated at Manila International Airport upon his return to the Philippines after a long period of exile in the United States. This coalesced popular dissatisfaction with Marcos and began a series of events, including pressure from the United States, that culminated in a snap presidential election on February 7, 1986. The opposition united under Aquino's widow, Corazon Aquino, and Salvador Laurel, head of the United Nationalists Democratic Organizations (UNIDO). The election was marred by widespread reports of violence and tampering with results by the Marcos side.The official election canvasser, the Commission on Elections (COMELEC), declared Marcos the winner, despite a walk-out staged by disenfranchised computer technicians on February 9. According to the COMELEC's final tally, Marcos won with 10,807,197 votes to Aquino's 9,291,761 votes. By contrast, the final tally of NAMFREL, an accredited poll watcher, said Aquino won with 7,835,070 votes to Marcos's 7,053,068.[8] However, the complete NAMFREL count done in 1987 revealed that Marcos would still have won with 10,635,458 against Aquino's 9,853,456. Fifth Republic of the PhilippinesThe worlds eye was on the Philippines after it successfully toppled down almost a decade of dictatorship rule through a peaceful demonstration tagged as the EDSA Peoples Power Revolution. After the widowed wife of former Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino, Sr. was elected into office, President Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino faced both economic and political problems of the country. Her rule as president began on February 25, 1986 after taking oath at the Club Filipino in San Juan, Metro Manila. She was the 11th president of the Philippines and the first woman to become president of the country. She was tasked to put together a nation devastated by the rule of her predecessor Ferdinand E. Marcos. It was not an easy task since the countrys economic condition was in its worse state since 1982. Filipinos living below the poverty line is alarmingly increasing in number. Aquino also struggled with Marcos supporters in the Armed Forces of the Philippines who attempted to remove her from power. The group of soldiers, who called themselves members of the Reform the Armed Forces Movement or RAM, staged seven coup attempts against the Aquino administration. The attack held in August 28, 1987, which killed at least 53 people and injured more than 200 others, was the most serious attack the government experienced. These attacks worsened the economic condition of the Philippines as investors became wary about Aquinos ability to rebuild the country. The International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the United States also forced the government to fulfill its obligations to pay an estimated $27.2 billion worth of debt Aquino inherited from the previous administration. To be eligible for IMFs rehabilitation programs, Aquino instigated reforms towards a freer economy. These reforms ended monopolization of the agricultural industry of the country, reduced tariffs and lifted import controls in the Philippines.Former President Corazon Cojuangco-AquinoThe political condition of the country at that time did not look any better. To resolve the issue, Aquino commissioned a referendum that would be the framework for the new government. It tackled various issues from shifting the government from presidential to parliamentary, to economic reforms involving foreign participations. Due to its immediate necessity, details of the referendum were left to the legislature to determine. Released in February 1987, the new charter easily won the approval of the public.Fidel V. RamosThe rule that followed Aquinos presidency established steadier governance of the Philippines. Fidel V. Ramos took office in 1992 and immediately worked on the countrys recovery. Ramos initiated the Social Reform Agenda or SRA that was geared towards alleviating poverty. The Gross National Product reached an average of 5 percent annually, which translated to a growth in the average family income of the Filipinos. He undertook the implementation of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) law which improved public infrastructure and deregulated several industries to help liberalize the economy. The country also saw improvements in its relations to secessionist Moro Islamic Liberation Front or MNLF as Ramos achieved a peace agreement with the group. Ramos bagged the first UNESCO Peace Award yet given to an Asian for this effort. He also came to be known as the Centennial President for his successful supervision of the 100th anniversary of the countrys independence from the Spanish rule celebrated in June 12, 1998.Former president Joseph EjercitoEstradaA film actor, Joseph Ejercito Estrada, succeeded Ramos as president in 1998. He was the previous mayor in the municipality of San Juan, Metro Manila and vice president of Ramos, Estrada was placed into office by a wide margin of vote. He gained support in the election for his promise to begin a pro-poor administration that his predecessors failed to promote in their respective platforms. This support dwindled down as his administration was rattled by corruption. Critics accused him of failing to live up to his promises due to the resurfacing of cronyism in the government. Efforts made by Ramos to resolve political conflicts in Mindanao were also threatened as Estrada launched an all-out war against the Islamic group in Mindanao called the Moro Islamic Liberation Front in March 21, 2000. In the same year, Ilocos Sur Governor Luis Chavit Singson accused Estrada of receiving Php 400 million from him as payoff from illegal gambling profits. The revelation led to Estradas impeachment in November 12, 2000 and his ouster from presidency in January 20, 2001. Then Supreme Court Chief Justice HilarioDavide, Jr. swore-in vice-president, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo as president the same day.The Philippine Constitution allows the president to ran for a second term if he/she was sworn into office by succession and served in less than 4 years, otherwise the president is limited to one term of office. President Gloria Macapagal-ArroyoArroyo was qualified to ran for another term. Indeed, she did. In the 2004 Philippine General Election, Arroyo declared her presidential candidacy and she was seated into office for the second time. Arroyo promoted a Stronger Republic under her rule, which was geared toward vigorous economic reforms. However, her administration was bombarded with several controversies and impeachment attempts in the last five years. Hence, as she announced her disinterest to extend her term or run for office in the 2010 elections, critics expressed their apprehensions. Once, Arroyo had broken the peoples trust when she declared that she was not interested to run in the 2004 elections. Protesters express their disappointment every so often rallying at the streets calling against the Charter Change (Cha-Cha) and now the Constituent Assembly (Con-Ass), which is currently promoted by the Arroyos supporters in Congress when the Cha-Cha attempt has become improbable receiving critical disapproval. The representatives in the lower house of Congress were said to have made the move independently to pass the Con-Ass however, many are skeptic of the true agenda of the Arroyo administration as the 2010 election countdown nears. Supporters of Arroyo are pushing for a change of government from a Presidential to a Parliamentary form. This will enable Arroyo run for parliament and become prime minister.On the May 10, 2010 general elections, Arroyo run and won for congresswoman for the 2nd district of Pampanga province. Making her the first president to hold a lower office after occupying the highest office of the land. On her first day as congresswoman, Arroyo filed a resolution calling for Congress to hold a Constitutional Convention to amend the constitution.On June 30, 2010, Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III, a.k.aNoynoy Aquino, was proclaimed as president of the republic together with JejomarCabauatanBinay as vice-president.

