1.0 INTRODUCTION: FOUR UNDERLYING CAUSES OF WARFour underlying causes of warThe assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand signalled the rapid slide into world war, but this wasn't the only cause. There were underlying causes in the run-up to the First World War.In the 1930s, there were four underlying long-term causes of the First World War: 1. Nationalism The belief that your country is better than others. This made nation become assertive and aggressive.2. Alliances - In 1882, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy formed the Triple Alliance. This alarmed, France, Britain and Russia. By 1907, they had all joined the Triple Entente. Europe was divided into two armed camps, to help each other if there was a war.3. Militarism (Arms Race) - the attempt to build up a strong army and navy gave nations the means and will to make war.4. Imperialism - the desire to conquer colonies, especially in Africa. This brought the powers into conflict - Germany wanted an empire. France and Britain already had empires.

2.0 CAUSES FIRST WORLD WAR2.1 RISE OF INTENSES NATIONALISM IN EUROPENationalism and extreme patriotism were significant contributing factors to the outbreak of World War I. Each group of Europes Great Powers has its own excessive belief in its own cultural, economic and military supremacy. This contribute to the idea of fatal misconception. They believe that the event of war in Europe, ones own country would be victorious inside a few months, effect from the war. This arrogance was fuelled by jingoistic press in each country. The rise of nationalism could be found on writing of newspaper, literature, music and theatre. European populations convinced of two things that their nations and governments were right and that their military would win any conflict. There were two kinds of nationalism in 19th Century Europe, the desire of subject peoples for independence, this led to a series of national struggles for independence among the Balkan peoples. Other powers got involved and caused much instability. Secondly, the desire of independent nations for dominance and prestige and as the powers try to dominate each other in Europe, their rivalries may be regarded as one of the causes of the First World War.2.1.1 Nationalism in GermanyGermany was united in 1871 as a result of the Franco-Prussian War, and they rapidly became the strongest economic and military power in Europe. From 1871 to 1890, Germany wanted to preserve their hegemony in Europe by forming a series of peaceful alliances with other powers. After 1890, Germany was more aggressive. They wanted to build up their influence in every part of the world. German foreign policy in these years was best expressed by the term 'Weltpolitik' (World Politics). Because German ambitions were extended to many parts of the globe, Germany came into serious conflicts with all other major powers of Europe (except Austria-Hungary) from 1890 to 1914. Hence, German become more convinced and felt they were a master-race, after conquered many countries followed up by the victory of German conquest of the French territories of Alsace-Lorraine in 1871 and made them more arrogant. This lead to rivalries on other Europe country.

2.1.2 Nationalism in FranceFrance had been the dominant power in Europe for centuries. Napoleon I and Napoleon III had attempted to dominate Europe. In 1871, France was defeated by Germany. They had to lose two provinces: Alsace and Lorraine. They also needed to pay heavy indemnities. From 1871 onwards, France's greatest ambition was to recover Alsace and Lorraine from Germany. They also wanted to prevent another defeat by Germany, to recover their national prestige by acquiring overseas colonies (e.g. Morocco) and to make diplomatic alliances with other important powers in Europe.

2.1.3 Nationalism in ItalyItaly was unified in 1870. They was barely powerful enough to be counted as a great power. Their parliamentary system was corrupt and inefficient. Their industrial progress was slow. But Italy had great territorial ambitions. They wanted Tunis and Tripoli in northern Africa. This brought her into conflicts with France because Tunis was adjacent to the French colony, Algeria, and was long regarded by France as French sphere of influence. Italy also wanted Italia Irredenta--Trieste, Trentio and Tyrol. Although the majority of the people in these places were Italians, they were kept under the rule of the Dual Monarchy . Thus Italy came into serious conflicts with Austria-Hungary.

