assignment on reference sample proportion

8/8/2019 assignment on Reference sample proportion

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ReferenceThere are two senses of reference. And these are as follows.

1. Reference is the symbolic relationship that a linguistic expression has with theconcrete object or abstraction it represents.

2. Reference is the relationship of one linguistic expression to another, in which

one provides the information necessary to interpret the other.

Example: - Here is an example of reference:

A pronoun refers to the nounantecedent that is used to interpret it.

Types of reference

There are three kinds of reference.

1. Coreference2. Endophora3. Exophora

Coreference:Coreference is the reference in one expression to the samereferent in another expression.

Example: - In the following sentence, both you's have the same referent:

You said you would come.

Endophora:Endophora is coreference of an expression with another expressioneither before it or after it. One expression provides the information necessary tointerpret the other. The endophoric relationship is often spoken of as one expressionreferring to another.

Example: - Here are some examples about endophora.

A well-dressed man was speaking; he had a foreign accent. If you need one, theres a towel in the top drawer.

Here are also some kinds of endophora. And these are as follows:

1. Anaphora2. Cataphora

Anaphora: Anaphora is coreference of one expression with its antecedent. Theantecedent provides the information necessary for the expressions interpretation.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronoun.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANoun.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAntecedent.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReferent.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsCoreference.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnaphora.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsCoreference.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAntecedent.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPronoun.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsANoun.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAntecedent.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReferent.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsCoreference.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnaphora.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsCoreference.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnAntecedent.htm


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This is often understood as an expression referring back to the antecedent. Theterm anaphora is also sometimes used to include both anaphora, as defined here,and cataphora. When it is used that way, it becomes synonymous with endophora.

Example: - In the following sequence, the relationship of the pronoun he to thenoun phrase a well-dressed man is an example of anaphora:

A well-dressed man was speaking; he had a foreign accent.

Cataphora: Cataphora is the coreference of one expression with anotherexpression which follows it. The following expression provides the informationnecessary for interpretation of the preceding one. This is often understood as anexpression referring forward to another expression.

Example: - In the following sentence, the relationship of one to a towel is anexample of cataphora:

If you need one, theres a towel in the top drawer.

Exophora:Exophora is reference of an expression directly to an extralinguisticreferent. The referent does not require another expression for its interpretation.

There are two kinds of exophora:

1. Deixis

2. Homophora

Deixis: Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose interpretation isrelative to the (usually) extralinguistic context of the utterance, such as

Who is speaking The time or place of speaking The gestures of the speaker, or The current location in the discourse.

Homophora:Homophora is reference that depends on cultural knowledge or

other general knowledge, rather than on specific features of a particular context.

Sample proportion
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsCataphora.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsEndophora.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsCoreference.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReferent.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnUtterance.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsASpeaker.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsADiscourse.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsReference.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsCataphora.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsEndophora.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsCoreference.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAReferent.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAnUtterance.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsASpeaker.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsADiscourse.htmhttp://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsReference.htm


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Suppose we want to know the fraction (or proportion) of individuals in apopulation who have a certain quality. We will use the symbol p to denote thepopulation proportion. Frequently we must use data from a sample to estimatethe population proportion.

Suppose a random sample of size n is obtained from a population in whicheach individual either has or does not have a certain characteristic. The sample

proportion, denoted p isgiven by

wherexis the number of individuals in the sample having the characteristic ofinterest. The sample proportion is the statistic that estimates the sample proportion.Example: -J. In a sample of 60 students, 22 favored the amount budgeted for nextyears intramural sports competitions. Find the sample proportion of studentsfavoring the intramural sports budget.Remark: A different random sample of students may lead to a different sample

proportion.J. RoberSuppose we take 100 random samples of 60 students in whichp = 0.37.The distribution of sample proportions may resemble:

0.35 0.43 0.42 0.38 0.32 0.37 0.40 0.32 0.32 0.470.48 0.38 0.45 0.45 0.50 0.30 0.38 0.30 0.38 0.420.33 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.33 0.35 0.28 0.27 0.40 0.470.42 0.38 0.55 0.32 0.30 0.33 0.37 0.28 0.40 0.370.37 0.30 0.43 0.33 0.40 0.35 0.35 0.27 0.58 0.300.43 0.45 0.37 0.37 0.32 0.38 0.30 0.30 0.45 0.27

0.37 0.37 0.32 0.30 0.47 0.37 0.42 0.37 0.35 0.300.35 0.37 0.38 0.43 0.28 0.37 0.27 0.42 0.42 0.370.42 0.38 0.25 0.35 0.33 0.42 0.30 0.35 0.43 0.380.43 0.32 0.37 0.43 0.37 0.45 0.27 0.42 0.40 0.30

Sampling Distribution of p

Theorem: - For a simple random sample of size n such that n _ 0.05N (that is, thesample is less than or equal to 5% of the population), the shape of the sampling

distribution of p is approximately normal provided np(1 p) _ 10, the mean of thesampling distribution of p is p = p, The standard deviation of the samplingdistribution of p is

assignment on reference sample proportion

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