assignment 03 rev0x

8/3/2019 Assignment 03 Rev0x

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byJohannes Lolo Buys

TLP Assignment 03

2011


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABLETABLETABLETABLEOFOFOFOFCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 1111

1.1.1.1. IIIINTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTIONNTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2222

2.2.2.2. AAAAPPROACH TAKEN BYPPROACH TAKEN BYPPROACH TAKEN BYPPROACH TAKEN BYEEEESKOM IN ROLLING OUTSKOM IN ROLLING OUTSKOM IN ROLLING OUTSKOM IN ROLLING OUT THETHETHETHE IECIECIECIEC61850618506185061850 .................................................................................................................... 2222

2.1 OPTION 1: MIX OLD INVESTMENT WITH NEW TECHNOLOGY AT A SUBSTATION ........................... 3

2.2 REDESIGN THE WHOLE SYSTEM AND REPLACE ALL EQUIPMENT WITH IEC61850 COMPLIANTEQUIPMENT................................................................................................................................................. 3

2.3 IMPLEMENT THE IEC61850 TO A NEW SUBSTATION BEFORE ROLLING OUT TO THE OTHERSUBSTATIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 3

2.4 CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS ..................................................................................... 4

3.3.3.3. IMPLEMENTATINGIMPLEMENTATINGIMPLEMENTATINGIMPLEMENTATING IECIECIECIEC61850618506185061850 USING SYSTEM ENGINEEUSING SYSTEM ENGINEEUSING SYSTEM ENGINEEUSING SYSTEM ENGINEERING TOOLSRING TOOLSRING TOOLSRING TOOLS............................................................................................ 5555

3.1 THE VSYSTEMS ENGINEERING MODEL ................................................................................... 5

3.2 VMODEL FOR IMPLEMENTING IEC61850................................................................................... 7

3.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATION ..................................................................................... 10

4444 ELEMENTS THAT SHOULDELEMENTS THAT SHOULDELEMENTS THAT SHOULDELEMENTS THAT SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THEBE INCLUDED IN THEBE INCLUDED IN THEBE INCLUDED IN THE MMMMARKETING PLANARKETING PLANARKETING PLANARKETING PLAN ........................................................................................ 11111111

4.1 THE STAKEHOLDERS OR CUSTOMER ......................................................................................... 11

4.2 MARKET MIX OR FRAMEWORK................................................................................................. 11

4.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS ................................................................................... 13

BIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHYBIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14141414

List of figures

Figure 1: Substation automation with IEC 61850......................................................................................................... 3

Figure 2: System engineering integrating various disciplines...................................................................................... 5

Figure 3: The V Model of a system engineering process .......................................................................................... 7

Figure 4: Evolution of Automation, Communication Networks and Systems in Substations....................................... 12


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1. INTRODUCTION

The IEC 61850 standard provides methods of developing best engineering practices for substation

protection, integration, control, monitoring, metering, and testing [2]. It standardizes data names forlogical devices containing logical nodes for automatic control, metering and measurement, supervisorycontrol, generic functions, interfacing/archiving, protection, sensors, instrument transformers, switchgear,power transformers and other equipment. IEC 61850 also creates a comprehensive set of services forlogical devices and nodes, implements them within standard protocols and hardware, and defines aprocess bus [1].

The standard IEC 61850 Communication Networks and Systems is the first and only global standard thatconsiders all the communication needs within a substation. It defines strict rules for realisinginteroperability between functions and devices used for protection, monitoring, control and automation insubstations independent of the supplier. Interoperability means the capability of two or more intelligentelectronic devices (IEDs) from one or several vendors to exchange information and to use it in performingtheir functions and for correct co-operation. This feature together with the possibility of free allocation of

functions paves the way for a vast range of possible solutions for Protection and Substation Automation(SA) systems [3].

