assignment 1_revisi 1_keleompok 20

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

“Herbal Hand and Body Antibacterial Lotion”

Report Assignment I

GROUP 20

GROUP PERSONNEL :

Dita Amelia Putri (1206201965)

Hari Purnama (1206202015)

Kameliya Hani Millati (1206202034)

Nurcahyo Adyota Prabhaswara (1206261200)

Ratri Kirana Prabaningtyas (1206202154)

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

DEPOK

FEBRUARY 2015

ii Universitas Indonesia

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

High humidity cause Indonesia to ideal habitat for bacteria, those are

pharmaceutical product to kill bacteria in market such as ointment, antibiotic and

lotion. But each product have disadvantages likely can be used to all layer of skin,

be antibiotic resistence and expensive price. Skin is the outer part of the body which

has function protect body form microbes, But skin is a rich environment for

bacteria. Two most common type of skin bacteria which infect skin, i.e.

Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenesor.

Body lotion is one of the cosmetic products in the form of emulsion.

Emulsion most common type of delivery system used in body lotion. The usual

method for choosing an emulsifiers is known as the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance

(HLB) system. Some physical quality parameter of body lotion are Organoleptis,

Viscosity, Density, pH, Dispersive Power, and Adhesive Power.

Two most common methods used for collecting data are interview and

questionnaire. Costumer need classified to product performance, Material

Properties, Product Perception, and Retailing. The puprose of specifying the

product is to quantify the needs referred from the survey and convert the needs into

units that can be measured. some steps to plan the product specifications, including:

list of metrics, benchmarking, and marginal and ideal value. As explained in

specification, there are some needs with the same metrics unit, needs that related

to other needs so that the units could represent both and There are not any

antibacterial hand and body lotion products that is made purely on herbal ingredient.

iii Universitas Indonesia

LIST OF CONTENT

COVER ............................................................................................................ i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................. ii

LIST OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... iii

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................ iv

LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... v

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................. 1

1.1. Background .............................................................................................. 1

1.2. Product Formulation ................................................................................ 2

1.3. Problem Identification .............................................................................. 2

1.4. Problem Limitation .................................................................................. 2

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................... 3

2.1. Skin .......................................................................................................... 3

2.3.1. Skin Structure ............................................................................... 3

2.3.2. How Skin Maintain Moisture ....................................................... 3

2.3.3. Bacteria on Skin ........................................................................... 4

2.2. Emulsion .................................................................................................. 5

2.2.1. Definition and Basic Concept ...................................................... 5

2.2.2. Emulsifier ..................................................................................... 5

2.2.3. Type of Emulsion ......................................................................... 6

2.2.4. Destabilization of Emulsion ......................................................... 6

2.3. Body Lotion ............................................................................................. 7

2.3.1. Definition ..................................................................................... 7

2.3.2. How Body Lotion Works to Maintain Moisture .......................... 7

2.3.3. Body Lotion Parameter ................................................................ 8

2.3.4. Body Lotion Basic Process .......................................................... 9

2.3.5. Skin Lotion Active Ingredient ...................................................... 10

2.3.6. Herbal Remedy as Antiseptic for Skin ......................................... 10

CHAPTER 3. CUSTOMER NEEDS ............................................................. 12

3.1. Survey ...................................................................................................... 12

3.1.1. Survey Method ............................................................................. 12

3.1.2. Survey Method Result .................................................................. 12

3.2. Costumer Needs ....................................................................................... 19

3.2.1. Determining Method .................................................................... 19

3.2.2. Grouping and Ranking ................................................................. 19

CHAPTER 4. PRODUCT SPECIFICATION .............................................. 24

4.1. List of Metrics .......................................................................................... 24

4.2. Bencmarking ............................................................................................ 26

4.3. Marginal and Ideal Value ......................................................................... 35

CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION ....................................................................... 41

REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 42

APPENDICE ................................................................................................... 45

iv Universitas Indonesia

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 3.1. Pie Diagram of Respondent’s Age Distribution ........................... 13 Figure 3.2. Pie Diagram of Respondent’s Sex Distribution ........................... 14 Figure 3.3. Pie Diagram of Respondent’s Occupation Distribution ............... 14 Figure 3.4. Bar Chart of Respondents’ Hobbies ............................................. 15 Figure 3.5. Pie Diagram of Respondent’s Skin Condition ............................. 15

Figure 3.6. Pie Diagram Of Respondent’s Itch Problem ................................ 16

Figure 3.7. Bar Chart of Respondents’ Cause of Itch ..................................... 16

Figure 3.8. Bar Chart of Respondents’ Purpose of Using Hand and Body

Lotion ........................................................................................... 17 Figure 3.9. Pie Diagram of Respondents’ Spending On A 100 ml Hand and

Body Lotion ................................................................................. 17

Figure 3.10. Expected Features on A Hand ond Body Lotion ......................... 18

Figure 3.11. Packaging of Hand And Body Lotion .......................................... 18

Figure 3.12. Flow Diagram of Determining Needs and Specifications .......... 20

Figure 3.13. Mind Map Diagram for Customer’s Needs With Ranks .............. 23

v Universitas Indonesia

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2.1. Emulsifier Function and HLB-Values ........................................... 6

Table 3.1. Comparison Between Interview and Questionnaire ...................... 12

Table 3.2. Classification of Age ..................................................................... 12

Table 3.3. Needs of Respondents ................................................................... 19

Table 3.4. Group of Needs .............................................................................. 21

Table 3.5. Rank of Needs and Their Reasons ................................................. 21

Table 4.1. List of Metrics for Herbal Antibacterial Hand and Body Lotion

Product ........................................................................................... 24

Table 4.2. Benchmarking Result Based on Needs .......................................... 28

Table 4.3. List of Product Specification ......................................................... 37

1 Universitas Indonesia

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background

Indonesia is one of the country with high rainfall level. The high rain level

cause Indonesia has high humidty. Based on BMKG’s data, the relative humidity

in Indonesia reaches 60-90%. In the rainy season an average humidity of 80 % and

in the dry season is 70 %. A high relative humidity in the environment is caused by

an increase of moisture.

US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) states a relative humidity of 30-

50% is generally recommended for homes. It means that microbe growth quickly

when humidity can be reach over 50%. Some microbes particularly bacteria, live

in human body, exactly in body and hand skin. Bacteria has been calculated about

1012 bacteria on the skin.. Most of them living on the skin are harmless. Those are

two most common bacteria on skin such as Staphylococcus aureus and

Streptococcus pyogenesor. Sometimes potentially pathogenic Staphylococcus

aureus is found on the hands in individuals who are nasal carriers.

Activity of bacteria give some effect to skin. Staphylococcus aures cause

Epidermal infections. This can be seen in roughness characterized by dryness and

itchiness. The effects disturb human activity even productivity. So, it is to be needed

treatment that can kill bacteria, which give negative effect to skin.

Nowdays, Some of product have performance that kill bacteria. Most of

product contain active agent likely p-choro-m xylenol. They available with

different shape such as antibiotic pil, ointment. Those shape may have different

formula, but still the main use is the same. On other hands, there are some

disadvantage of each product. Ointment can be dangerous, if it to be used to all of

layer skin and has unpleasant smell. Antibiotic pil caused allergy reaction and

antibiotic resistance.

Anti Bacterial lotion is one of the cosmetic, which has performance to kill

bacteria . It can be used as a moisturizer skin . On other hand, Most of product

cointain chemical such as alcohol. The prices of product in the market are not

affordable by the most of people in ndonesia.

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Universitas Indonesia

Therefore, A herbal anti bacterial lotion is needed to be able to accommodate

the needs of people that want to buy this product with affordable price. This new

product will have herbal ingredients that are different from b other products on

the market. But still main use as anti bacterial. With this advantages of product

will be able to compete with other products and can even be the number one anti

bacterial lotion.

1.2. Problem Formulation

The concept of designing this a herbal anti bacterial lotion to cover the

weaknesses of product in the market before. The formulation is how to create the

product, that can against bacterial with the herbal, safest and most effective

ingredients available, and Affordable price.

1.3. Problem Identification

Below are the list of the problem identification from the existing product:

Some of Existing product such as ointment has sticky and unpleasent smell;

Some of Existing product such as sticky can be use to all layer of body;

Some of Existing body lotion without anti bacterial agent;

Some of Exising Anti Bacterial lotion’s ingredients contain chemical; and

A Herbal – Anti Bacterial’s prices is exepnsive.

1.4. Problem Limitation

Below are some statements about the problems to be the boundary in order to

narrow the scope of the problem from our product:

The herbal han and body antibacterial lotion has the safest and most effective

ingredients;

The herbal han and body antibacterial lotion’s price is affordable;

Target market are people who spent time in outdoor and people who pften suffer

from itchy; and

The herbal han and body antibacterial lotion contains herbal material as the

active ingredient.


CHAPTER 2

BASIC THEORY

2.1. Skin

2.1.1. Skin Structure

Skin is the largest organ of the body, covering 1.6 m2 of surface area and

accounting for approximately 16% of an adult’s body weight. In direct contact with

the outside environment, the skin helps to maintain four essential body functions:

1. Retention of moisture and prevention of permeation or loss other molecules, 2.

Regulation of body temperature, 3. Protection of the body from micorbes and

harmful external influences, and 4. Sensation (Transdermal and Topical Drug

Delivery, 2003).