2.1.4 Nationalism in Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary was established as the Dual Monarchy in 1867. The Dual Monarchy ruled over a large empire consisting of many nationalities, but only the Austrians (racially they were German) and the Hungarians had the right to rule. The other nationalities Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, Rumanians and Poles resented their loss of political freedom. They desired for political independence. Thus the policy of the Dual Monarchy was to suppress the nationalist movements both inside and outside the empire. The particular object of the Dual Monarchy was to gain political control over the Balkan Peninsula, where nationalist movements were rife and were always giving encouragement to the nationalist movements within the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The centre of the nationalist movements in the Balkans was Serbia. Serbia always hoped to unite with the Serbs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire so as to create a large Serbian state. Therefore the first enemy of Austria-Hungary from 1871 to 1914 was Serbia. Besides Serbia, Austria-Hungary also hated Russia because Russia, being a Slav country, always backed up Serbia in any Austro-Serbian disputes.

2.1.5 Nationalism in RussiaRussia was the largest and most populous country in Europe. It extended from the shores of the Arctic Ocean to those of the Black Sea and from the Baltic Sea eastwards to the Pacific Ocean. Two thirds of her people were Slavs. Russia was still territorially ambitious. They wanted to expand in all directions. In 1870, Russia broke the Treaty of Paris (see below) and renewed her aggression in the Balkans. Thus, their territorial ambitions clashed with the interests of Austria-Hungary and Britain. However, Russia did not retreat. Being a 'landlocked' state, they wanted to acquire warm water ports in the Balkans (e.g. Constantinople). Moreover, as most of the Balkan peoples were of the Slavic race, Russia could claim to be the protector of her brother races in her expansion.

2.2 ALLIANCESThe System of AllianceBefore 1914 Europe's main powers were divided into two armed camps by a series of alliances. These were The Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy (1882) The Triple Entente of Britain, Russia and France (1907)

Bismark the Kaiser of Germany, under fear of possible attack form France initiated a system of military alliances. He therefore set about building European alliances aimed at protecting Germany from potentially threatening quarters. He was acutely aware that the French were itching to revenge their defeat at the earliest opportunity and the loss of Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia would prove to be a lasting sore.He began by negotiating, in 1873, the Three Emperors League, which tied Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia to each other's aid in time of war. This however only lasted until Russia's withdrawal five years later in 1878.Then, Bismarck make a new Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879 (Austria-Hungary was an enemy of Russia in the Balkan crisis). Dual alliance was a secret arrangement to help one another in case of war. In 1882, the Dual Alliance was became Triple Alliance when Italy joined the group. Under the provisions of this treaty, Germany and Austria-Hungary promised to assist Italy if she were attacked by France, and vice versa, Italy was bound to lend aid to Germany or Austria-Hungary if France declared war against either.This caused tension, especially to France and Rusia. Britain was also concerned by the growth in the German Navy and in 1904 the two countries signed the Entente Cordiale (friendly understanding). In 1904, Britain made an agreement or Entente with French to end all hostilities between the 2 countries. Three years later, Russia, who feared the growth in the German Army, joined Britain and France. In 1907, Britain, France and Russia formed. A separate diplomatic group known as the Triple Entente. The objective of the alliance was to encourage co-operation against the perceived threat of Germany. Though a diplomatic group, it also become a power to counter any threat from Germany. Rather than discussing plans and settling disputes, most countries in Europe sought peace through military superiority. No one would attack the country with the largest army or navy, because they knew they couldnt win. The Entente was created to balance the growing power of Germany by being more powerful itself. The Russian government was also concerned about the possibility of Austria-Hungary increasing the size of its empire. It therefore made promises to help Serbia if it was attacked by members of the Triple Alliance.The formation of 2 blocs- Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) and Triple Entente (England, France and Russia) caused great suspicion and tension in Europe. 2.3 MILITARY BUILD-UPIn all of the Great powers, military spending increased greatly in the years prior to the war. All except Britain had conscription. Over 85% of men of military age in France and 50% in Germany had served in the army or navy. This led England to expand her navy. Russia too adopted a program of army expension. France increased compulsory military service from 2 to 3 years. Thus, France had the highest proportion of its population in the army. This armament race produced fear and hostility among all nations in Europe.Percentage Increase in Military Spending1890-1913Size of Peacetime Army 1914

Britain117430,000

France92970,000

Russia191,500,000

Germany158760,000

Austria Hungary160480,000

The armies of both France and Germany had more than doubled between 1870 and 1914. The rivalry between the powers led to a building up of weapons and an increase in distrust. Colonial rivalry had led to a naval arms race between Britain and Germany. This had seriously worsened relations between both countries. The British-German dispute also led to greater naval co-operation between Britain and France.In 1880 Germany had 88.000 tonnes of military shipping, Britain 650,000; by 1910 the figures were 964,000 and 2,174,000 respectively.