2. APPROACH TAKEN BY ESKOM IN ROLLING OUT THE IEC 61850

The Electric Utilities migration paradox demonstrates the general trend whereby the new technologyprovides great advantages and benefits while the current investments has not fully completed theiroperational life [4]. Many of technological installations that fail are due to lack of information and requiredexpertise to manage and commission them. For major projects which are likely to be expensive and onwhich failure can also be a major setback, it is prudent to build a prototype model first and test it. Theprototype will assist the utility in understanding their requirements and gaining knowledge and expertisethat are required, early before the full roll out is carried out. The following three options can be consideredby the utilities to implement large scale technologies such as the IEC 61850, and these are:

To mix old investment with new technology at a substation.

To redesign the whole system and replace all equipment with IEC 61850 compliant equipment.

To implement the IEC 61850 to a new substation before rolling out to the other substations.

The first two options examine the rolling out of IEC 61850 by replacing old equipment with new ones. Thefirst option focuses on carrying out the replacements and retrofits from a substation component level andthen move up to the substation level. This would have to be done on all substations before the systemlevel development is started. This can be associated with the bottom-up type of a structured approach.The second option is also a bottom up approach which starts and focuses on the entire substation as asubsystem and moves up to the entire network- the system. Figure 1 below shows the substation levelimplementation of the IEC 61850 compliant devices mixed with other legacy devices. The third optiondistinguishes itself from the two options above in that it does not require any substation component to be

replaced at the beginning. It calls for a completely new substation to be designed and commissioned tocomply with the requirement of IEC 61850 protocols. The third approach will include either of the twoapproaches, depending on the utilities decision, but it can start by ensuring that the entire network systemis designed and made ready for any upgrade taking place at the substation or component level. The highlevel discussions on these options are provided in the subsections that follow.


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Figure 1: Substation automation with IEC 618502.1 OPTION 1: MIX OLD INVESTMENT WITH N EW TECHNOLOGY AT A SUBSTATION

One of the options that are available to the Utility is to mix old investment with new technology [4]. That is,to start replacing equipment in the substations with those that are based on IEC 61850. For an example,the utility could start with replacement of the IEDs such as protection relays, the metering equipment andexisting controllers, thereafter start with the replacement of circuit breakers with fast responsive typesrequired for IEC 61850 operating times , then introduce the bay controller and lastly the communication

media such as optic fibre cabling. This would mean modernization or upgrading of existing investment insubstations by employing intermediate gateways for IEDs, RTU and SCADA Systems, which will provideinter-operability between their new IEC 61850 based systems as well as old proprietary or other IECstandard based systems. Such a migration option always throws up an intermediate gateway or protocolconverter into the Utilities solution. It also requires a retrofit of some IEDs to existing structures andnetworks [4].

2.2 REDESIGN THE WHOLE SYSTEM AND REPLACE ALL EQUIPMENT WITH IEC 61850

COMPLIANT EQUIPMENT.

The other option is to wait for the opportunity when the substations are refurbished and upgraded and usethe opportunity to redesign the whole system and replace all equipment with IEC 61850 compliantequipment. This approach will ensure that at that particular substation, all equipment installed will bebased on the IEC 61850 standard and without mixing technologies at a substation level. However, therewill still be a need for intermediate gateways or protocol converters for integration into the entire Eskomsystem.

2.3 IMPLEMENT THE IE C 61850 TO A NEW SUBSTATION BEFORE ROLLING O UT TO

THE OTHER SUBSTATIONS

The third option is that which has been employed by Eskom, which implements the IEC 61850 on a newsubstation before rolling out to the other substations. The implementation of the IEC 61850 at Zuessubstation first is best. First, because the substation is new and there are no retrofit issues and all the


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3. IMPLEMENTATING IEC 61850 USING SYSTEM ENGINEERING TOOLS

Successful projects involve the customer, users, operators, and other stakeholders in the project

development. Systems engineering is a systematic process that includes reviews and decision pointsintended to provide visibility into the process and encourage stakeholder involvement. The systemsengineering process includes stakeholders through all stages of the project, from initial needs definitionthrough system verification and acceptance [6]. System engineering is at the core of all activities requiredfor a project as depicted in below Figure 2. It is important to note from the picture, that system engineeringensures sufficient overlap between the various disciplines to ensure that the whole projects get executed.

