assessment unit as 2...8683.01f 4 available marks option 1: spain and europe 1556–1592 answer two...

ADVANCED SUBSIDIARY (AS)General Certificate of Education

2014

8683.01F

History

Assessment Unit AS 2

[AH121]

THURSDAY 12 JUNE, AFTERNOON

MARKSCHEME

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Level of response mark grid

This level of response grid has been developed as a general basis for marking candidates’ work, according to the following assessment objectives:

AO1a recall, select and deploy historical knowledge accurately and communicate knowledge and understanding of history in a clear and effective manner;

AO1b present historical explanations, showing understanding of appropriate concepts and arrive at substantiated judgements;

AO2 In relation to historical context:

• interpret,evaluateandusearangeofsourcematerial;

• explainandevaluateinterpretationsofhistoricaleventsandtopicsstudied.

The grid should be used in conjunction with the information on indicative content outlined for each assessmentunit.

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Level Assessment Objective 1a Assessment Objective 1b Assessment Objective 2

Answers at this level will: Answers at this level will: Answers at this level will:

1 recall, select and deploy some accurate factual knowledge and communicate limited understanding in narrativeform.Therewillbe evidence of an attempt to structure and present answers in a coherent manner.

display a basic understanding of the topic; some comments may be relevant, but general and there may be assertions and judgements which requiresupportingevidence.

paraphrase sources or rely on direct quotation whencommenting.Theremay be some attempt to evaluate the sources without adequate analysis of context and limited recognition of the possibility of debate surrounding an event or topic.

2 be quite accurate, contain some detail and show understanding through a mainlynarrativeapproach.Communication may have occasional lapses of clarity and/orcoherence.

display general understanding of the topic and its associated concepts and offer explanations which are mostly relevant, although there may be limited analysis and a tendency to digress.Therewillbesomesupporting evidence for assertionsandjudgements.

combine paraphrasing with partial interpretation of sources and offer some additional comment on their significance.Therewillbesome ability to compare sources and an attempt to explain different approaches to and interpretations of the eventortopic.Evaluationmaybelimited.

3 contain appropriate examples with illustrative and supportive factual evidence and show understanding and ability to engage with the issues raised by the questions in a clear and coherentmanner.

display good breadth of understanding of the topic and its associated concepts.Analysisisgenerally informed and suitably illustrated to support explanations and judgements.

display accurate comprehension of sources and/or the interpretation they contain and assess their utility, supported by contextual reference, e.g.authoranddate.Therewill be an ability to present and evaluate different arguments for and against particular interpretations of aneventortopic.

4 be accurate and well-informed and show ability to engage fully with the demands of the question.Knowledgeandunderstanding will be expressed with clarity and precision.

display breadth and depth of understanding of the topic anditsassociatedconcepts.Explanationswillbewell-informed with arguments and judgements well-substantiated, illustrated and informedbyfactualevidence.

display complete understanding of content and context of sources, e.g.author’sviewpointmotive, intended audience, etc.andbeabletocommenton points of similarity and difference.Therewillbeappropriate explanation, insightful interpretation and well-argued evaluation of particular interpretations of aneventortopic.

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Option 1: Spain and Europe 1556–1592

Answer twoquestions.

1 (i) ExplainthereasonsfortherevoltoftheMoriscos. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,

select and deploy historical knowledge appropriately and communicate knowledge and understanding of history in a clear and effective manner AO1(a) and demonstrate understanding of the past through explanation, analysis and arriving at substantiated judgements AO1(b).

Level 1 ([0]–[2]) Answers at this level recall, select and deploy historical knowledge in an

episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimited understanding, explanation and analysis of the reasons for the revolt oftheMoriscos.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext,inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.

Level 2 ([3]–[4]) Answers at this level recall, select and deploy historical knowledge with a

greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.ResponsewillconsidersomeofthereasonsfortherevoltoftheMoriscos.Answersatthislevelmay have some lapses in meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasionaldefectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.