There are three layers of the skin: 1. Epidermis. The epidermis is the outer

layer of the skin. This layer contains no blood vessel and hence nutrients and waste

products must diffuse across the dermo-epidermal layer in order to maintain tissue

integrity. The outermost layer of epidermis called atratum corneum, the skin barrier

which acts as the first line of defense against the external environment; 2. Dermis.

The dermis is the layer below the epidermis. This layer contains nerve endings,

sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicles, and blood vessels. This layer is made mostly

collagen, elastin, and fibrilin which make the skin flexible and strong; 3. Fat Layer.

The fat layer is the layer below the dermis. This layer contains fat cells. This layer

helps insulate the body from heat and cold, provide protective padding, and servesas

an energy storage area (MacNeal, Robert J., 2014).

2.1.2. How Skin Maintain Moisture

It has been discusses previously that the upper layer of ther skin (epidermis)

is a protective layer which is designed to protect the delicate living cells of the

deeper layers of skin. Kertinocytes, the main type of cells in the epidermis, migrate

up from the dermis and undergo many changes to become a flat, keratin rich

corneocyte before being shed. During this progression through the layers of the

epidermis, lipids are released into the spaces between cells and the skin’s own

natural moisturizing factor (NMF) is generated.

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NMF is made of a mix of low molecular weight soluble hygroscopic

substances including lactic acid, pyrollidone-carboxicilic acid and amino acids.

NMF helps the stratum corneum retain water. These lipids form a barrier to water

loss and help retain the skin’s NMF. Disruption of this lipid matrix and subquent

loss of hydration can lead to dry skin. Dry skin is noted when the moisture content

is less than 10% and there is loss of continuity of the stratum corneum. If this

happens, the skin can easily irritated and itchy. Worse, the deeper layers of the skin

are exposed to harsh damaging substances including detergents, gardening

chemical, bacteria, virus, etc. Therefore, the epidermis needs to stay moisturized to

protect the deepper layers of the skin (Dobos, Kelly, 2014).

2.1.3. Bacteria on Skin

Skin flora or skin microbiota are the microorganisms which reside on the

skin. Skin is a rich environment for microbes. Some bacterias living on the skin are

harmless, such as Corynebacterim spp., Brevibacterium spp., and Acinetobacter.

There are two most common type of skin bacteria which infect skin, i.e.

Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenesor called staph and strep. There

are three main ecological areas on skin: 1. Moist. The moist places on the body are

dominated by Corynebacteria and Staphylococci; 2. Dry. The dry places on the

body are dominated by b-Proteobacteria andFlacobacteriales; 3. Sebaceous. The

sebaceous areas had greaterspecies richness than moist and dry areas (Chiller,

Katarina, et al, 2001).

Bacteria, initially in low numbers, colonize different layers of the skin

architecture (ie, epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous and adipose tissues, and muscle

fascia). As bacteria increase in number where the integumentary barrier is

disrupted, invasion by these colonizing bacteria ensues and a soft tissue infection

develops. Involvement of pores in the epidermis may lead to folliculitis, furuncles

or carbuncles. Infection of the superficial layers of skin is labelled erysipelas,

whereas deeper involvement of the dermis and/or subcutaneous tissues is labelled

cellulitis. (Vincent and Coleman, 2008).

There are several means by which bacteria penetrate the skin barrier. The

most common route is through a break in the barrier. Lacerations, bite wounds,

scratches, instrumentation (eg, needles), pre-existing skin conditions, wounds (eg,

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chicken pox or ulcer), burns and surgery are the common mechanisms of

compromising the skin barrier. These mechanisms permit the entry of normal skin

flora and indigenous flora from the instrument of penetration. Other routes of

penetration include contiguous spread from an adjacent infection (eg,

osteomyelitis), entry of water into skin pores (eg, hot-tub folliculitis) and, rarely,

hematogenous seeding (ie, emboli). (Vincent and Coleman, 2008).

2.2. Emulsion

2.2.1. Definition and Basic Concept

Emulsion is the most common type of delivery system used in cosmetics.

The best known cosmetic products based on emulsions are creams and lotions. If

two liquids such as water and alcohol are mixed together, a solution is formed. The

droplets of both liquids mix and mingle with each other so that there is no boundary

between one liquid and the other one. The two liquids are miscible. However, oil

and water do not mix. They stay as two separate layers with clear boundary between

them, because the attraction forces between the droplets are very different

preventing from mingling together. The forces between water particles are very

strong, whereas oil particles are only weakly held together. Thus, the oil particles

cannot stay between water particles.

An emulsion is a dispersion of one liquid in a second, immiscible oil. In an

emulsion, however, oil and water can be forced to mix. Instead of forming two

separate layers with a clear boundary between them, small droplets of one liquid

(dispersed phase) are spread throughout the other liquid (continuous phase). Hence,

an emulsion can be defined as a mixture consisting of an immiscible dispersed in

another liquid in the form of tiny droplets. Emulsions made by simply agitating

water and oil, however, will separate within a short time. Therefore, emulsifiers are

needed (MakingCosmetics Inc, 2014).

2.2.2. Emulsifier

Emulsifiers are compounds able to stabilize the dispersed droplets in the

continuous phase. Emulsifiers are molecules consisting of a water loving

(hydrophilic) part and water-hating but oil loving (lipophilic) part. With their

lipophilic part emulsifiers wrap around and incorporate oil drops thereby preventing

6


them from reunite again to form a separate oily phase. In this way, the oil particles

are shielded from each other resulting in a stable emulsion.

The usual method for choosing an emulsifiers is known as the Hydrophilic-

Lipophilic Balance (HLB) system which uses a scale of 0 to 20 based on their

affinity for oil and water. Emulsifiers with low HLB-values are more lipophilic,

while higher HLB-values of 3-8 give w/o-emulsions, whereas those with values o

above 9 are more water-soluble and result in o/w emulsions (MakingCosmetics Inc,

2014).

Table 2.1. Emulsifiers Function and HLB-Values

HLB-Values Emulsifiers Function

1-3 Antifoaming Properties

3-8 w/o-Emulsification

7-9 Wetting Properties

9-18 o/w-Emulsification

15-20 Solubilizing Properties

(Source : www.makingcosmetics.com)

2.2.3. Type of Emulsion

The most typical emulsions is one in which an oil is dispersed in water.

Understandably, this is called an oil-in-water (o/w) emulsion. If water droplets are

dispersed in oil the resulting emulsion is called water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion.

Generally, o/w-emulsions are typically chosen for applications requiring a

relatively small amount of fatty materials as hand, shaving or moisturizing creams.

On the other hand, w/o emulsions are preferred when a large amount of oil is

desired. This system has a more greasy feel and leave a longer-lasting residue.

Typical products are emollient creams and sunscreens. In addition to the simple

two-phase emulsion it is possible to make also multiple emulsions as w/o/w-

emulsions (w/o-emulsion in water) (MakingCosmetics Inc, 2014).

2.2.4. Destabilization of Emulsion

Although emulsifiers help stabilize the oil and water phase, emulsions are

still inherently unstable and eventually will separate. The speed at which this occurs

depends on the composition of the emulsion. There are three ways how an emulsion

can destabilize : 1. Creaming or sedimentation: fatty cream appears due to the

7


assembly of the large drops (example: unhomogenized milk); 2. Flocculation: small

flocci are formed. Flocculation is not a serious destabilization since it can be

reversed also by agitation; 3. Coalescence: the oil and water phase are completely

separated due to merging droplets to form large drops. Coalescence is irreversible

(MakingCosmetics Inc, 2014).

2.3. Body Lotion

2.3.1. Definiton

Body lotion is one of the cosmetic products in the form of emulsion,a

dispersion (droplets) of one liquid in another immiscible liquid. The phases that is

present in the form of droplets is the dispersed or internal phase. Generally, body

lotion is an emulsion type O/W which is emulsion’s type O/W with 10-15% oil

phase, 5-10% humectants and 75-85% water phase (Schmitt, 1996). Generally,

body lotion consists of emulsifier, humectant, emollient, active ingredient and water

(Keither, 1956).

2.3.2. How Body Lotion Works To Maintain Moisture

Traditionally, moisturization was believed to inhibit TransEpidermal Water

Loss (TEWL) by occlusion. Water originates in the deeper epidermal layers and

moves upward to hydrate cells in the stratum corneum, eventually being lost to

evaporation. Scientifically. Basically, there are 3 steps process of moisturizing

treatment; i.e.: 1. Repairing the skin barrier; 2. Increasing water content; 3.

Reducing TEWL; and 4. Restoring the lipid barriers’ abbility to attract, hold, and

redistribute water. Basically, there are 3 types of moisturizing substances based on

theoretically mechanism acion (Lynde, C. W., 2014); i.e.:

a. Occlusive

Occlusive is a substance that physically block TEWL in the startum corneum.

Petrolatum in a minimum concentration of 5% is the most effective occlusive

followed by lanolin, mineral oil, and silicones such as dimethicone. Petrolatum is

widely used as a classic moisturizer. Side effects of occlusive indicated by messy,

cosmetically unaceptable, folliculitis, comedogenic (mineral oil) contact dermatitis,

and lanolin (Lynde, C. W., 2014).