Figure 2: System engineering integrating various disciplines

The Systems Engineering Process (SEP) is a comprehensive, iterative and recursive problem solvingprocess, applied sequentially top-down by integrated teams. It transforms needs and requirements into aset of system product and process descriptions [7]. To implement IEC 61850 throughout Eskom I willfollow the SEP utilizing the V-model for all activities and Gantt diagram to assigns resources and timebudgets to the individual tasks forming the overall project schedule.

3.1 THE V SYSTEMS ENGINEERING MO DEL

Many different process models have been developed over the years that specify a series of steps thatmake up the systems engineering approach. Among these models, the V model, shown in Figure 3, isemerging as the de facto standard way to represent systems engineering for any type of projects [7].

The V model has a number of benefits and these are [9]:

a) Systems development projects usually have a test approach, or test strategy document, whichdefines how testing will be performed throughout the lifecycle of the project.


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b) The V model explicitly suggests that testing (quality assurance) should be considered early on inthe life of a project. Testing and fixing can be done at any stage in the lifecycle. However, the costof finding and fixing faults increases dramatically as development progresses.

c) It introduces the idea of specifying test requirements and expected outcomes prior to performingthe actual tests.d) The V model provides a focus for defining the testing that must take place within each stage.e) Finally, the V model provides a basis for defining who is responsible for performing the testing at

each stage. Here are some typical responsibilities:

acceptance testing performed by users

system testing performed by system testers

integration testing performed by program team leaders

Unit testing performed by engineers.

The V model is therefore an excellent basis for the partitioning of testing, highlighting the fact that all theparticipants in the development of a system have a responsibility for quality assurance and testing.


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3.2 V MODEL FOR IMPLEMENTING IEC 61850

The V model that is followed in this section is shown in Figure 3 below. The first step of the Systems

Engineering Process is to analyse the process inputs [8]. Requirements analysis is used to develop

functional and performance requirements; that is, customer requirements are translated into a set of

requirements that define what the system must do and how well it must perform [9].

Figure 3: The V Model of a system engineering process

3.2.1 USER REQUIREMENTS SPECIFICATION

The systems engineer must ensure that the requirements are understandable, unambiguous,comprehensive, complete, and concise. Requirements analysis must clarify and define functionalrequirements and design constraints [9]. Considering that IEC 61850 has already been implemented and

one of the Eskom Transmission substations, other municipalities in South Africa and number of utilitiesacross the globe, a refined and appropriate list of requirement can be easily put together. However it isimportant to note that the requirements are likely to differ from utilities since there could be specificstatutory or operational requirements that need to be addressed. Collaborative efforts such asengineering forums and continuous stakeholder meeting are necessary to refine the requirements.Designers, analyst and technologists must be able to understand and translate these requirements tomodels and specification.


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3.2.2 FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICATION

Functions are analysed by decomposing higher level functions identified through requirements analysis

into lower-level functions. The performance requirements associated with the higher level are allocated tolower functions. The result is a description of the product or item in terms of what it does logically and interms of the performance required. Functional analysis and allocation allows for a better understanding ofwhat the system has to do, in what ways it can do it, and to some extent, the priorities and conflictsassociated with lower-level functions [7]. It provides information essential to optimizing physical solutions.Key tools in functional analysis and allocation are Substation Single line diagrams, Functional Flow BlockDiagrams, Time Line Analysis, and the Requirements Allocation Sheet.

A functional specification can be put together by looking at the Vision for Substation Automation asprovided below [5]:

a) Protection engineers: Ability to change settings remotely in anticipation of changing conditionsb) Operations engineers: Additional information available for contingency analysis and

identification of potential problems; management during emergency conditions, emergencyrecovery, and post-emergency analysis.

c) Data administrators: Avoid time-consuming and error-prone tracking of chains of data links eachtime a change is made in the field.

d) SCADA/EMS systems: Additional data are available to be monitored if operators and/orSCADA/EMS applications need them.

e) Contingency analysis (security analysis): Additional data from multiple sources forredundancy, thus increasing the reliability of the results.

f) Intelligent alarm processing: With the additional data, intelligent alarm processing can filter outthe less important alarms from the more important ones and can also analyse these data todetermine the true issue causing the alarm.

g) Emergency response: Control commands, whether issued locally or remotely, can respondrapidly to emergency situations in a coordinated manner, not only within a substation, but alsobetween substations and between utilities.