Level 3 ([5]–[6]) Answers at this level recall, select and deploy historical knowledge

relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail in their assessment of the causes of the revoltoftheMoriscosandshouldconsidermostofthefollowingfactors:governmenthostilitytotheMoriscosandtheuseoftheInquisitionasameans to control them, economic problems caused by poor harvests or by PhilipII’sattacksonthesilktradeandbygovernmentseizureofMoriscolands.ResponsesshouldconsiderthedifferencesexistinginSpanishsocietywhichraisedtensionbetweenthevariouspartsofPhilipII’sKingdom.DespitetheMoriscos’conversiontoChristianity,theirmaintenanceoftheirculturaltraditionscreatedsuspicionamongtheirChristianneighbours.ThethreatofattackbyBarbaryCorsairsandthespreadoftheOttomanEmpireintheMediterraneanandNorthAfricaledPhilipIItoseetheMoriscosasadangerwithinhisownKingdom.Philipll’sbanningofMoriscoculturein1567causedresentmentandrevoltamongtheMoriscos.Answersatthislevelwill be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate: there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.

Level 4 ([7]–[8]) Answers at this level consistently recall, select and deploy historical

knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Answerswillprovidemoredetail

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in their consideration of the reasons for the revolt and build upon those identifiedatLevel3.Responsesshouldconsiderthemismanagementofthe situation by Philip II and his failure to heed the warnings given to him by theMarquisofMondejar,whoseremovalasGovernor-GeneralofGranadaandreplacementbyCardinalEspinosafurtherexacerbatedthesituation.Responsesshouldshowthattherevoltwasbroughtaboutbyaseriesofevents,someofwhichwereunavoidable,likepoorharvestof1567,whileotherswereduetopoorgovernmentfuelledbybigotryandmistrust.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “PhilipIIcreatedanabsolutemonarchyinSpainbetween1556and1592”.How far would you accept this verdict?

This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall, select and deploy historical knowledge appropriately and communicate knowledge and understanding of history in a clear and effective manner AO1(a) and demonstrate understanding of the past through explanation, analysis and arriving at substantiated judgements AO1(b).


episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmay provide a narrative or recall some details of whether Philip II created anabsolutemonarchyinSpainintheperiod1556–1592.Answersatthislevel will be characterised throughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate styleofwriting;anddefectsinorganisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answerswillcontainmoreexplanationofwhetherPhilipIIcreatedanabsolutemonarchyinSpainintheperiod1556–1592.Answersatthislevelwill have some lapses in meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisation and little specialist vocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailed knowledge and understanding of whether Philip II’s government wasabsoluteintheperiod1556–1592.Answersmightconsidertheadviceofhisfather,CharlesV,to“trustnoonebutyourself”andsuggestthatthisledPhilipIItodevelopanabsolutemonarchy.Responsescouldconsiderthe Conciliar system, observing that it was an effective instrument to control Spain.ThehistoricalviewthatPhilipdidnotcreatethissystembutmerely

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usedanexistingsystemcouldbeusedtodisagreewiththeproposition.Philip’s use of this system points to a need for absolute power as he withheldinformationfromsomeadviserstomaintainhispositionofcontrol.Answers might suggest that Philip’s personal oversight of all government activitysupportstheproposition.Conversely,thiscouldbeusedtoshowhowineffectiveSpanishgovernmentbecameandhowthepowerofPhilip’smonarchywaslimited.ResponsesmightconsiderthepowerofthevariousCortesinSpainandsuggestthattheirdeclinewaslinkedtoPhilip’sdriveforabsolutism.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityofmeaningdue to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisation with some specialist vocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswilldevelopfurtherpointsmadeatLevel3andshouldconsiderarangeoffactorswhichrelatetoPhilipII’smonarchy.AnswersmightconsiderPhilip’suseofAntonioPereztodealwithpoliticalopponents,likeJuandeEscobedo,ortheInquisitionagainstPerezhimselfasasignofabsolutemonarchy.This might be linked to his dominating attitude towards Aragon, as shown in his method of coronation and his treatment of the Justicia and his actions againsttheMoriscos.Philip’screationandmanipulationoffactionsallowedhis power to increase and could be seen as a deliberate ploy in his quest toincreasehisownpower.PhilipwaslimitedbypowerfulnoblesliketheDukeofMedinaSidonia,andpoorcommunicationswithhisEmpirefurtherhamperedhispower.Onehistorianarguedthat,“absolutemonarchyistobejudgednotbywhatitlookedlikebuthowitworked”.Philip’spowerwaslimitedbytheweaknessofSpanishgovernmentandbytheeconomicconditionoftheSpanishstate.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialist

vocabulary. [22]

2 (i) ExplaintheconditionofSpanishagricultureintheperiod1556–1592.