The launch of HMS Dreadnought in 1906 made matters worse. This ship was fast, heavily armoured with powerful guns and it made all previous battleships obsolete.

2.4 IMPERIALISM

Among the many complex causes of World War I was imperialism. European imperialism was a constant source a friction among the powers. At that time the greatness of a nation depended not only on its standing in Europe but upon its non-European possessions. England, France and Russia all had colonial empires. Germany had limited possessions. Conflicts between European imperial powers around the globe heightened tensions between the countries that would go to war in 1914. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, economic competition among European countries led them to seek out colonies far from home. This race to conquer and colonize often led to clashes between Europeans, helping to create the situation in which World War I broke out. In Persia and Afghanistan, Britain and Russia clashed. In Siam and along the Nile River in Egypt, old rivals Britain and France competed.The most intense and dangerous competition, however, involved Germany. Germany had only been unified since 1871 and joined the race for colonies late. Once it launched its imperial efforts, the British and French often frustrated German designs because they had begun earlier. This tension led to a series of imperial clashes that led to several international crises that threatened the peace in Europe.In 1905, Germany and France faced off in a crisis in Morocco. This first Moroccan crisis resulted from Germany's concern over the recent agreement known as the Entente Cordiale between longtime rivals France and Great Britain. Germany hoped a minor international crisis would weaken French- British relations. Knowing that France sought to establish a protectorate in Morocco, the Germans announced their support for Moroccan independence. France responded to this German interference by threatening war.Only an international conference in Spain in 1906 prevented an armed conflict between France and Germany. A second Moroccan crisis in 1911 further exacerbated the French-German rivalry and intensified British worries over an increasingly powerful and threatening Germany.Rivalry between Great Britain and Germany had already been growing in southern Africa starting in the late nineteenth century. Tensions already existed between Great Britain and the Afrikaners, who were descendents of Dutch settlers in South Africa. The situation became more complicated when Germany established a colony in neighboring German South-West Africa (present-day Namibia) in 1884. When the British discovered large gold deposits in 1886, they sought to eliminate Afrikaner influence and control in the region and also prevent a possible German intervention in southern Africa. Eventually, this led to the Boer War. Also known as the South African War, this conflict pitted the British against the Afrikaners between 1899 and 1902. In this conflict, Germany supported the Afrikaners, thus greatly increasing anti-German sentiment in Great Britain and contributing to the tensions that would result in World War I.Imperial rivalries such as these strained already tense relations between the leading powers of Europe. Along with a number of other factors, including nationalism, economic and military rivalries, and the establishment of a rigid alliance system, imperialism was a key long-term cause of World War I. These background causes created a powder keg that exploded with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.