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b. Humectant

Humectant is a substance that attract water when applied to the skin and

theoretically improve hydration of the stratum corneum. Example of humectant

includes glycerin, sortbitol, urea, alpha hydroxy acids (i.e., lactic acid) and other

sugars. Side effects of humectant indicated by irritation (urea, lactic acid) (Lynde,

C. W., 2014).

c. Emolient

Emollient is a substance that smooths skin by filling spaces between skin flakes

with droplets of oil and are not usually occlusive applied heavily. When combined

with an emulsifier, they may help hold oil and water in the stratum corneum.

Vitamin E is a common additive, which appears to have no effect, except as an

emollient. Examples of emollients include mineral oil, lanolin, fatty acids,

cholesterol, squalene, and structural lipids. The disadvantage of emolient is it is not

always effective to moisturize skin (Lynde, C. W., 2014).

2.3.3. Body Lotion Parameter

Body lotion is caracterized by easy to flow, speed to be absorped, and

stickiness when rub into skin.Here some physical quality parameter of body lotion:

a. Organoleptis

Organoleptic is an early recognition process using five senses such as color,

odor, taste, and form.

b. Viscosity

Viscosty is one of bulk properties, defined as a liquid’s resistance to flow. The

stronger intermolecular force of attraction within a liquid, the larger viscosity. Body

lotion viscosity is influenced by severalfactors such as emulsion size, concentration,

and temperature. A goodbody lotion has viscosity approximately 12 cP.

c. Density

Density is one of physcial property of matter, defined as how tightly matter is

crammed together. Denser object has less empty space in them, less holey. Usually,

body lotion has density approximately 0.9 to 1.0 kg/L.

d. pH

pH is a meassure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. Solutions

with a pH less than 7 are acidic solutions and solutioswith a pH more than 7 are

9


basic or alkaline solutions. A good body lotion has physiological pH of “acid

mantel” skin, 4,5 – 6,5 which is weak acid. If the pH of body lotion too acidic, it

can cause skin irritation. Otherwise, if the pH of body lotion too alkaline, it can

cause skin itchy and scaly (Latifah, Fatma and Tranggono, Retno I.S., 2007).

e. Dispersive Power

Dispersive power is the ability of a substance to spread on a surface without

large pressure given. The dispersive power of body lotion can be caracterized by

the area which is resulted from the load addition (Voigt, 1984).

f. Adhesive Power

Adhesive power is the ability of a substance to attach to a surface in a long time.

The better of the body lotion adhesion, the more effective of the body lotion

performance because the longer of the contact time between body lotion and skin

(Voigt, 1984).

2.3.4. Body Lotion Basic Process

The thickness and consistency are the key factors to make body lotion. The

manufacturing process determines the viscosity of the body lotion. Manufacturing

body lotion can be completed in two cycles: 1. Oil cycle. In this cycle, emmolients

and lubricants are dispersed in oil with blending and thickening agents; and 2. Water

cycle. In this cycle, perfume, coloring agent, and preservative agent are dispersed

in water. Here are some basic processes in the manufacturing body lotion:

a. Mixing

Mixing is necessary to blend a water phase and oil phase into an emulsion, but

consider the potential effect of the degree of mixing on the product viscosity. The

minimum mixing energy must be used to evenly mix the two phases and other

additives. A high amount of mixing energy can decrease the particle size of the

dispersed phase and hence affecting the emulsion viscosity (Ashbery, Jason, et al).

b. Heating And Cooling

Heating is generally less of a problem in cosmetic processing because the

product or phase is usually fluid at elevated temperatures (viscosity being inversely

proportional to temperature for emulsions commonly encountered in the cosmetic

industry). The rate of heating is not usually considered an important parameter,

assuming that the desired end point is not overshot. Cooling is more commonly a

10


problem with cosmetic emulsion because it generally increases product viscosity

greatly (Ashbery, Jason, et al).

c. Shearing

Many lotions are shear-thinning. In a typical operation, a finished lotion is

cooled to room temperature in a compounding vessel, and then pumped through a

filter to a storage tank where it is held for filling. The viscosity of lotion will have

been reduced by this step. Then the product may be pumped to the filling line. The

product usually has a chance to build a network of bonds. A portion of these bonds,

if broken, are sometimes permanently destroyed (Ashbery, Jason, et al).

d. Homogenizing

Homogenization, or the reduction of particles to a small and uniform size and

their even distribution in a medium, is related to shearing in that frequently used to

create the particle breakdown. If while the emulsion is hot and both phases still

liquid, homogenization will tend to reduce the disperse phase to a minimum size

distribution which will impart certain properties (such as increased stability) to the

final product when it is cooled down and packaged. If the product is homogenized

after some cooling has taken place and viscosity has already started to build,

however, the viscosity of the finished product may be permanently reduced

(Ashbery, Jason, et al).

2.3.5. Skin Lotion Active Ingredient

Calamine is either a mixture of zinc oxide (ZnO) with about 0.5% ferric

oxide (Fe2O3) or a zinc carbonate compound. It is the main ingredient in calamine

lotion and is used as an anti-pruritic (anti-itching agent) to treat conditions such as

sunburn, rashes, poison ivy, poison oak, chickenpox, and insect bites and stings.

Calamine works by cooling and soothing irritated skin. The following side-effects

have been associated with people having this medicine hypersensitivity or irritant

reactions.

2.3.6. Herbal Remedy as Antiseptic for Skin

Here are some herbal that usually use as antiseptic for skin remedy,i.e.;

a. Betel Leaf

The active substances in betel leaf are phenol and its derivatives. The phenolic

derivatives contained in betel leaf have a five-fold greater antibacterial potency than

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_oxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%28III%29_oxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%28III%29_oxide

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-pruritic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunburn

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rash

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_ivy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_oak

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpox

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings

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phenol itself. (Rahim, 2007) Hydroxychavicol, a major phenolic compound present

in the aqueous extract of the Piper betle leaf, is known for its antioxidant and

anticancer properties. (Chang, 2002) The betel leaf has been demonstrated to be

effective against Streptococcus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia coli, Vibrio

eltor, Salmonella typhosa, Shigella shigae, Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus subtilis,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and others.

b. Aloe Vera

Generally, Aloe vera has the same functions as astringent, anti-oxidant, anti-

inflammation, antibacterial and anti-perspirants. Specifically in usefulness as a

cosmetic preparation, Aloe vera contains saponin which is efficacious as an

antiseptic, anthraquinone and quinone is efficacious as antibiotics, enzyme

cellulase, amylase, protein and biogenic simulator as an active ingredient that helps

the metabolism and stimulate the regeneration of skin cells, and the most important

is the lignin is efficacious as a moisturizer (Marwati dan Hermani, 2006).

c. Olive Oil

Olive oil has a very high content of polyphenols that can serve as a powerful

anti-oxidant that has anti-inflammatory benefits, ward off free radicals in the skin

and prevents premature aging. Olive oil also contains lauric acid and its derivative,

monolaurin, which kill bacteria. Additionally, olive oil can also seep into the skin

well and acts as a humectant, thus preventing dry skin.

d. Chamomile

Chamomile is frequently added to skin cosmetics to serve as a moisturizer and

for its anti-inflammatory effects. Major chemical compounds present within

chamomile include volatile oils (including bisabolol, bisabolol oxides A and B, and

matricin) as well as flavonoids (particularly a compound called apinegin) and other

therapeutic substances. The pollen found in chamomile preparations may cause

allergic reactions and also chamomile may interfere with blood thinners

(anticoagulants).

http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/anticoagulants


CHAPTER 3

CUSTOMER NEEDS

3.1. Survey

3.1.1. Survey Method

The process of collecting data may vary. Two most common methods used

for collecting data are interview and questionnaire. Both methods have their own

advantages and disadvantages. Below is a table giving comparison between those

methods:

Table 3.1. Comparison Between Interview and Questionnaire

Interview Questionnaire

Information Deep and vary As deep as questions

Method Direct communication Indirect communication

Time Approximation 20 minutes 7 minutes

(Source: Author’s Personal Data)

In the process of collecting costumers’ needs data, we decided to combine

both methods. We interviewed a few sample and we used questionnaire as

supplementary data. The aim of combining the two methods is that we are able to

get variety of answers through the interview in order to address costumers’ needs

that we haven’t thought of and we are also able to get variety of data as

questionnaire can be spread more easily than doing interviews.