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.AnswerswillgivelimiteddetailontheconditionofSpanishagricultureintheperiod1556–1592.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext,inaccuraciesinspelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisation of ideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.

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greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.AnswerswillgivesomedetailandexplanationabouttheconditionofSpanishagricultureintheperiod1556–1592.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaningdue to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation andlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail and consider the different types of agriculture inSpain,botharableandsheepfarming.ThenatureoftheSpanishlandscape meant that sheep farming was important and the export of wool totheNetherlandswasamajormarketforthecountry.Thesuccessofthisaspectoffarmingdidleadtodifficultiesasitleftonlyathirdofavailablelandfortillage.Consequently,Spainsufferedashortageofgrainandtheneedsof its rising population had to be met by expensive grain imports, Answers at this level will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there isgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.AnswerswilldeveloppointsmadeatLevel3.TheymaymentionthesuccessofregionslikeAndaluciawhoseproductionoffruit,olives,grapesandsilkledtostrongexports.Bycontrast,many fertile areas in Aragon were left unused due to the threat from Barbary Corsairs.Spain’sover-relianceonsheepfarmingcauseddifficultiesafterthedeclineintheinternationalwooltradeafter1560.ResponsesmightsuggestthatSpanishagriculturewasverysuccessfulinonearea,whileinotherareastheconditionofagriculturewasmuchworse.ThefinancialsituationinSpainmeantthatthereturnsfromagriculturewererelativelyuninvitingandsoitsufferedfromalackofinvestment.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary. [8]

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(ii) “TheweaknessoftheSpanisheconomyintheperiod1556–1592was mainlyduetoPhilipII’sborrowingfromforeigninvestors”.Towhatextent would you agree with this statement?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmayprovideanarrativeorrecallafewdetailsaboutthecausesofSpain’seconomicweakness.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughoutby unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answerswillassessingeneraltermswhetherSpain’seconomicweaknesswascausedbyPhilipII’sborrowingfromforeigninvestors.Answersatthislevel will have some lapses in meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisation and little specialist vocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailed knowledge and understanding of a range of factors which affected theSpanisheconomy.Theseshouldinclude:PhilipII’spoorfinancialunderstandingandthehugefinancialdeficitSpainhad;theweaknessesofSpanishagriculture,industryandtrade;thecostofalmostcontinualwarthroughouttheperiod;theinflationarypressuresofAmericanbullion;andthedivisionandlackofasingleeconomicsysteminSpain.ResponsesshouldconsiderthepoorfinancialpositionPhilipinheritedfromhisfatherandmightsuggestthatfinancialdifficultiesalreadyexisted.Philip’sdeclarationofbankruptcyonfouroccasionsshowsthatfinancialdifficultiescontinued through his reign and this suggests that the problem was not dealtwith.ResponsescouldsuggestthatthedifficultiesoftheSpanisheconomy caused Philip to borrow from foreign investors or that it was Philip’sborrowingwhichcreatedtheweaknesses.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.

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knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswilldevelopthepointsmadeinLevel3.Spain’smainfinancialdifficultywasthatitsincomewasoutstrippedbyexpenditure.Despitehugetaxincome,PhilipII’sinvolvementinwarforallbutsevenyearsofhisreignledtoafinancialshortfall.ResponsesmightsuggestthatitwasPhilip’sinabilitytoavoidwarandnotalackoffinancialunderstandingandforeignborrowingwhichledtoSpain’seconomicdifficulties.AnswersmightuseJuandeOvando’ssuggestionsoffinancialreformin1574todemonstratehowPhilipfailedtounderstandordealwithfinancialissues.HefailedtoimplementreformduetohisinabilitytounderstandfinanceandsoSpain’seconomicproblemsmultipliedoverthenextfewyears.ThisledtoanoverrelianceonJuroswhichencouragedGrandeestoinvestinthemratherthaninSpain’seconomy.BorrowingfromGenoesebankers,atpoorratesofinterest,sawSpanishwealthflowoutofthecountryjusttoservicethedebt.Philip’sfailuretodealwiththefinancialsituationmeantthatotherproblemsdamagedSpain’seconomyfurther.AnotherreasonfortheweaknessoftheSpanisheconomywasPhilip’sextravagenceinhisownspending.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialist

vocabulary. [22]

3 (i) ExplainhowtheInquisitioncontrolledheresyinSpainintheperiod 1556–1592.