3.0 EFFECT FIRST WORLD WAR3.1 LOSS OF TERRITORY AND MILITARY POWER BY GERMANYTerritory LossesJust as it had begun, World War I ended with complicated diplomatic negotiations. It took many months, but the treaty defining Germanys present and future existence was signed at Versailles on June 28, 1919. Germany lost World War I. In the 1919 Treaty of Versailles, the victorious powers (the United States, Great Britain, France, and other allied states) imposed punitive territorial, military, and economic provisions on defeated Germany. In the west, Germany had to returned Alsace-Lorraine to France. Back then, it had been seized by Germany more than 40 years earlier. Several German provinces were given to Poland, Denmark and Belgium. Further, Belgium received European and Malmedy; the industrial Saar region was placed under the administration of the League of Nations for 15 years and Denmark received Northern Schleswig. Finally, the Rhineland was demilitarized, that is no German military forces or fortifications were permitted there. In the east, Poland received parts of West Prussia and Silesia from Germany. In addition, Czechoslovakia received the Hultschin district from Germany and the largely German city of Danzig became a free city under the protection of the League of Nations. Memel, a small strip of territory in East Prussia along the Baltic Sea, was ultimately placed under Lithuanian control. Outside Europe, Germany lost all its colonies. In sum, Germany forfeited 13 percent of its European territory (more than 27,000 square miles) and one-tenth of its population (between 6.5 and 7 million people). By that, Germany also had lost his control over its overseas colonies.Military RestrictionsOn January 25, the Peace Conference set up a Commission on the Reparation of Damage. The Commission was to examine what each of the defeated States ought to pay to the victors by way of reparation for damage done during the war. The Peace Conference set up a Commission on the Reparation of damage. The Commission was to examine what each of the defeated States ought to pay to the victors by way of reparation for damage done during the war. Britain, given the four-year German submarine campaign against her, wanted shipping losses to be included, as well as losses from German air raids. The German military was restricted to 100,000 soldiers. The Germans were not allowed to have tanks, armed aircraft, or poison gas. They could not import or export weapons. The German navy was also limited to 15,000 men and a few ships. Germany was punished both territorially and financially. Her territory was reduced in both east and west, her army, navy and air force were disbanded and her responsibility for the war was expressed in the financial liability imposed on her to make reparations, especially to France and Belgium.Articles 42 to 44 in The Peace Conference forbade Germany from fortifying to Rhineland or having any armed forces there. Article 80 forbade German union with Austria except with the consent of the Council of the League of Nations. Articles 100 to 106 transferred the port of Danzig form German sovereignty and made it a Free City under the protection of the newly created League of Nations. Articles 119 and 120, in five lines, deprived Germany of all her colonial possessions. Article 170 forbade Germany from importing any arms, ammunition of war materials. Article 191 forbade her from building or buying submarines. Article 198 forbade her from having any military or naval air forces.Germany was to be denied the ability to make war. Under Article 231 of the Treaty, she was forced to accept, with her allies, responsibility for the loss and damage caused as a result of the war imposed upon the victors by the aggression of Germany and her allies. This was the war guilt clause, which served as a preamble to the reparations demands, and to which the German negotiators had particularly objected.Not only by that, Germany also had to agree to pay massive war reparations that would require half a century to fulfill to pay damages for wartime destruction. Finally, Germany was forced to publicly acknowledge and accept full responsibility for the entire war. This stipulation was a hard pill for many Germans to swallow, and indeed it was a blatant untruth.

3.2 EMERGENCE OF NEW COUNTRIES

Given the ethnic complexity of eastern Europe, it was impossible to draw frontiers which did not leave minority populations. Therefore, fourteen states were required to sign special minority rights treaties or make similar declarations to the League of Nations (Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Albania, Greece, Turkey and Iraq). All these states complained that the great powers were not required to agree to similar provisions. Wilson, though, argued that the Peace Conference was attempting to eliminate as far as possible sources of potential disturbance. While the Great Powers were attempting to arrange an equitable distribution of territory, the reality of minority populations left a possible source of later upheavel. Therefore, it was necessary to do everything possible to ensure that minorities would not feel unjustly treated. Then, 4 independent countries was emerged from the Russian empire- Finland, Estonia, Latuia and Lithuania. From Austria-Hungary empire emerged Czechoslovokia and Serbia and from the Turkish empire emerged Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Palestine. Romania and Italy were enlarged.The Allies, concerned by the potential threat to their plans posed by the growing Nationalist movement lead by Mustafa Kamal made a peace treaty with the Sultans government. The Ottoman Empires Middle Eastern provinces became League of Nations Mandates. Britain received the mandates for Palestine and Iraq while France received Lebanon and Syria, with control of the area around Adana in Turkey.