3.1.2. Survey Method Result

3.1.2.1. Respondent Information Analysis

a. Based on Age

The classification is based on age. We categorize the age based on Health

Department of Republic of Indonesia. Below is the category:

Table 3.2. Classification of Age

No. Category Intervals

1. Infancy 0 - 5 year

2. Childhood 5 - 11 year

3. Early Adolescence 12 - 1 6 year

4. Late Adolescence 17 - 25 year

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Table 3.2. Classification of Age (Cont’d)

No. Category Intervals

5. Early adulthood 26- 35 year

6. Late adulthood 36- 45 year

7. Elderly Early Period 46- 55 year

8. Elderly Period End 56 - 65 year

9. Future Elderly 65 - older

(Source : Health Department of Republic of Indonesia, 2009)

However, we only target people from late adolescence group until elderly period end

group as our interview and questionnaire respondents. The data on figure 3.3 is our

respondent based on age:

Figure 3.1. Pie Diagram of Respondent’s Age Distribution

(Source: Reproduced from questionares and interviews, 2015)

From the data on figure 3.1, we can see that the highest number of our respondent is

from the 17 – 25 year group (80%), the second being from the 26 – 35 year group (9%),

the third being from the 56-65 year group (5%), the fourth being from the 46-55 year

group (4%), and the last being the 36-45 year group (2%). The reason why we only chose

those groups for our respondent’s target is because we think that our product is not

suitable for the age before 17 and after 65.

b. Based on Sex

Nowadays, hand and body lotion is not only consumed by female. Therefore, we also

search for males to become our respondent. The data on figure 3.2 is the distribution of

our respondent based on sex:

17 - 25 year80%

26- 35 year9%

36- 45 year2%

46- 55 year4%

56 - 65 year5%

17 - 25 year

26- 35 year

36- 45 year

46- 55 year

56 - 65 year

14


Figure 3.2. Pie Diagram of Respondent’s Sex Distribution


From the data on figure 3.2, we can conclude that our respondents are mainly female

(80%) while the rest are male (20%). The reason why female dominates in our survey is

because female is more likely to buy hand and body lotion than male.

c. Based on Occupation

People who work on different environment will have different needs regarding their

skin. The data on table 3.5 is the respondents category based on occupation:

Figure 3.3. Pie Diagram of Respondent’s Occupation Distribution


From the data on figure 3.3, we find that most of our respondents are student (60%),

followed by employee (27%), housewife (7%), state employee (3%), and finally a tie

between house assistant, businessman, and retiree (both at 1% each).

d. Based on Hobby

Hobby is the type of activity that people are looking to do on their spare time. We

asked our respondents about their hobby. Each respondent gives different amount of

hobby. The data on figure 3.4 is the bar chart of hobbies that our respondents like to do:

Male20%

Female80%

Male

Female

Housewife7%

Employee27%

Student60%

Businessman1%

Retired1%

State Employee

3%

House Assistant

1%Housewife

Employee

Student

Businessman

Retired

State Employee

House Assistant

15


Figure 3.4. Bar Chart of Respondents’ Hobbies


From the data on figure 3.4, we found that our respondents mostly love doing

nonphysical activities (88 answers), followed by traveling (61 answers), and swimming

(32 answers). We asked our respondents’ hobbies because we would like to know if there

is any correlation between their hobbies and their skin conditions or their needs of using

hand and body lotion.

e. Base on Skin Condition

This classification is based on our respondents’ skin condition. This classification

gives us idea on the type of skin that they have. The data on figure 3.5 is the data gathered

from our survey:

Figure 3.5. Pie Diagram of Respondent’s Skin Condition


From the data on figure 3.5, it can be seen that our respondents’ skin condition is

distributed almost evenly, the highest being a tie between normal and dry (33%), followed

7

32

61

17

30

12

13

88

16

Gardening

Swimming

Traveling

Exploring Nature (Caving, Hiking, etc.)

Sports

Dancing

Playing Music

Nonphysical Activities (Reading,…

Others

Dry33%

Normal33%

Sensitive14%

Oily20% Dry

Normal

Sensitive

Oily

16


by oily (20%), and finally sensitive (14%). From here, we can conclude that no matter

what their occupation or hobby is, they may have different skin type.

f. Based on Skin Problem

We ask our respondent if they have ever had itch problem. The result is represented

on figure 3.6 below:

Figure 3.6. Pie Diagram Of Respondent’s Itch Problem


We then ask further the cause of their itch problems. The data on figure 3.9 is the list

of the responds:

Figure 3.7. Bar Chart of Respondents’ Cause of Itch


We asked our respondents this question in order to know if they have ever had itch

problems caused by chemical products. But most of the respondents say that the cause of

their itch is dirty environment, allergy, and sweat.

3.1.2.2. Interview Result Analysis

a. Based on Hand and Body Lotion Usage Purpose

This classification is based on the purpose of using hand and body lotion. We would

like to know their basic purpose of using hand and body lotion. Respondents may state

more than one reason. The dataon figure 3.8 is their responds:

Yes93%

No7%

Yes

No

532728

4862

437

2729

1714

Allergy

Cold Temperature

Dirty Environment

Virus

Fungus

Bugs

17


Figure 3.8. Bar Chart of Respondents’ Purpose of Using Hand and Body Lotion


From the data on figure 3.8, we can see that people mostly buy hand and body lotion

to moisturize their skin, brighten skin, reduce itch, and UV protection respectively. This

data will be our consideration in making hand and body lotion.

b. Based on Hand and Body Lotion Price

This group categorizes people’s expenditure on hand and body lotion. We ask them

to say the price of their body lotion, equivalent to 100 ml. The data on figure 3.9 is the

table of the result:

Figure 3.9. Pie Diagram of Respondents’ Spending On A 100 Ml Hand And Body Lotion


From the data on figure 3.9, people tend to choose the middle price of hand and body

lotion. That means that people are willing to spend more money on hand and body lotion

as long as it fulfills their needs.

c. Based on Expected Features

This group categorizes features that respondents expect to be in a hand and body

lotion products. The data on figure 3.10 shows the responds:

114

51

14

9

Moisturize

Brighten

Reduce Itch

UV Protection

< IDR 5.0001%

IDR 5.000 -IDR 10.000

11%

IDR 10.000 -IDR 50.000

70%

IDR 50.000 -IDR 100.000

10%

> IDR 100.0008%

< IDR 5.000

IDR 5.000 - IDR 10.000

IDR 10.000 - IDR 50.000

IDR 50.000 - IDR 100.000

> IDR 100.000

18


Figure 3.10. Expected Features on A Hand ond Body Lotion Product


From the data on figure 3.10, their top five features on a hand and body lotion are

moisturizing, non-sticky, contains SPF, does not cause allergy, and easy to carry.

However, all of the features have relatively high demand, aside from anti-aging, non-

toxic, non-paraben, does not stimulate hair growth, and cool sensation. All of those

features will be our consideration in making our product.

d. Based on Lotion Packaging

This group categorizes the type of packaging of hand and body lotion that our

respondents use. The data on figure 3.11 is the table representing their answers:

Figure 3.11. Packaging of Hand And Body Lotion That Our Respondents Us


From the data on figure 3.11, we can see that people mostly use hand and body lotion

of which packaging is bottle without pump, followed by bottle with pump, cylinder,

others, and sachet. This will be our consideration in making hand and body lotion’s

packaging later.

1 1 1 1 1

126

44

88

52

79

103

7283

66

9578

60

116

70

39

1 1 2 1 1 3

Sachet1%

Bottle without Pump54%

Bottle with Pump

32%

Cylinder8%

Others5%

Sachet

Bottle withoutPump

Bottle with Pump

Cylinder

Others

19


3.2. Costumer Needs

3.2.1. Determining Method

To determine our costumers’ needs, we have to interpret the data from the survey

that we have conducted and categorize those data. Afterwards, we rank the needs so that

it becomes specifications. Finally, we do benchmark based on the needs. Below is the

framework of determining needs:

Figure 3.12. Flow Diagram of Determining Needs and Specifications

(Source: Author personal data)

3.2.2. Grouping and Ranking

The respondents gave us a lot of different answers, so we have to differentiate all

of them. From all of those answers, we interpret them as needs. The following table is the

list of needs that we extracted from our respondents’ answer:

Table 3.3. Needs of Respondents

Need

Number Statement Need Description Frequency

1. Moisturize Hand and body lotion can moisturize

the skin 126

2. Not Sticky Hand and body lotion is non-sticky 116

3. Contains SPF Hand and body lotion contains SPF 103

4. Does not cause

allergy Hand and body lotion is hypoallergenic 95

5. Soothes itch Hand and body lotion can reduce

pruritus (itching) 44

6. Easy to carry Hand and body lotion has compact

packaging 88

7 Nice aroma Hand and body lotion has great scent

options 83


Gathering Data Interpret Data Needs

Give rank to needs

Select priority needs

Specifications

20


Table 3.3. Needs of Respondents (Cont’d)

Need

Number Statement Need Description Frequency

8. Whiten skin Hand and body lotion has whitening

agents 79

9. Quickly absorbed

by skin

Hand and body lotion can be easily

absorbed by skin 78

10. Longlasting

aroma

Hand and body lotion has long lasting

perfume 72

11. Good consistency Hand and body lotion has great

consistency 70

12. Non pungent

smell Hand and body lotion has mild scent 66

13. Made from

organic materials

Hand and body lotion is made from

organic materials 60

14. Interesting

packaging

Hand and body lotion has an attractive

packaging 52

15. Waterproof Hand and body lotion is waterproof 39

16. Wide storage

temperature range

Hand and body has wide storage

temperature range 3

17. Cheap price Hand and body lotion has cheaper price 2

18. Non-paraben Hand and body lotion is non-paraben 2

19.

Does not

stimulate hair

growth

Hand and body lotion is non-stimulant

to hair growth 1

20. Unisex scent Hand and body lotion has unisex scent 1

21. Beneficial to

health

Hand and body lotion is beneficial to

one's health 1

22. Can be used for

sensitive skin

Hand and body lotion is suitable for all

skin type 1

23. Can be reduce

hair growth

Hand and body lotion can reduce hair

growth 1

24.