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.AnswerswillbesuperficialandofferunclearexplanationsofhowtheInquisitioncontrolledheresy.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext,inaccuraciesinspelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisation of ideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.AnswerswillconsidersomeofthewaysinwhichtheInquisitioncontrolledheresyinSpainintheperiod1556–1592.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaningdue to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation andlittlespecialistvocabulary.

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relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail and a variety of forms of heresy should be identifiedwhichcouldinclude:HumanistsandMystics,likeLuisdeLeonorFadriqueFurioCeriol,Protestants,Moriscos,Mudejars,ConversosandJews.ResponsesshouldconsiderhowtheInquisitionactedagainstthesedifferentgroups.MuchofthefocuswasonMoriscoswhomadeupthelargestminoritygroupinSpain.FifteentribunalswereheldintotheactivitiesofMoriscosandConversosand90%ofcasesinGranadainthe1560swereagainstMoriscos.Inmanyofthesecasestorturewasusedasameansto extract confessions and burning was the ultimate punishment against heresy.Answersmightsuggestthatfearwasthemainwayofcontrollingheresy.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityofmeaningdueto legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing isappropriate;thereisgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.AnswerswilldeveloppointsmadeatLevel3.ResponsesmightdeveloptheuseofAutodeFéasameansto control heresy, observing how these investigations were successful in eliminatingProtestantism.Between1557and1559,278Protestantswereprosecutedand77burnt,whileonlysixwereburntbetween1562and1598.Answers should mention the use of censorship as a means to control the spread of heretical ideas, noting that the list of banned books was much larger than the Vatican’s list, even including books by John Fisher and ThomasMore,whobothbecamesaints.ResponsesmightnotethatmuchoftheactionoftheInquisitionwasagainstthehereticalactionsofCatholics.Correction of poor practice and belief became a focus of the Inquisition, sostoppingcasesofheresyratherthandealingwiththem.Answersatthislevel will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “PhilipII’sreformoftheChurchinSpainbetween1556and1592wassolely motivatedbyadesiretostrengthenCatholicism”.Howfarwouldyouaccept this verdict?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmay provide a narrative or recall a number of details about Philip II’s reforms oftheChurchinSpain.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughout

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by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answers will consider some of the motivations for Philip II’s reform of the ChurchinSpain.Answersatthislevelwillhavesomelapsesinmeaningdue to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailed knowledge and understanding of the factors which motivated Philip II’sreformoftheChurchinSpain.ResponsesmightsuggestthatPhilippicked up his father’s mantle as the defender of Catholicism and became aproponentofreformandtheCouncilofTrent.ReformoftheChurchuniversalpermittedPhiliptostrengthentheChurchinSpainanddealwiththeheresywhichhadsoblightedhisfather’sreign.Responsesmightcounter that Philip was an autocrat and reform permitted him to strengthen hiscontrolofthechurchandfillhiscofferswithmuchneededchurchtaxes.PhiliphadadifficultrelationshipwiththepapacyandreformwascarriedoutonPhilip’sterms,thusstrengtheninghisholdontheSpanishchurchandstressinghisindependencefromthePope.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswilldevelopfurtherthepointsraisedatLevel3.Answerscouldfocusonthe strength of Philip’s faith as demonstrated when he said that he would ratherloseallhiskingdomsthanbearulerofheretics.Somefocusonthereforms that were implemented could demonstrate their solely religious purpose,thussupportingthepropositionofthequestion.Responsescoulduse other examples of Philip’s actions, such as peace with the Turks in 1580,todemonstratethat,althoughheusedreligiousmotivationtojustifyhisactions,henormallyhadamorepragmaticapproachtoreligion.Hehadmoney problems during most of his reign and many of the reforms of the Church increased his revenue, so Philip’s religious zeal had another more earthlymotivation.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterisedthroughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is verygoodorganisationandappropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [22]

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4 (i) ExplainthereasonsforPhilipII’schangesinpolicytowardstheTurksinthe period1556–1580.