3.3 END OF MONARCHYWorld War I probably had more far-reaching consequences than any other proceeding war. Politically, it resulted in the downfall of four monarchies, in Russia in 1917, in Austria-Hungary and Germany in 1918, and in Turkey in 1922, democracy then being introduced. It contributed to the Bolshevik rise to power in Russia in 1917, the revolution that took part ended monarchy in Russia. Secondly, the triumph of fascism happen in Italy in 1922, it ignited colonial revolts in the Middle East and in Southeast Asia. Back then, there were Lenin introduced communism and become the head of a communist government in Russia. Then, Greece abolished monarchy, in becoming independent republic country.In Turkey, Mustafa Kamal (later surnamed Ataturk) abolished the Sultanate and Caliphate in 1923 because the peace treaties made by The Allies with Sultans government. Turkey then became a Republic with two governments, the decayed sultanate under Allied occupation and the nationalist movement led by Kamal. End of monarchy back then seen in Russia, Austria-Hungary, Germany and Turkey.

3.4 LEAGUE OF NATIONSThe high contracting, in order to promote international co-operation and to achieve international peace and security by the acceptance of obligations not to resort to war, by the prescription of open, just and honourable relations between nations, by the firm establishment of the understandings of international law as the actual rule of conduct among Governments, and by the maintenance of justice and a scrupulous respect for all treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples with one another, agree to this Covenant of the League of Nations.League of Nations was formed on 28 June 1919 to maintain world peace. Its headquarters was at Geneva in Switzerland. It was created from the Big Three (United States, Britain and France) form League of Nations as an international organization to maintain world peace in the future by mediating disputes between nations. The League enshrined the hopes of millions who looked to it to resolved international disputes without the need to go to war. It would also tackle other global issues like drug trafficking, world health, and labour.Article 16, intended to act as a deterrent to aggression, stated that an act of war against one member of the League would be deemed an act of war against all, and that the military, naval and air forces of the members could be combined to protect the covenants of the League. Article 23 was designed to curb the arms trade, secure the just treatment of native peoples, combat the drug and white slave trades, and provide for the international prevention and control of disease. The Allied Powers were tired of war, and they wanted to avoid it completely in the future. They hoped the League of Nations would be strong enough to help them do so. However, League of Nations could not enforce decisions on big powers. However, League of Nations could not enforce decisions on big powers.

3.5 RISE OF NATIONALISM AND COMMUNISMPresident Woodrow Wilsons, his vision of a world order based on liberal democracy continues to resonate. President Woodrow Wilsons is the head of Right to self- Determination and spread it to Europe and Asia. Based on the rise of nationalism and communism over the globe made India and Burma one of the first countries in Asia to seek self-determination. Self-determination also meant countries could choose the type of government it wanted- democracy/communism. Beside nationalism, communism also Communism spread strongly to China and Indochina.

3.6 LOSS OF LIFEFirst world war caused the death of about 10 million soldiers, sailors and flyers and more than 20 million were maimed. Another 13 million ordinary people died due to injury, hunger, poor health and lack of medical care involved many countries. For the monetary loss, it been estimated to have cost about 338 billion US dollars, $186 billion in direct costs and another $151 billion in indirect costs than any previous war in history. It was the first war to use airplanes, tanks, long range artillery, submarines, and poison gas. Young men were away for four years and approximately twenty percent never returned. At war's end, there were fewer jobs and many discharged soldiers looking for work. Others were seriously injured, permanently disabled and requiring pensions and other supports. By the end of the First World War, almost one million British soldiers, sailors and airmen had been killed. However, nearly another two million had been permanently disabled, over 40,000 had lost legs or arms. All these people needed medical treatment, ongoing care and work or financial support in order to survive in peacetime.Prisoners of war were beginning to be released. In their camps, tens of thousands had died in the influenza pandemic. Of the 300,000 Austrian troops taken prisoner at the beginning of November 1918, as many as 30,000 had died in captivity by the autumn of 1919. The destructiveness of the First World War, in terms of the number of soldiers killed, exceeded that all of other wars known to history. The following list gives the number of those who were killed in action, or who died of wounds received in action. The figures are inevitably approximate, nor do they encompass all the victims of the war. In the case of Serbia, more civilians died (82,000) than the soldiers listed here. In the United States army, more soldiers died of influenza (62,000) than were killed in battle. The number of Armenians massacred between 1914 and 1919 was more than one million. The number of German civilians dying as a result of the Allied blockade has been estimated at more than three quarters of a million. The number of war dead of the principal belligerents was, according to the minimum estimates.The Central Powers, the losers in the war, lost 3,500,000 soldiers on the battlefield. The Allied Powers, the victors, lost 5,100,000 men. On average, this was more than 5,600 soldiers killed on each day of the war.