Provisional Government of 1986The provisional government of 1986 in the Philippines was a result of protests over election results. The majority wanted Cory Aquino to win the election but the Ferdinand Marcos emerged the winner.Before Corazon C. Aquino took her oath of office on the morning of February 25, 1986 at Club Filipino, San Juan, Metro Manila, the last Sunday of a four-day people power revolt (Feb. 22-25) that culminated in the ouster of President Ferdinand E. Marcos, she read Proclamation No. 1 wherein she declared that she and her vice-president were talking power in the name and by the will of the Filipino people on the basis of the clear sovereign will of the people expressed in the election of February 7, 1986. In sovereign will of the people expressed in the fundamental law (not the Constitution) and execute just laws (instead of its laws).The Concept of ConstitutionThe Constitution refers to that body of rules and principles in accordance with which the powers of sovereigntyare regularly excercised.Nature and Function or concept of Constitution

Serves as the supreme fundamental law Establish basic framework and underlying principles of GovernmentKinds of Constitution

Origin and history

Conventional of enacted Cumulative or evolved

Form

Written Unwritten

Manner of amending

Rigid or inelastic Flexible or elasticRequisites of a good Constitution

I. Form:

a. Briefb. Broadc. Definite

II. Contents:

a. Constitution of Governmentb. Constitution of Libertyc. Constitution of SovereigntyConstitution of the Philippines 1935The 1935 Constitution was written in 1934, approved and adopted by the Commonwealth of the Philippines (19351946) and later used by the Third Republic (19461972). It was written with an eye to meeting the approval of the United States Government as well, so as to ensure that the U.S. would live up to its promise to grant the Philippines independence and not have a premise to hold onto its possession on the grounds that it was too politically immature and hence unready for full, real independence.The Preamble reads:The Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence, in order to establish a government that shall embody their ideals, conserve and develop the patrimony of the nation, promote the general welfare, and secure to themselves and their posterity the blessings of independence under a regime of justice, liberty, and democracy, do ordain and promulgate this constitution."The original 1935 Constitution provided for unicameral National Assembly and the President was elected to a six-year term without re-election. It was amended in 1940 to have a bicameral Congress composed of a Senate and House of Representatives, as well the creation of an independent electoral commission. The Constitution now granted the President a four-year term with a maximum of two consecutive terms in office.A Constitutional Convention was held in 1971 to rewrite the 1935 Constitution. The convention was stained with manifest bribery and corruption. Possibly the most controversial issue was removing the presidential term limit so that Ferdinand E. Marcos could seek election for a third term, which many felt was the true reason for which the convention was called. In any case, the 1935 Constitution was suspended in 1972 with Marcos' proclamation of martial law, the rampant corruption of the constitutional process providing him with one of his major premises for doing so. 1973The 1973 Constitution, promulgated after Marcos' declaration of martial law, but having been in the planning process for years before this, was supposed to introduce a parliamentary-style government. Legislative power was vested in a unicameral National Assembly whose members were elected for six-year terms. The President was ideally elected as the symbolic and purely ceremonial head of state chosen from amongst the Members of the National Assembly for a six-year term and could be re-elected to an unlimited number of terms. Upon election, the President ceased to be a Member of the National Assembly. During his term, the President was not allowed to be a member of a political party or hold any other office.Executive power was meant to be exercised by the Prime Minister who was also elected from amongst the sitting Assemblymen. The Prime Minister was to be the head of government and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. This constitution was subsequently amended four times (arguably five, depending on how one considers Proclamation 3 of 1986, see below).From 1617 October 1976, a majority of barangay voters (also called "Citizen Assemblies") approved that martial law should be continued and ratified the amendments to the Constitution proposed by President Marcos.[17]