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.Answerswillofferanunclear explanation of the reasons for Philip II’s policies towards the Turks in theperiod1556–1580.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext, inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure andorganisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.Answerswillgivesome explanation of the reasons for Philip II’s changes of policy towards theTurks.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaningduetoinaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail, explaining the international position at the beginningofPhilipII’sreignin1556.TheinitialthreatfromFrancedeclinedandtheTreatyofChateauCambresisin1559ended40yearsofHabsburg-Valoiswar.PhilipwasfreetotakeactionagainsttheTurkswhothreatenedhispossessionsintheEasternMediterraneanandNorthAfrica.SpainplayedaninfluentialroleintheHolyAlliancesagainsttheTurks,tastingmilitarysuccessattheBattleofLepantoin1571.ResponsesmaysuggestthatthisdefeatlessenedtheTurkishthreattoSpainand,withgrowingproblemsinNorthernEurope,PhilipneededtodiverthismilitarypresencetowardstherebelliousDutchandtheemergingpowerofEngland.TheTruceof1578andTreatyof1580finalisedthischangeandwasaidedbytheTurkishdesiretoexpandtowardstheeast.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedby clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisation with somespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.AnswerswilldevelopthepointsmadeatLevel3.TheymightsuggestthatPhilipwasdrivenbyareligiouszealtodefeattheinfidelTurkswhohadcausedhisfathersomuchdifficulty.

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The outbreak and growth of rebellion in Philip’s Dutch possessions began to overshadowtheconflictwiththeTurks.TheProtestantelementtothisrevoltenragedPhilipmorethanconflictwithaforeignIslamicpower,especiallyastherevolthadsuchaneffectonhisfinances.Philip’smembershipoftheHolyLeaguehadbeenboughtbythePope’syearlysubsidytoPhilip,the Cruzada, but growing clashes with the Pope left Philip less willing to continuehisanti-Turkishpolicy.Philip’srecaptureofTunisregainedthepossessions he had inherited from his father and the defeat of the Turkish attackonMaltaleftPhilipinastrongposition.Thepeaceof1580cameaboutasitsuitedthediplomaticneedsofbothSpainandTurkey.Answersatthis level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate useofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “AlthoughPhilipIIretainedmostofhisEmpire,hisforeignpolicyinthe period1556–1592wasafailure.”Towhatextentwouldyouagreewiththis statement?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmay provide a narrative or recall limited detail about Philip II’s foreign policyintheperiod1556–1592.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defectsinorganisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answers will assess some points relating to the failure or otherwise of Philip II’sforeignpolicybutthediscussionwilllackdepth.Answersatthislevelwill have some lapses in meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisation and little specialist vocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledge and understanding of the extent to which Philip II’s foreign policy wasafailureintheperiod1556–1592.TheywillconsidertheextenttowhichPhilip II achieved his foreign policy objectives, such as: a desire to maintain

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CatholicismandstopthespreadofheresyandIslam;toexpandhisEmpireand pass on increased territories to his children and to protect and maintain thevastempirehisfatherhadpassedtohim.ResponsesmayrefertoPhilipII’sconflictswiththeTurks,Dutch,FrenchandEnglish,observingperhapsthathefailedtoendtheDutchrevoltordefeatEngland.WithregardtoTurkey, peace could not be viewed as a success but in France he did stop aProtestanttakingthethrone.Philip’sforeignpolicywasalsoafailureintermsofexpandinghisEmpireintoFranceandEnglandandthelossoftheNetherlands.AnswersmightpointtoPhilip’sgreatsuccessinPortugal,beingthefirstmantounitetheIberianpeninsulasincetheRomans.IfPhilip’saimwastomaintainhisEmpire,thiswasageneralsuccessashelosttheNetherlandsandgainedPortugal.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswilldevelopinmoredetailpointswhichhavealreadybeenmade.Inaddition,they will discuss the issue of whether Philip II had retained most of his Empirein1592.AnswersmightsuggestthatPhilipfailedinhisattemptstomarryElizabethIofEnglandandthathisdesiretomaintaingoodrelationswithEnglandalsofoundered.WarandthedefeatoftheArmadain1588canonlyberegardedasafailure,aswereattemptstoputMaryStuartontheEnglishthroneorsupportrebellioninIreland.Philip’sattemptstoputhisdaughterontheFrenchthronewereunsuccessfulandlostthebenefitsofHenryofNavarre’sconversiontoCatholicism.Responsesmightsuggestthat Philip’s failure was his inability to avoid war, whose cost was to damage thefutureofSpain.Bycontrast,answersshouldobservethatPhilipretainedhisEmpireatatimeofhugeinternationalflux.Heresistedthepressureofthemilitarygiant,Turkey,endedtheHabsburg-ValoisWarsonapositivenoteandwasdominantoveraweakenedFranceforthenextthirtyyears.SuccessesintheNewWorldandinPortugalwereoffsetbysomelossesinNorthAfrica.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterisedthroughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is verygoodorganisationandappropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [22]