Useful

information on

packaging

Hand and body lotion's packaging

provide useful information 1

25. Cool sensation Hand and body has cooling sensation 1

26. Does not burn the

skin Hand and body does not burn the skin 1


We don’t select, add, or eliminate answers from respondents. We do it in order to

know the actual needs of our respondents. After we collect all of the answers, we need to

21


spread them into groups in order to ease our data interpretation process. The groups to

which we divide the needs into are:

Table 3.4. Group of Needs

No. Grouping

1. Product Performance

2. Material Properties

3. Product Perception

4. Retailing

5. Regulation


We took a look at the needs that we’ve gathered, and we see their similarities. After

that, we see if they have something in common and group them. The next step is giving

ranks in every needs. We rank based on the needs and our own judgment. The data on

table 3.5 is the group’s ranking with reasons of each ranking:

Table 3.5. Rank of Needs and Their Reasons

Need

Number Grouping Ranking Reason

Product Performance

1 Hand and body lotion can

moisturize the skin 5 Main function of a body lotion

2 Hand and body lotion can reduce

pruritus (itching) 3

Body lotion is rarely used as a

medication to treat itching

6, 18 Hand and body lotion protects the

skin against UV light 4

Because we live in tropical

climate

11 Hand and body lotion can be

easily absorbed by skin 5 Time-efficiency

12 Hand and body lotion is made

from organic materials 2

Because most cosmetics made

of chemical substances

15 Hand and body lotion is

waterproof 3

So it does not dissolve when

exposed to water

16 Hand and body lotion is non-

stimulant to hair growth 2

The stimulation effect is not

significant

20 Hand and body lotion can reduce

hair growth 1

The stimulation effect is not

significant

24 Hand and body has cooling

sensation 3


climate

5 Hand and body lotion has

whitening agents 4


climate

10,19,25 Hand and body lotion is non-

irritant 5

Because if irritation occurs it

means the body lotion contains

harmful substances


paraben 3 Paraben can induce cancer


22


Table 3.5. Rank of Needs and Their Reasons (Cont’d)

Need

Number Grouping Ranking Reason

Material Properties


sticky 4 Because it is convenient to use

14 Hand and body lotion has great

consistency 4 Because it is convenient to use

Product Perception

7 Hand and body lotion has long

lasting perfume 4

Because it can help reduce the

smell of body odour

8 Hand and body lotion has great

scent options 3

Because each person have

different taste of smell

9 Hand and body lotion has mild

scent 3 Because it is convenient to use


unisex scent 2

Because different gender have

different taste of smell

Retailing


compact packaging 5 Easy to carry while travelling

4 Hand and body lotion has an

attractive packaging 3

Because it gave better impression

of product quality


cheaper price 4

So that the price is affordable for

all ages

23

Hand and body lotion's

packaging provide useful

information

4 Gave caution to people who might

have allergies

Regulation


whitening agents 4


climate

10,19,25 Hand and body lotion is non-

irritant 5

Because if irritation occurs it

means the body lotion contains

harmful substances


paraben 3 Paraben can induce cancer


The customer’s needs above also can be arranged into a mind map diagram to ease

us what needs that should be kept in our mind. The figure 3.13 below represents the needs

which has been arranged by its priority.

23


Figure 3.13. Mind Map Diagram for Customer’s Needs with Ranks


Herbal Hand and Body

Antibacterial Lotion

Material

Properties

Product

Performance

Product

Perception

Product

Retailing

5 Moisturizing agent 4 Sun screen agent 3 Cooling agent

5 Non irritant 3 Antimicrobial agent 3 Preservative

5 pH range 3 Water solubility 2 Hair growth stimulant

5 Absorbency time 3 Chemical content 1 Hair growth depressant

4 Whitening agent

4 Stickiness

4 Viscosity

4 Specific gravity

4 Aroma duration

3 Scent option

3 Mild scent

2 Unisex scent

5 Packaging type

4 Price

4 Packaging content

3 Attractive packaging


CHAPTER 4

PRODUCT SPESIFICATION

After we conduct the survey, recapitulate and group the results, we finally form

a list of consumer’s needs based on their responses. The next thing we do is that we

specify the product. The puprose of specifying the product is to quantify the needs

referred from the survey and convert the needs into units that can be measured, so

that we could assign some quality control over our finished product later on. Below

are some steps to plan the product specifications, including: list of metrics,

benchmarking, and marginal and ideal value.

4.1. List of Metrics

The needs that have been graded are now specified by scientific quantities that

can represent the quality of the needs. The metric units on each needs might be

different. The list of metrics for herbal anti-bacterial hand and body lotion product

is provided in table 4.1.

From the table 4.1, we could see that some of the needs cannot be measured in

exact number. In order to form the right unit for those kinds of needs, we define the

metrics based on subjectivity, represented by the star symbol (*) with more star

means the more it aims to the specification. In the case of needs that requires

confirmation to assess the metrics, we happened to define the needs by y/n unit.

From table above we can also see that there are some needs with the same metrics

unit. It happened because there are needs that related to other needs so that the units

could represent both.

Table 4.1. List of Metrics for Herbal Antibacterial Hand and Body Lotion Product

Need

Number Costumer Needs Rank Specification

Metric

Unit

Product Performance


moisturize the skin 5

Concentration of

moisturizing agent w/w


reduce pruritus (itching) 3

Concentration of

antimicrobial agent w/w

6, 18

Hand and body lotion

protects the skin against UV

light

4 Concentration of

sunscreen agent w/w


25


Table 4.1. List of Metrics for Herbal Antibacterial Hand and Body Lotion Product (Cont’d)

Need


Metric

Unit

Product Performance

11


can be easily absorbed

by skin

5 Absorbency time Seconds

12

Hand and body lotion is

made from organic

materials

2 Concentration of organic

contents w/w


waterproof 3

HLB (Hydrophile

Lipophile Balance )

Value

Unitless

16


non-stimulant to hair

growth

2 Concentration of hair

growth stimulant w/w

20 Hand and body lotion

can reduce hair growth 1

Concentration of hair

growth depressant w/w

24 Hand and body has

cooling sensation 3

Concentration of cooling

agent w/w


has whitening agents 4

Concentration of

whitening agent w/w

10,19,25 Hand and body lotion is

non-irritant 5

Concentration of irritant

and allergent substances w/w


non-irritant 5 pH range Unitless


non-paraben 3

Concentration of

preservatives w/w

Material Properties


has great consistency 4 Viscosity Subjective


has great consistency 4 Specific gravity Unitless

Product Perception


has long lasting perfume 4 Aroma duration Subjective


has great scent options 3 Scent Subjective


has mild scent 3 Scent Subjective


has unisex scent 2 Scent Subjective


26


Table 4.1. List of Metrics for Herbal Antibacterial Hand and Body Lotion Product (Cont’d)

Need


Metric

Unit

Retailing


has compact packaging 5 Packaging type Subjective

4


has an attractive

packaging

3 Packaging type Subjective


has cheaper price 4 Price

IDR/100

mL

23


packaging provide

useful information

4 Packaging content Subjective

Regulation



Type of harmful

whitening agents Regulation


non-irritant 5

Allowed limit of irritant

and allergent substances

concentration

Regulation


non-irritant 5 Allowed pH range Regulation


non-paraben 3

Allowed limit of

preservatives

concentration

Regulation


From table 4.1, we could see that some of the needs cannot be measured in

exact number. In order to form the right unit for those kinds of needs, we define the

metrics based on subjectivity, represented by the star symbol (*) with more star

means the more it aims to the specification. In the case of needs that requires

confirmation to assess the metrics, we happened to define the needs by y/n unit.

From table above we can also see that there are some needs with the same metrics

unit. It happened because there are needs that related to other needs so that the units

could represent both.

4.2. Benchmarking

After we specify the metric units of each needs, the next step is to do

benchmarking. Benchmarking is done by comparing the quality of other competing

products based on our list of needs and metrics. The necessity to conduct

benchmarking is vital, it is useful to do so because we can establish a quality basis

to later determine the superiority of our product than any other existing products

that are similar in the market.

27


The development of cosmetics industry, especially in hand and body lotion

industry, has been fully expanded along the year. There are many variations of the

lotions product in terms of function. In this product design activity, we aim to

produce an anti-bacterial hand and body lotion that are fully made from herbal

materials to subtitute the essential chemicals in the ingridients. By that means, the

product we benchmark are specified into ordinary lotion, antiseptic lotion, or anti-

bacterial lotion. Here are the product that we benchmark:

a. Gwendolyn Anti-bacterial Hand Lotion

Gwendolyn Anti-Bacterial Hand Lotion is an alcohol-free anti-bacterial hand

lotion that kill germs and moisturize the skin. It contains antioxidants such as

Vitamin E, C and jojoba oil in the blue beads that will help you firm and protect

your skin.

b. Caladine® Lotion

Caladine® Lotion helps medicate itching caused by prickly heat, hot weather,

and insect bites. It functions as anti-allergic, antiseptic and also provide some

cooling sensation to your skin.

c. Citra ‘Lasting White UV’ Body Lotion

Citra ‘Lasting White UV’ Body Lotion is perfected with two natural ingridients:

the combination of bengkoang extract that famous for its ability to whiten the skin,

and milk extract that can moisturize your skin.

d. Pure Works® Anti-bacterial Lotion

Pure Works® Anti-bacterial Lotion provides intensive skin conditioning while

providing enhanced long lasting protection against the germs that make you sick.