3.2.3 DESIGN SPECIFICATION

Design specification is the process of defining the product or item in terms of the physical elements whichtogether make up and define the item [7]. The result is often referred to as the design layout. Each partmust meet at least one functional requirement, and any part may support many functions. The designlayout is the basic structure for generating the specifications and baselines. This should also includeadditional rules that are outside the standard IEC 61850 protocol and the type of media, network andgateways that will be chosen. If new devices and substation equipment are to be included, their detailedspecification should also be covers by the design specifications.

3.2.4 SYSTEM DESIGN

Other developers produce a "System Design" from the "System Specification". This takes the featuresrequired and maps them to various components, and defines the relationships between thesecomponents. The whole design should result in a detailed system design that will achieve what isrequired by the "System Specification". A complete set of substation drawings should be produced. Thesedrawings should also show all the cabling, routes, operational technology architecture, devices andlocations, equipment and equipment layouts, datasheets and manuals. It should be possible to startbuilding a high level prototype model from the output of this step.

3.2.5 COMPONENT DESIGN


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Each component or unit has a "Component Design", which describes in detail exactly how it will performits piece of processing.

3.2.6 COMPONENT CONSTRUCTION

Finally each component is built, and then is ready for the test process.

3.2.7 VERIFICATION

For each application of the system engineering process, the solution will be compared to therequirements. This part of the process is called the verification loop, or more commonly, Verification. Eachrequirement at each level of development must be verifiable. Baseline documentation developed duringthe systems engineering process must establish the method of verification for each requirement.

3.2.8 TYPES OF TESTING

The level of test is the primary focus of a system and derives from the way a system is designed and builtup. Conventional "V-Model", maps the types of test to each stage of development [7]. Since IEC 61850integrates functionalities from various devices and equipment, a modular type of unit type of testing willhave to be followed before the entire system is tested.

3.2.9 UNIT TEST

Starting from the bottom the first test level is unit testing. It involves checking that each feature specifiedin the "Component Design" has been implemented in the unit [7]. Each IEC 61850 compliant device andequipment installed will have to be tested individually by the vendors and the test certificates will serve asproof. In this case a substation may be viewed in terms of a sub-system and the integrating issues willhave to be addressed here before going global to the entire Eskom network.

3.2.10 INTERFACE TEST

As the components are constructed and tested they are then linked together to check if they work witheach other. It is a fact that two components that have passed all their tests, when connected to eachother produce one new component full of faults. These tests can be done by technologists, operators andtechnicians at the substation. An interface to the national control will also have to be tested to ensure thatthe substation can be integrated into the network.

Interface Testing is not focussed on what the components are doing but on how they communicate witheach other, as specified in the "System Design". The "System Design" defines relationships betweencomponents, and this involves stating:

3.2.11 SYSTEM TEST

Once the entire system has been built then it has to be tested against the "System Specification" to checkif it delivers the features required [7]. All engineers, designers, Operators, technologist and technicianswill have to be involved here. Each functional expert must ensure that all their specified functions aretested. In essence the System Test is not about checking the individual parts of the design, but aboutchecking the system as a whole. In effect it is one giant component. In addition to functional requirementsthese may include the following types of testing for the non-functional requirements such as:

Performance - Are the performance criteria met?


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Volume - Can large volumes of information be handled? Stress - Can peak volumes of information be handled? Security Is the IEC 61850 secure enough not to be attacked by cyber criminals

Documentation - Is the documentation usable for the system? Robustness - Does the system remain stable under adverse circumstances?

3.2.12 ACCEPTANCE TEST

Acceptance Testing checks the system against the "User Requirements". The common acceptance testsare factory acceptance test (FAT) and site acceptance tests (SAT). Since the complete implantation ofIEC 61850 can be done on site at the substations, SAT is more appropriate and should be done withengineering and operational staff from the plant being commissioned. It is similar to systems testing inthat the whole system is checked. Acceptance Testing checks that the system delivers what wasrequested [5], [7].