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Option 2: The Ascendancy of France in Europe 1660–1714


1 (i) ExplainhowFranceimproveditsmilitarypositionintheperiod1660–1689. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.Responseswillprovidea narrative or recall some unsupported, generalised statements about themilitarypositionofFranceinthisperiod.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclear because of illegible text, inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar or the structure and organisation of ideas and points made within theresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.Answerswillhavedifficultyconsistentlyengagingwiththequestiononitsownterms,withtheresponse providing a general account of the military situation in France and itsterritorialgainsintheperiod1660–1689.TheanswermaycontainsomeexplanationofhowtheFrencharmygrewinsizeandstrength.Answersat this level may have some lapses in meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialist vocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail about the improved military position of France intheperiod1660–1689.Thearmywentthroughamajorexpansioninsize and substantial organisational improvements were made during this period,withColbertprovidingthenecessaryfinances.LeTellierandhisson,Louvois,improvedtheadministrationofthearmyandanumberofspecificreformswereintroduced.Forexample,commissionswerephasedout,arsenalswereestablishedandmarchinginstepwasintroduced.Thescienceoffortificationwasenhanced,particularlyunderVauban.Thenavywasalsosignificantlyexpandedandreformed,includingthedevelopmentofthebombketch.TheWarofDevolution,DutchWarandtheReunionshad all strengthened the military position of France by securing territorial gains.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityofmeaningduetolegibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate;thereisgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.

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knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.TheseriesofmilitaryreformsintroducedunderLouishadarguablycreatedthefirstmodern,standingarmy.Corruptionhadbeensignificantlyreducedandsomedegreeofpromotiononmeritwasimplemented.Theinfantrywasreorganisedandcompetitionbetweenregimentswasencouraged.UnderColbert,avastprogrammeofshipbuildinghadtransformedthenavy.LouisalsoimprovedFrance’s military position by his expansionist policies which saw an increase initsterritorialholdingsandpositioninEurope.Bythe1680sFrancehadgainedapositionofmilitaryascendancyinEurope.Answersatthislevelwill be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “TheformationoftheLeagueofAugsburgin1686wasresponsiblefortheoutbreakoftheNineYears’War.”Howfarwouldyouacceptthisjudgement?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answers may provide a narrative or recall some of the key events leading up tothewar.Theseanswerswillbegeneralised.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterised throughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing;anddefectsinorganisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2responseswillhavedifficultyconsistentlyengagingwiththequestiononitsown terms, with the answer providing a general account of the outbreak of war.TheformationofthedefensiveLeagueofAugsburgin1686certainlyenabledtheAlliestoreacttotheactionsoftheFrenchKing.However,theLeaguewasdefensiveanditwasonlyitsexpansionanddevelopmentintoafullblownalliance,in1688,whichmadeitreadyforwar.Louis’actions,particularlyafter1686,werecriticalinprovokinghisenemiesintoaction,althoughitwastheFrencharmywhichcarriedoutthefirstactofwarwithitsinvasionofthePalatinate.Answersatthislevelwillhavesomelapsesinmeaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.