This lotion contains benzethonium chloride, a powerful antimicrobial agent that is

well known for both its safety and efficacy. The extra advantages of this formulation

include its incredible skin-softening and skin-healing properties and it is alcohol-

free.

The results from this benchmarking activity that based on needs we compile

from the survey is a table of data that compare the material and product ability of

each product. We can analyse each formulation to define the benefit and

disadvantages of each product. The table of benchmark is provided in table 4.2

below:

28


Table 4.2. Benchmarking Result Based on Needs

Need

Number Grouping Rank Specification

Metric

Unit

Competitor

Gwendolyn Anti-

bacterial Hand

Lotion

Caladine® Lotion Citra Body Lotion

Pure Works®

Antibacterial

Lotion

Product Performance

1

Hand and

body lotion

can

moisturize

the skin

5

Concentration

of moisturizing

agent

w/w

1 Humectant (1

Glycerin), 2,7

Emollient (0,7

Dimethicone, 2

Jojoba oil)

5 Humectant (5

Glycerin)

4,5 Emollient (0,5

Dimethicone and 4,

Mineral oil)

2,5 Emollient

(0,5

Dimethicone, 2

Petrolatum)

2

Hand and

body lotion

can reduce

pruritus

(itching)

3

Concentration

of

antimicrobial

agent

w/w

0,6 Antimicrobial

agent (0,3

Phenoxyethanol,

0,3 Triclosan)

15 Antimicrobial

agent (5 Calamine,

10 Zinc Oxide), 2

Antihistamine (2

Dipenhydramine

HCl)

-

0,1

Antimicrobial

agent (0,1

Benzethonium

chloride)

6, 18

Hand and

body lotion

protects the

skin against

UV light

4

Concentration

of sunscreen

agent

w/w

0,5 Antioxidant

(Tocopheryl

acetate,

Hydroxypropyl

methylcellulose)

10 UV Absorber (10

Zinc oxide)

6,5 Reflector (6,5

Titanium dioxide),

2 UV-A Absorber

(2 Butyl

Methoxydibenzoyl

methane)

-

11

Hand and

body lotion

can be

easily

absorbed by

skin

5 Absorbency

time Seconds 192 seconds 105 seconds 320 seconds 200 seconds

(Source: Author personal data, 2015)

29


Table 4.2. Benchmarking Result Based on Needs (Cont’d)

Need


Metric

Unit

Competitor

Gwendolyn Anti-

bacterial Hand

Lotion


Pure Works®

Antibacterial

Lotion

Product Performance

12

Hand and

body lotion

is made

from

organic

materials

2

Concentration

of organic

materials

w/w 2 Jojoba oil 5 Calamine,

Camphor qs.

Milk Extract,

Pachyrrhizus

Erosus Root

Extract

-

15

Hand and

body lotion

is

waterproof

3

HLB

(Hydrophile

Lipophile

Balance )

Value*

Unitless 5,26 (Emulsifier not

listed in ingridients) 7,77 5,01

16

Hand and

body lotion

is non-

stimulant to

hair growth

2

Concentration

of hair growth

stimulant

w/w 2 Jojoba oil - - -

20

Hand and

body lotion

can reduce

hair growth

1

Concentration

of hair growth

depressant

w/w - - - -


30



Need


Metric

Unit

Competitor

Gwendolyn Anti-

bacterial Hand

Lotion


Pure Works®

Antibacterial

Lotion

Product Performance

24

Hand and

body has

cooling

sensation

3

Concentration

of cooling

agent

w/w - 5 Calamine,

Camphor qs. - -

Material Properties

13

Hand and

body lotion

is non-sticky

4

Concentration

of chelating

agents

w/w - -

0,1 Chelating agent

(0,1 Disodium

EDTA)

-

14

Hand and

body lotion

has great

consistency

4

Concentration

of thickener

(rheology

modifier)

w/w

0,2 Thickener

(Acrylates/ C10-

C30 Alkyl Acrylate

Crosspolymer)

-

2,4 Thickener (2

Stearic acid, 0,2

Cetyl alcohol, 0,2

Carbomer)

0,9 Thickener

(0,9 Cetearyl

alcohol)

14

Hand and

body lotion

has great

consistency

4 Specific gravity Unitless 1,06 1,01 0,97 1,01

Product Perception

7

Hand and

body lotion

has long

lasting

perfume

4 Aroma

duration Seconds 600 360 480 400


31



Need


Metric

Unit

Competitor

Gwendolyn Anti-

bacterial Hand

Lotion


Pure Works®

Antibacterial

Lotion

Product Perception

8

Hand and

body lotion

has great

scent options

3 Scent

options

Product

variety 2 1 7 1

9

Hand and

body lotion

has mild

scent

3 Mild scent Subjective ***** *** ** ****

17

Hand and

body lotion

has unisex

scent

2 Unisex scent Subjective *** *** ** ***

Retailing

3

Hand and

body lotion

has compact

packaging

5

Product

Dimesion

/100 ml

LxWxH

in cm 3,5x2x12,5 5x2x14,5 7x4x14 3,5x11x4,5

4

Hand and

body lotion

has an

attractive

packaging

3 Attractive

packaging Subjective *** *** **** **


32



Need


Metric

Unit

Competitor

Gwendolyn Anti-

bacterial Hand

Lotion


Pure Works®

Antibacterial

Lotion

Retailing

21

Hand and

body lotion

has cheaper

price

4 Price IDR/100

ml 24500 18000 7000 76000

23

Hand and

body lotion's

packaging

provide

useful

information

4

Informative

content on

packaging

Content

Functions,

Ingridients, Nettom

Producer

Functions,

Ingridients,

Composition,

Contraindication,

How to use,

Warnings, Storage

methode, Producer

Function, How to

use, Warnings,

Ingridients,

Producer

Function, How

to use,

Warnings,

Ingridients,

Producer

Regulation

5

Hand and

body lotion

has

whitening

agents

4

Concentration

of whitening

agent

w/w - - 1 Whitening agent

(1 Niacinamide) -


33



Need

Number Grouping Rank Specification Metric Unit

Competitor

Gwendolyn Anti-

bacterial Hand

Lotion


Pure Works®

Antibacterial

Lotion

Regulation

10,19,25

Hand and

body lotion

is non-

irritant

5

Concentration

of irritant and

allergent

substances

w/w 0,3

Phenoxyethanol

2 Diphenhydramine

HCl

0,4

Phenoxyethanol

Benzethonium

chloride,

Phenoxyethanol

10,19,25

Hand and

body lotion

is non-

irritant

5 pH range Unitless 5-7 9-10 4,1-6,5 5-7

22

Hand and

body lotion

is non-

paraben

3 Concentration

of preservatives w/w

0,5 Preservatives

(Methylparaben,

propylparaben,

ethylparaben,

butylparaben)

-

0,3 Preservatives

(0,2

Methylparaben, 0,1

propylparaben)

2,3

Preservatives (2

Diazolidinyl

urea, 0,2

Methylparaben,

0,1

Propylparaben) (Source: Author personal data, 2015)

34


Based on the benchmarking activity that we have done with results represented

in table above, we could see that the only lotion that has no antimicrobial function

is the Citra Body Lotion. We benchmark this product as a basis to know what is

the ordinary ingridients and compositions that the usual product of hand and body

lotion consists of. Apparently, there are slight differences if we compare the

ordinary hand and body lotion with the antibacterial one.

The difference is that, first, ordinary body lotion usually contain whitening

agents such as niacinamide. Second, ordinary body lotion also contain chelating

agents that used to make the product less adhere to other materials, it made Citra

Body Lotion has a less sticky after-use feel than any other products. Third, ordinary

body lotion also has less HLB value than antibacterial lotion, it means that it is more

soluble to water that any other product that we benchmark. Fourth, it has contains

more thickeners than any other products. Thickener made Citra Body Lotion

emulsion much more consistent than others. Last, ordinary body lotion has more

attractive packaging, more variant of scent, and a significantly cheaper price. The

last difference may be done in order to increase their selling rate by providing the

consumer with higher level of product perception.

Three other products, excluding Citra Body Lotion, are of the same kind of

product. However, all of them still has more benefits than other in some

specifications.Caladine Lotion is a well-renowned product of antibacterial lotion in

Indonesia. It can easily be distinguished by the pink-colored substance, the distinct

smell, and the after-use cooling sensation. Based on the table above, we see that

Caladine Lotion consists of some relatively unfamiliar compound in body lotion

formulation, such as calamine, and dipenhydramine HCl. We could note that

Caladine Lotion has no chelating agents, preservatives, and thickener that is listed

in their ingridients list. The deficiency of such substances make Caladine Lotion

the most inconsistent product substances. The deficiency can also make Caladine

Lotion more susceptible to product contamination, since it contains no preservatives

at all. Gwendolyn Anti-Bacterial Hand Lotion is a new brand of hand lotion. This

antibacterial hand lotion is the most similar kind of product to our antibacterial hand

and body lotion product. This lotion has the disadvantages of high level of

stickiness, longer aroma duration, and more specific gravity than any other

35


products. The last product is the Pure Works Anti-bacterial Lotion. In reality,

because of the time limit, we cannot really benchmark this product since it has to

be imported from America, but, we can obtain the data from the Pure Works

website. This product has the disadvantages of having no organic substances added

in the ingridients. no sunscreen agents. The advantage of this product is that it has

less HLB values. The less HLB value means that this product is less soluble in

water, thus it is more water-resistant than any other product that we benchmark.