1987Immediately following the 1986 People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos, President Corazon C. Aquino issued Proclamation 3 as a provisional constitution. It adopted certain provisions from the 1973 Constitution while abolishing others. It granted the President broad powers to reorganise government and remove officials, as well as mandating the President to appoint a commission to draft a new, more formal Constitution. This document, described above, supplanted the "Freedom Constitution" upon its ratification in 1987.Officers of the 1986 constitutional commission

OFFICERS OF THE 1986CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION

Cecilia Munoz-PalmaPresident

Ambrosio B. PadillaVice-President

Napoleon G. RamaFloor Leader

Jose D. Calderon | Ahmad DamacaoAlontoAssistant Floor LeadersMembers of the Constitutional Commission

COMMITTEE CHAIRMENAND VICE-CHAIRMEN

Chairman Decoroso R. RosalesVice-Chairman Gregorio J. TiongsonPREAMBLE, NATIONAL TERRITORYAND DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES

Chairman Jose B. Laurel, Jr.Vice-Chairman Joaquin G. BernasCITIZENSHIP, BILL OF RIGHTS,POLITICAL RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS

Chairman Hilario G. Davide, Jr.Vice-Chairman Adolfo S. AzcunaLEGISLATIVE

Chairman Lorenzo M. SumulongVice-Chairman Florenz D. RegaladoEXECUTIVE

Chairman Roberto C. ConcepcionVice-Chairman Ricardo J. RomuloJUDICIARY

Chairman Vicente B. FozVice-Chairman Cirilio A. RigosCONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION AND AGENCIES

Chairman Jose N. NolledoVice-Chairman Jose D. CalderonLOCAL GOVERNMENT

Chairman Christian S. MonsodVice-Chairman Jose C. ColaycoACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

Chairman Bernardo M. VillegasVice-Chairman Jaime S. L. TadeoNATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY

Chairman Wilfredo V. VillacortaVice-Chairman Lugum L. UkaHUMAN RESOURCES

Chairman Florangel Rosario BraidVice-Chairman Teodoro C. BacaniGENERAL PROVISIONS

Chairman Jose E. SuarezVice-Chairman Blas F. OpleAMENDMENTS AND TRANSITORY PROVISIONS

Chairman Jose F.S. Bengson, Jr.Vice-Chairman Napoleon G. RamaSTEERING

Chairman Yusuf R. AbubakarVice-Chairman Minda Luz M. QuesadaPRIVILEGES

Chairman Teresa F. NievaVice-Chairman Jose Luis Martin C. GasconSOCIAL JUSTICE AND SOCIAL SERVICES

Chairman Francisco A. RodrigoVice-Chairman Efrain B. TrenasSTYLE

Chairman Serafin V.C. GuingonaVice-Chairman Edmundo G. Garcia SPONSORSHIP

Chairman Edmundo G. GarciaVice-Chairman Jose Luis Martin C. GasconPUBLIC HEARINGS

Chairman Flerida Ruth RomeroVice-Chairman Roberto M. San AndresNON-DELEGATE OFFICERS

1987 ConstitutionPREAMBLEWe, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society, and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity, the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.ARTICLE INATIONAL TERRITORYThe national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.

Referrences :

http://www.answers.com/Q/Provisional_government_of_1986_in_the_Philippineshttp://www.slideshare.net/ruth.tabuniar/concept-of-constitutionhttp://depts.alverno.edu/dgp/GEC/Types%20of%20Government.htmlhttp://www.comelec.gov.ph/?r=References/RelatedLaws/Constitutionhttp://philippineconstitution.blogspot.com/2008/12/officers-of-1986-constitutional.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Constitutional_Commission_of_1986http://aboutfilipino.com/government-of-the-philippines-during-the-revolutionary-erahttp://www.philippines.hvu.nl/history3.htmhttp://www.philippinecountry.com/philippine_history/third_republic.htmlhttp://glossary.usip.org/resource/state-versus-nationhttp://politicsandgovernance.blogspot.com/2010/06/state-vs-government.htmlhttp://philippinehistorysourcematerials.blogspot.com/2011/02/pre-spanish-period.html