The customer and not the developer should always do acceptance testing. The customer knows what is

required from the system to achieve value in the business and is the only person qualified to make thatjudgement. The forms of the tests may follow those in system testing, but at all times they are informed bythe business needs [9].

If the same resources are utilised to roll out the IEC 61850 throughout Eskom, the next iteration which isthe next substation will resume after the last activity of the V model of the substation being completed.This will continue until the last substation has been completed. However another challenge will be tochoose which substation is next when following this process. The increasing maintenance costs of oldequipment, with time and the learning curve associated with the transition phase to a new technologyshould help to take a decision. It should be noted also that rolling out a major substation automationprogramme requires that the utility that is implementing it, identify their current, mid-term and long-termsubstation migration strategies together with substation communication and engineering requirements forlocal and remote communications. If such strategies are examined carefully it should be fairly easy toprioritise substations in line for IEC 61850 roll out.

3.3 CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATION

The Systems Engineering Process (SEP) is a comprehensive, iterative and recursive problem solvingprocess, applied sequentially top-down by integrated teams. It transforms needs and requirements into aset of system product and process descriptions. Various processes have been proposed in literature onhow to implement system engineering successfully. A system Engineer has to evaluate the project and itsintended benefits to choose an appropriate process. To implement IEC 61850 the V model has beenchosen on the basis of its benefits and the manner in which it encourage interdisciplinary participationuntil the whole system is completed.


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4 ELEMENTS THAT SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE MARKETING PLAN

It is vital to identify the stakeholders or customers to be able to develop an appropriate marketing plan. Todevelop a precise marketing plan, a market mix of activities or framework has to be identified. Thisframework or activities will assist us to achieve our desired level of acceptance and use of the IEC 61850standard and its intended benefits.

4. 1THE STAKEHOLDERS OR CUSTOMER

Implementation of IEC 61850 in Eskom will affect various areas and personnel and these are listedbelow:

Maintenance staff

Planners, engineers, and asset management personnel

Operators and operational planners

Protection engineers Investors and the government

Directors or Leadership

The marketing framework must consider the diversity of expectations from these customers. However, thelist can be reduced and simplified by classifying these customers according to what they need to know orthe common benefits that will address their areas of work. A simple list of targeted customers can beidentified as follows:

Operational and maintenance staff

Designers and planners

Leadership and investors

4. 2MARKET MIX OR FRAMEWORK

The elements of commonly used market framework is based on the 4 Ps, that is Product, Price, Place,Promotion, which define the areas of activity in the marketing mix [10]. Like many organization whichhave modified and in some instances changed these elements of the marketing mix, it would beappropriate for us to modify these elements to reach our market as identified above. Therefore myproposed marketing mix would be as follows:

4.2.1 PRODUCT OR SERVICE

This element should also include guarantees and services support from vendors and other serviceproviders. While it should be acknowledged that devices standard features will be compliant with and atlevel specified for IEC 61850, at the same time it is also important to ensure that the product is of higher

quality and that there is satisfactory support when needed. It important when talking about the technologyrelated product such as IEC 61850, to also show how it evolves, and where it is going. An illustration ofhow substation automation is evolving is depicted in Figure 4 below.


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Figure 4: Evolution of Automation, Communication Networks and Systems in Substations

4.2.2 VALUE

Since price determines value and engineers, designers and investors are more focused on value than justa price, value is the most encompassing element. I would use a value engineering approach and tools to

justify that there is value in implementing IEC 61850.

4.2.3 PEOPLE

The implementation of IEC 61850 in Eskom will interfere with peoples daily work. It will bring a change inthe work environment and such a change will have to be managed carefully if the required support for theproduct is to be realized. Therefore the people element should be included in the marketing mix.

4.2.4 PROMOTION

This is very important to consider how we will ensure that all our intended marketing message reach theidentified stakeholders. A common way for raising product awareness is through advertising andpromotion burners.