4.3. Marginal and Ideal Value

After we do benchmark, we can set the marginal and ideal value. By comparing

it to the grouping and ranking table of needs that we have obtain before, we can

specify how much each needs have to be quantified in order to maximize the

costumer’s satisfaction. Marginal value is the limit how the product can be accepted

by the consumer. Ideal value is the best value for the needs from the range of

marginal value that is expected to be provided in our product. The table of marginal

and ideal value is provided in table 4.3 below:

36


Table 4.3. List of Product Specification

Need


Metric

Unit Ideal Value Marginal Value

Product Performance

1

Hand and body

lotion can

moisturize the

skin

5

Concentration of

moisturizing

agent

w/w 2 – 10 Humectant, 0.02-5

Emollient

5 Humectant, 4.5

Emollient

2

Hand and body

lotion can reduce

pruritus (itching)

3

Concentration of

antimicrobial

agent

w/w 0.25 – 5 Antimicrobial Agent 5 Antimicrobial Agent

5

Hand and body

lotion has

whitening agents

4 Concentration of

whitening agent w/w -

1 Whitening agent

(1 Niacinamide)

6, 18

Hand and body

lotion protects

the skin against

UV light

4 Concentration of

sunscreen agent w/w -

10 UV Absorber, 0.5

Antioxidant, 6.5

Reflector

10,19,25

Hand and body

lotion is non-

irritant

5

Concentration of

irritant and

allergent

substances

w/w - -

11

Hand and body

lotion can be

easily absorbed

by skin

5 Absorbency time Seconds - 105

(Source: Some journals and reproduced from benchmarking, 2015)

37


Table 4.3. List of Product Specification (Cont’d)

Need


Metric

Unit

Ideal

Value Marginal Value

Product Performance

12


made from organic

materials

2 Concentration of organic

content w/w -

Milk Extract, Pachyrrhizus Erosus

Root Extract, Calamine, Camhor qs


waterproof 3

HLB (Hydrophile

Lipophile Balance ) Value* Unitless 10 – 20 5.36

16


non-stimulant to hair

growth

2 Concentration of hair

growth stimulant w/w - -


reduce hair growth 1

Concentration of hair

growth depressant w/w 1 – 20 0.3


non-paraben 3

Concentration of

preservatives w/w - 5 Calamine

24 Hand and body has cooling

sensation 3

Concentration of cooling

agent w/w 4.1 – 10 5 – 7

Material Properties


non-sticky 4

Concentration of chelating

agents w/w - 0.1


great consistency 4

Concentration of Thickener

(Rheology Modifier) w/w 0.5-10 2.4


great consistency 4 Specific gravity Unitless

0.97 –

1.06 0.97


38



Need

Number Grouping Rank Specification Metric Unit Ideal Value Marginal Value

Product Perception


has long lasting perfume 4 Aroma duration Subjective - 600


has great scent options 3 Scent option Subjective - 7


has mild scent 3 Mild scent Subjective - *****


has unisex scent 2 Unisex scent Subjective - ***

Retailing


has compact packaging 5 Packaging type Subjective - 3.5 x 2 x 12.5

4


has an attractive

packaging

3 Attractive

packaging Subjective - ****


has cheaper price 4 Price IDR/100 mL - 7000

23


packaging provide

useful information

4 Packaging

content Subjective -

Functions, Ingridients,

Composition, Contraindication,

How to use, Warnings, Storage

methode, Producer


39



Need

Number Grouping Rank Specification Metric Unit Ideal Value

Marginal

Value

Regulation



Type of harmful

whitening agents Regulation

No FDA

regulation for

niacinamide

because it is

only vitamin

B3

1 Whitening

agent (1

Niacinamide)


non-irritant 5 pH range Unitless 4.1 – 10 5 – 7


non-paraben 3

Allowed limit of

preservatives

concentration

Regulation <0.08% <0.08%


40


Based on the literary reserach that we have done, up until now we have not

found a product that have the exact same concept of herbal antibacterial lotion with

our product. Thus, we chose patent number US 6383505 B1 titled “Fast-acting

antimicrobial lotion with enhanced efficacy”as a basis to determine the marginal

value in this benchmarking activity. Consideration regarding the patent we chose is

because the patent has the most resemblance in regards of product ingridients and

composition to our product. It composed of moisturizing agent , antibacterial agent,

and it has the similar range of pH value with our product.

In the regulation parts of the benchmarking table, we merge the needs of irritant

and allergent substances allowed limit and the paraben concetration limit because

based on the regulations for all the ingridients we benchmark, the most dangerous

and commercial substances is paraben. The regulations for allowed limit of paraben

is based on Commission Regulation (EU) number 358/2014 of April 9th 2014. Also,

we have not found the regulation for Niacinamide as whitening agents. The reason

may be because that Niacinamide is just B3 vitamin that is not harmful if used

excessively, unlike other whitening agents, such as mercury or hydroquinone.


CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

Based on the previous chapter that has been discussed before, it can be

concluded that:

1. Skin is the outer part of the body as the protecion from mocrobes and harmful

external influences;

2. Epidermis needs to stay moisturized to protect the deepper layers;

3. To keep moisture of epidermis, the skin produces Natural Moisturizing Factor

(NMF);

4. If NMF has disruption, it can lead to dry skin which has high potential for

bacterial developing;

5. Nowadays, most people use body lotion to moisturize the skin and no one use

body lotion to reduce bacteria on the skin;

6. Based on responses of the costumers, there are certain features that are highly

desirable to be featured in body lotion, including: sun protection, stickiness

level, allergen content, and compact packaging; and

7. There isn’t any antibacterial hand and body lotion products which is made from

herbal ingredients.


REFERENCE

Anonim. 2007. Parabens. USA: Food and Drug Administration;

Anonim. 2008. Bacterial Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Adults: A Review of

Their Epidemiology Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Site of Care. Online:

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, Wednesday 25th February 2015, 15.00 WIB;

Anonim. 2011. www.webmd.com, Thursday 19th February 2015, 15.00 WIB;

Anonim. 2012. Chamomile (Matricaria Recutita). Online : www.herbwisdom.com,

Thursday 19th February 2015, 15.15 WIB;

Anonim. 2012. Chamomile. Online : www.drugs.com, Thursday 19th February

2015, 15.18 WIB;

Anonim. 2012. Olive Oil Fights Itchy Skin and Bad Breath. Online :

www.menshealth.com, Thursday 19th February 2015, 05.00 WIB;

Anonim. 2013. Anti bacterial moisturizing hand lotion fresh lemon. Online :

www.drugs.com, Monday 16th February 2015, 05.00 WIB;

Anonim. 2013. List of the More Widely Known Dangerous Ingredients in Body &

Food Products. Online : www.purezing.com, Monday 16th February 2015,

05.00 WIB;

Anonim. 2013. Antimicrobials. Online : cosmeticsinfo.org, Monday 16th February

2015, 05.00 WIB;

Anonim. 2013. Overview Information specific to: Calamine Lotion. Online :

www.nhs.uk, Thursday 19th February 2015, 14.40 WIB;

Anonim. 2014. Making Emulsions For Cosmetics. Online:

www.makingcosmetics.com, Thursday 19th February 2015, 13.00 WIB;

Anonim. 2014. Perawatan Kulit dan Dampak Bahan Kimia Sabun Mandi. Online :

www.agensabunherbal.com, Monday 16th February 2015, 05.00 WIB;

Ashbery, Jason, et al. Moisturizing Lotion. Buffalo’s School of Engineering and

Applied Sciences: New York;

Chiller, Katarina, et al. 2001. Skin Microflora and Bacterial Infections of The Skin.

Journal of Investigate Dermatology Symposium Proceedings, 6, 170-174.

doi:10.1046/j.0002-202x.2001.00043.x;

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

http://www.makingcosmetics.com/

http://www.agensabunherbal.com/blog/perawatan-kulit-dan-dampak-bahan-kimia-sabun-mandi

43


Dersonolo, Nova Gupita. 2012. Skripsi : Formulasi Sediaan Hand Body Lotion.

Online : ui.ac.id, Monday 16th February 2015, 08.00 WIBDobos, Kelly. 2014.

How do Skin Moisturizers Work ? Online : chemistscorner.com, Monday 16th

February 2015, 08.10 WIB;

Keithler, W. M. R. 1956. The Formulation of Cosmetics and Cosmetics Specialtics.

Drug and Cosmetic Industry: New York;

Latifah, Fatma and Tranggono, Retno I.S. 2007. Buku Pegangan Ilmu Pengetahuan

Kosmetik. Gramedia: Jakarta;

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. September 14, 2010. Antibacterial Hand Cream

with Beads. Patent : CL-H0019(LA);

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. March 9, 2011. Asian Beaty Skin Brightening

Cream. Patent : O-0020(AP);

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. November 15, 2012.Fresh and Silky Body

Moisturizer.Patent : B-0076(AP);

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. November 15, 2012. Luxurious Moisturizing

Body Cream. Patent : B-0077(AP);

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. May 21, 2013. Nourishing Body Lotion with

Shea Butter. Patent : B-0079;

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. February 26, 2009. In-Shower Body Lotion.