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relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledgeandunderstandingofhowtheformationoftheLeagueof Augsburg was central to the outbreak of war and address other factors whichledtowar.ItisunlikelythatanysingleenemyofLouiswouldhavebeenwillingorabletodeclarewaronFrancealone.LouisXIV’squarrelwiththe Papacy and the events of the Cologne dispute were important in creating thecircumstancesforwartobreakout.ProtestantcountrieshadbeenalarmedbytheRevocationoftheEdictofNantesin1685andEnglandwasalsoconcernedatLouis’supportforJamesIIaftertheGloriousRevolutionandtheattempttorestorehimtothethronethroughtheinvasionofIreland.LouisXIV’sexpansionismhadaffectedmostofEuropeandcreatedenemieswillingtogotowartostopanyfurtherterritorialgainsforFrance.Answersatthis level will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there isgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswill reach relevant conclusions about the extent to which the formation of theLeagueofAugsburgwasresponsiblefortheoutbreakoftheNineYears’War.Candidatesmayshowsomeunderstandingofthelong-termbuildupof grievances to explain the coming together of a diverse group of countries united only by their fear of France and their mutual desire to halt the growing powerofLouisXIV.AdistinctionshouldbemadebetweenthedefensiveLeagueformedin1686andtheGrandAllianceof1688whichunitedtofightagainstFrance.Louis’actionsandattitudehadplayedacrucialroleinprovokingopposition.AmoredetailedanalysismayalsobemadeoftheroleofWilliamofOrangeandEmperorLeopoldintheoutbreakoftheconflict.TheanswerwillbewellinformedaboutthespecificeventsthatenabledFrance’sopponentstomakeaunitedstandagainstitsexpansion.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [22]

2 (i) ExplainthesuccessesofFranceintheNineYears’War.



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.ResponseswillprovideanarrativeorrecallsomeoftheeventsoftheNineYears’War.Meaning

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may not always be clear because of illegible text, inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar or the structure and organisation of ideas and pointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.Answerswillhavedifficultyconsistentlyengagingwiththequestiononitsownterms,withtheresponseprovidingageneralaccountofthecourseoftheconflict.TheanswermaycontainsomeexplanationofspecificFrenchbattlevictoriesorlandacquiredduringtheNineYears’War.Answersatthislevelmayhavesome lapses in meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answerswillhavemoredetail,observing,forexample,thatLouisinitiallyenjoyed success in the Palatinate, capturing the city of Phillipsburg, althoughtheterritorywassoonabandoned.InJuly1690FranceachievedanimportantnavalvictoryoffBeachyHead,allowingittocontroltheEnglishChannel.InSpain,FrancewasabletogainafootholdinSpanishterritorybysecuringpartsofCatalonia.TheDuchyofSavoycollapsedtoFrenchcontrolin1693protectingLouis’ssouth-eastfrontierandFrancemaintainedcontroloftheAlpinepassesfortheremainderofthewar.Francealsowonaseriesof important sieges along its defensively vulnerable north-eastern frontier andmanagedtooverrunmostofPiedmontinnorthernItaly.Answersatthislevel will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there isgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.AnswerswillbebetterinformedandmayelaborateonFrenchsuccessesinthewar.IntheSpanishNetherlandsFrance created a strong defensive frontier by securing a number of siege victories,includingsuccessesatFleurus(1690),Steenkerke(1692),Namur(1692)andNeerwinden(1693).ThisenabledLouistoimprovethedefenceofhisnationandextendhisinfluenceintheSpanishNetherlands.In1694FranceinvadedSpainitself,sendinganarmyintoCataloniaandseizingGirona.Thisstruckasignificant,ifnotdecisive,blowagainstFrance’sgreatestenemy.LouisalsosecuredcontrolofSavoytothepointwheretheDukewascompelledtoallywithFrancein1696.Arguably,Francehadbeen successful in maintaining control of its three great natural barriers: thePyrenees,AlpsandtheRhine.Francealsoenjoyedsomesuccessincolonialclashes,notablyinNewGranadaandNorthAmerica,althoughitwasunabletosecureanystrategicallydecisivevictoriesintheNewWorld.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

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(ii) “OfthecountriesinvolvedintheNineYears’War,itwasEnglandwhichhadmostreasontobesatisfiedwiththetermsofthePeaceofRyswick.”Towhatextent would you agree with this statement?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answers may provide a narrative or make generalised assertions about the resultofthewarandwhetherEnglandwasthecountrywithmostreasontobesatisfiedwithitsoutcome.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defectsinorganisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answerswillhavedifficultyconsistentlyengagingwiththequestiononitsownterms,withtheresponseprovidinglimitedanalysisofhowsatisfiedeachopponentwas,perhapsfocusingexclusivelyonEngland.TheEnglishweresatisfiedbyachievingtheirprimaryaiminthewarinsecuringtherecognitionofWilliamofOrangeasKingofEngland.Thesatisfactionofsomeoftheotheralliesmaybeaddressed.Answersatthislevelwillhavesomelapsesin meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledgeandunderstandingofthesuccessesofEnglandandtheothernationsinvolvedintheNineYears’War.ThetermsofthetreatycertainlyfavouredtheGrandAlliance.FromanEnglishperspectivethe‘King’sWar’hadsecuredthepositionoftheirProtestantmonarchandLouishadbeencompelled to withdraw his support from the Jacobite cause, although James didremaininFranceasaguestofLouis.TheDutchwerestrengthenedby acquiring the barrier fortresses and seeing most of the territory in the NetherlandsrestoredtoSpain.Austriasecuredterritory,andLeopoldwascontent to have played a leading role in the Allies’ overall aim of halting the expansionismofhisdynasticrivalLouis.FrancehadbeenforcedtoconcedemostofthetermsdemandedbytheAllies.ThePalatinatewasgiventoWilliamofNeuberg,ColognetoPrinceClementofBavariaandLorrainetoitsoriginalowners.FranceretainedStrasbourgandAlsace,anditsearlierconquestsofMetz,Toulon,VerdunandFrancheComte.Answersatthis