4.0 CONCLUSIONThe years that followed the conclusion of the peace treaties with the Central Powers clearly revealed their weakness. In particular the unworkability of the financial settlement imposed upon Germany was disrupting not only the stability of Europe but also Euro-American relations. After the vast expenditures of the war, governments were under pressure to cut expenditure and lower taxes. The United States was also insisting on the repayment of loans made by it to the Allies. At the same time, the origins of the war came to be scrutinized and many came to the conclusion that the arms races of the prewar period were a contributing factor to the outbreak of first world war. All these factors led to efforts to reduce armaments, handle debt issues, and tackle the problem of reparations. Then, The Paris Peace Conference and The Versailles Treaty came up with the idea that Germany must take responsibility effect from the war. This give an impact towards Germany and causes the loss of territory and military power. First world war also gave an outstanding views when theres a lot loss of life at the times.

5.0 BIBLIOGRAPHYBook:Martin Gilbert (1994) First World War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, The Orion Publishing Group Ltd, Orion House, 5 Upper Saint Martins Lane, London WC2H 9EA

Erik Goldstein (2002) The First World War: Peace Settlements 1919-192, Pearson Education Limited, 128 Long Acre, London WC2E 9AN (First published), Typeset by 7 in 10/12 Sabon Roman, Produced by Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd., Printed in Malaysia, KVP

Online:How did the First World War Start? Gary Sheffield (military historian) http://www.theweek.co.uk/world-news/first-world-war/59782/how-did-the-first-world-war-start (8/11/2014) (3:31 PM)

The Road to War: The Triple Entente (Who was in the Triple Entente and why was it formed) http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/worldwarone/hq/causes2_01.shtml (8/11/2014) (4:48 PM)

Triple Entente By John Simkin http://spartacus-educational.com/FWWentente.htm (8/11/2014) (4:51 PM) Causes of the First World War Stephen Tonge http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/causeww1.htm#a (8/11/2014) (4:54 PM)

1914 was an unbelievably complicated world': Historians still divided on who caused First WorldWar - Keven Drews, Canadian Press | August 4, 2014 11:14 AM ET http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/08/04/1914-was-an-unbelievably-complicated-world-historians-still-divided-on-who-caused-first-world-war/ (8/11/2014) (4:56 PM)

The Causes of World War One Michael Duffy http://firstworldwar.com/origins/causes.htm (8/11/2014) (4:59 PM)

Long-term underlying causes of war http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/mwh/ir1/underlyingcausesrev1.shtml (8/11/2014) (5:01 PM)

Four MAIN causes of the First World War http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/four-main-causes-of-the-first-world-war/5646.html (8/11/2014) (5:03 PM)

Nationalism as a cause of World War I http://alphahistory.com/worldwar1/nationalism/ (15/11/2014) (6:27 PM)

National Rivalries- Two Kinds of Nationalism http://www.funfront.net/hist/wwi/national.htm (15/11/2014) (10:32 PM)

German territorial losses, Treaty of Versailles, 1919 http://www.ushmm.org/outreach/en/media_nm.php?MediaId=1620 (16/11/2014) (8:55 AM)World War I (19141919) http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/ww1/section11.rhtml (16/11/2014) (9:00 AM)

End of WWI: the Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations http://education- portal.com/academy/lesson/end-of-wwi-the-treaty-of-versailles-the-league-of-nations.html#lesson (16/11/2014) (9:20 AM)

Imperialism as a cause of world war http://www.humanities360.com/index.php/imperialism-as-a-cause-of-world-war-i-4861/ (16/11/2014) (9:45 AM)

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