Patent : B- 0058;

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. May 31, 2012. Moisture Drench Body Lotion.

Patent : B- 0040;

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. November 20, 2007. SPF 30+ Sunscreen Lotion

– Very Water Resistant. Patent : SU-0016;

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. December 5, 2007. Skin Moisturizing Lotion.

Patent : B- 0030;

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. November 5, 2007. Hand and Body Lotion.

Patent : B- 0021;

Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc. November 14, 2012. Mild Facial Cleanser with

Jojoba Beads. Patent : CL-F0031(AP);

Lynde, C. W. 2014. University of Toronto : Moisturizers, What They Are and How

They Work. Online : skintherapyletter, Monday 16th February 2015, 08.20 WIB;

44


MacNeal, Robert J. 2014. Structure and Function of The Skin. Online :

www.merckmanuals.com, Monday 16th February 2015, 08.30 WIB;

Schmitt, W. H. 1996. Cosmetics And Toiltries Industry, 2ndEdition:Skin Care

Products. Blackie Academe and Profesional: London

Transdermal and Topical Drug Delivery. 2003. Chapter I: Structure and Function

of Human Skin. Pharmaceutical Press;

Voigt, R. 1984. Buku Pelajaran Teknologi Farmasi Edisi V, Terjemahan:

Noerono,S. UGM Press : Yogyakarta; dan

Yudi. 2013. Kandungan dan Manfaat Daun Sirih Hijau.Online :

www.7manfaat.com, Monday 16th February 2015, 05.00 WIB.

http://www.merckmanuals.com/


APPENDICE

APPENDICE A

List of Question for Questioner and Interview

Here are some questions which our group uses for interview:

1. Apakah jenis kulit Anda ?

(Dapat dipilih lebih dari 1)

o Kering

o Normal

o Sensitif

o Berminyak

o Lainnya :

……………………………………………………………………………

……………..………………………………………………………………

2. Apakah Anda memiliki riwayat penyakit kulit ?

o Ya

o Tidak

3. Jika ya, apa jenis penyakit kulit yang pernah Anda alami ?

…………………………………………………………………………………

………..…………………………………………………………………………

4. Apakah Anda memiliki alergi yang berhubungan dengan kulit ?

o Ya

o Tidak

5. Jika ya, apa penyebab alergi tersbut ?


o Makanan

o Suhu lingkungan

o Lingkungan kotor

o Bahan pakaian

o Lainnya :

………………………………………………………………………….…

…………………………………………………………………………….

6. Apakah Anda pernah merasakan gatal di kulit ?

o Ya

o Tidak

7. Jika ya, apa yang menyebabkan gatal tersebut ?


o Alergi

o Keringat

o Panas / Gerah

o Lingkungan kotor

o Debu / Asap

o Virus

o Bakteri

o Detergen

o Lainnya :

………………………………………………………………………….…

……………………………………………………………………………

8. Apa yang Anda lakukan untuk mengurangi gatal tersebut ?

o Menggunakan obat/salep yang dijual bebas di apotek

(Sebutkan merek :

…………………………………………………………….)

o Menggunakan obat/salep berdasarkan resep dokter

(Sebutkan merek :

…………………………………………………………….)

o Lainnya :

………………………………………………………………………….…

……………………………………………………………………………

46


9. Apa bentuk obat yang biasa Anda beli untuk menghilangkan gatal

tersebut ?


o Obat minum antibiotik

o Salep

o Body Lotion

o Suntikan

o Lainnya :

………………………………………………………………………….…

…………………………………………………………………………....

10. Apa yang Anda tidak sukai dari porduk pengurang rasa gatal di

kulit yang sudah ada di pasaran ?

o Mahal

o Lengket

o Berbekas putih setelah pemakaian

o Baunya menyengat

o Terhapus jika terkena air/keringat

o Kemasannya sulit dibawa

o Lainnya :

……………………………………………………………………..………

……………..………………………………………………………………

11. Apakah Anda pernah menggunakan bahan herbal atau tradisional

untuk menghilangkan gatal pada kulit ?

o Ya

o Tidak

12. Jika ya, jelaskan bahan herbal atau metode tradisional seperti

apa ?

13. …………………………………………………………………………………

………..…………………………………………………………………………

14. Apakah hobi Anda ?


o Berkebun

o Berenang

o Traveling

o Menjelajahi alam (hutan, naik gunung, dsb)

o Olahraga

o Menari

o Marching band

o Bermain alat musik

o Melakukan aktivitas non fisik (membaca, menulis, main game,

tidur, makan)

o Lainnya :

………………………………………………………………………….…

…….………………………………………………………………………

15. Apakah Anda sering berkeringat ?

o Ya

o Tidak

16. Jika ya, apa penyebab Anda sering berkeringat ?

…………………………………………………………………………………

……….…………………………………………………………………………

17. Bagaimana kondisi lingkungan tempat Anda tinggal ?

o Cenderung kering

(Spesifikasi

tempat : ....................................................................................)

o Cenderung lembab

(Spesifikasi

tempat : ....................................................................................)

o Biasa saja

(Spesifikasi

tempat : ....................................................................................)

18. Bagaimana kondisi lingkungan tempat Anda bekerja ?

o Cenderung kering

o (Spesifikasi

tempat : ....................................................................................)

o Cenderung lembab

o (Spesifikasi

tempat : ....................................................................................)

o Biasa saja

o (Spesifikasi

tempat : ....................................................................................)

19. Apakah Anda pernah menggunakan hand body lotion ?

47


o Ya

o Tidak

20. Jika ya, seberapa sering Anda menggunakannya ?

o Setiap hari

o Seminggu satu kali

o Lainnya :

……………………………………………………………………..………

………………..……………………………………………………………

………………

21. Apa tujuan Anda menggunakan hand body lotion ?


o Melembapkan kulit

o Mencerahkan kulit

o Menghilangkan gatal di kulit

o Lainnya : ..………………………………………………………………

22. Apakah Anda pernah menggunakan hand body lotion untuk

mengurangi rasa gatal di kulit ?

o Ya

o Tidak

23. Jika ya, apa merek hand body lotion tersebut ?

……………………………………………………………………..……………

…………..………………………………………………………………………

24. Berapa nominal harga untuk membeli body lotion tersebut ?

o < 5000

o 5000 – 10.000

o 10.000 – 20.000

o 20.000 – 50.000

o 50.000 – 100.000

o >100.000

o Lainya :

……………………………………………………………………..………

………………..……………………………………………………………

25. Menurut Anda, fitur apa saja yang harus ada pada sebuah

produk body lotion?


o Melembabkan kulit

o Dapat menghilangkan gatal

o Mudah dibawa

o Packaging yang menarik

o Mencerahkan/Memutihkan kulit

o Mengandung SPF

o Aroma yang tahan lama

o Aroma yang enak dihirup

o Aroma yang tidak menyengat

o Tidak menyebabkan alergi

o Daya resap ke kulit yang cepat

o Terbuat dari bahan-bahan organik

o Tidak Lengket

o Konsistensi yang tepat (tidak terlalu cair atau terlalu kental)

o Waterproof

o Lainnya

……………………………………………………………………..………

………………..……………………………………………………………

26. Bagaimana bentuk produk body lotion yang biasanya Anda beli?

o Sachet

o Botol tanpa penekan

o Botol dengan penelan

o Wadah silinder

o Lainnya

……………………………………………………………………..………

………………..……………………………………………………………

27. Bagaimana kemasan body lotion yang Anda inginkan ?

……………………………………………………………………..……………

…………..………………………………………………………………………

28. Menurut Anda, apa kekurangan dari hand body lotion yang sudah

ada ?

……………………………………………………………………..……………

…………..………………………………………………………………………

29. Hand body lotion seperti apa yang Anda inginkan ?

48


……………………………………………………………………..……………

…………..………………………………………………………………………

30. Apakah Anda pernah menggunakan hand body lotion anti

bakteri ?

o Ya

o Tidak

31. Jika ya, apa merek hand body lotion tersebut ?

……………………………………………………………………..……………

…………..………………………………………………………………………

32. Jika ada hand body lotion anti bakteri yang terbuat dari bahan

herbal, apakah Anda berminat untuk membelinya ?

o Ya

o Tidak

o Sebutkan alasannya :

……………………………………………………………………..………

………………..……………………………………………………………

33. Berapa harga yang pantas untuk hand body lotion herbal anti

bakteri tersebut ?

o < 5000

o 5000 – 10.000

o 10.000 – 20.000

o 20.000 – 50.000

o 50.000 – 100.000

o >100.000

o Lainya :

……………………………………………………………………..………

………………..……………………………………………………………

34. Apa yang Anda tidak sukai dari porduk pengurang rasa gatal di

kulit yang sudah ada di pasaran ?

o Mahal

o Lengket

o Berbekas putih setelah pemakaian

o Baunya menyengat

o Terhapus jika terkena air/keringat

o Kemasannya sulit dibawa

o Lainnya :

……………………………………………………………………..………

……………..………………………………………………………………

assignment 1_revisi 1_keleompok 20

Documents

body lotion products

product performance

product perception

pharmaceutical product

product specifications

product formulation

common type of skin

list of metrics