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Apart from the traditional ways of promoting IC 61850 as a product in Eskom, product champions willhave to be identified in all areas. These would be utilized in a similar way as the sales staff or productmanagers. These champions will have to be the first to get training on the IEC 61850. These will be the

persons who should be at the front office for all stakeholders and they should be able to answer anyquestion related to the implementation of IEC 61850. Considering that the IEC 61850 is not a product inits self but rather a standard that will also cover various devices and equipment, the product championswill be selected according to the products and areas of specialization covered by the range of applicationscovered by IEC 61850 protocol and the associated infrastructure.

4.2.5 BENEFITS

The company staff will be more interested in the benefits of the IEC 61850 when compared to thesystems that are currently being utilized. It is not easy to convince the staff to replace the technology thatthey may have been familiar and confident in, to start using something new without knowing how it willimprove their daily operations. Automation leads to powerful new capabilities for users, which in turnleads to the need for more automation. Some examples of the benefits of substation automation to

different users are described briefly here:

Substation automation offers implementation benefits [3], [4], [5]:

a) Reduced quantities of equipment: Through the use of shared technology for data sourcing, control,protection, station metering, processing, and communicationall for the benefit of multiple utilitydepartments and other clients.

b) Replacement of discrete station wiring with flexible communication networks: Toaccommodate continual system change and migration.

c) Networks implemented with fibre-optic cable: Mutually isolates pieces of connected equipment tolimit collateral equipment damage under adverse electrical conditions such as faults and close-proximity lightning strikes.

d) Integration of digital information and functionality: In disparate devices that currently operate inseparate realms such as fault recorders, protective relays, sequence of event recorders, faultlocators, network transducers, regulators, or controllers.

e) New digital equipment capabilities: Such as distance-to-fault locators and sag detectors can easilybe integrated with the other station equipment to provide new functionality and more comprehensivesystem information.

4. 3CONCLUSIONS AND RECCOMENDATIONS

It is vital to identify the stakeholders or customers and then develop an appropriate marketing plan. To

develop a precise marketing plan, a market mix of activities or framework has to be identified. This

framework or activities will assist us to achieve our desired level of acceptance and use of the product.

Various marketing mix of activities have been proposed based on the commonly known 4Ps model. Other

organizations have opted to add or modify the 4ps framework to suit their understanding and

organizational needs. Similarly for marketing IEC 61850 in Eskom the framework has been modified to

cover the need for it successful implementation. The activities considered for IEC 61850 marketing mix

are: product or service, value, people, promotion and benefits. An emphasis has to be place in benefits

and value as they are more appealing to engineers, user and sponsors.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

[1] Practical considerations in applying IEC 61850 for Protection and Substation Automation

Systems, Ivan De Mesmaeker*, Peter Rietmann, Klaus-Peter Brand, Petra Reinhardt, Cigre

29th November 2005

[2] Case Study: Design and Implementation of, IEC 61850 From Multiple Vendors at CFE La

Venta II,Victor Manuel Flores and Daniel Espinosa, Comisin Federal de Electricidad Julian

Alzate and Dave Dolezilek, Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Inc

[3] Guidelines for Implementing Substation Automation Using IEC61850, the International

Power System Information, Modeling Standard, Epri Technical report

[4] Kalki Communication Technologies Private Limited

[5] IEC 61850 Communications Networks and Systems in Substations,-MU Dynamics-Protocol

brief[6]

Overview of the System Engineering Process, Ed Ryen, PE, Maintenance ITS, March 2008

[7] SYSTEMS ENGINEERING FUNDAMENTALS, SUPPLEMENTARY TEXT PREPARED BY THE

DEFENSE ACQUISITION UNIVERSITY PRESS FORT BELVOIR, VIRGINIA 22060-5565, January

2001

[8] SYSTEMS ENGINEERING presentation by Professor John Sheer 18 August 2011

[9] the V model relevant to Professional Scheme Paper 2.1, developing systems

[10] Basic aims of marketing, TLP handout

[11] Internet Scan-Marketing approaches

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