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level will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there isgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswillreachrelevantconclusionsaboutwhetherEnglandhadmostreasontobesatisfiedwiththePeaceofRyswick.WhileEnglandhadachieveditsprimaryaim,theEnglishParliamentviewedtheconflictas‘William’sWar’andtheresulting treaty did little to enhance the economic, military or strategic positionofEngland.OthermembersoftheAlliancemademoresignificantgains, although most of the territories were simply a restoration of previous Frenchacquisitions.TheAlliancewascontenttohavesucceededinhaltingFrenchexpansionismandsignalleditsabilitytoacttogethereffectively.Although France was compelled to make substantial concessions, the Treaty ofRyswickcanbeinterpretedasLouispositioninghimselfforthecarvingupoftheSpanishempirethatwouldoccurafterthedeathofCarlosIIandthesacrificeshemadetotheAlliesshouldbeviewedinthatcontext.EvenLouiscouldarguablybesatisfiedbyhispositionin1697.Answersatthislevel will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialistvocabulary. [22]

3 (i) ExplainthereasonsforthesuccessoftheGrandAllianceattheBattleof Malplaquet. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.ResponseswillmakeunsupportedassertionsaboutthereasonsforthesuccessoftheGrandAllianceatMalplaquet.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext, inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure andorganisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.AnswerswilldisplayageneralunderstandingofthereasonsforAlliedsuccessatMalplaquet.Marlborough’spersonalcommandonthebattlefieldproveddecisiveandhealsoworkedeffectivelywiththeotherAlliedleaders.Answersatthislevelmay have some lapses in meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation

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or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasionaldefectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answerswillhavemoredetail,observing,forexample,thatMarlboroughdeceived the French by using his customary tactic of attacking the enemy’s flanksandcreatingafearofencirclement.TheEarlofOrkneythenledthedecisive attack through the weakened French defences in the centre of the battlefield.TheAlliedcavalryplayedthekeyroleinensuringthesuccessofthisrapidattack.BothMarlboroughandPrinceEugeneprovidedpersonalleadershiponthebattlefieldandworkedeffectivelyasapartnership.Although the French army performed more effectively than in earlier battles intheWaroftheSpanishSuccession,itwasweakenedbytheinjurytoVillars.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityofmeaningdueto legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing isappropriate;thereisgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Answerswillprovideasuitablycomprehensive and substantiated knowledge of the reasons for the success oftheGrandAllianceattheBattleofMalplaquet,providingdetailonthespecificAlliedsuccessesandweaknessesanderrorsoftheFrench.Despitethehighcasualtyfigures,theDukeofMarlboroughwasabletoprovideeffectiveleadershiponthebattlefieldanddeservescreditformaintainingthecontrolandsupportofthegeneralsandmenfromawidevarietyofnations.Allied success was again aided by the weakness of the French military effort, althoughitmaybenotedthattheFrenchperformedbetteratMalplaquetandtheAlliedvictorywasnotasimpressiveasinotherpreviousbattles.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “LouisXIV’sacceptanceofCarlosII’swillwasthemostimportantreasonfortheoutbreakoftheWaroftheSpanishSuccession.”Howfarwouldyouaccept this statement?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answers may provide a narrative account of the period or make generalised assertionsabouthowLouis’sacceptanceofthewillcontributedtothe

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outbreakofwar.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughoutbyunclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answerswillhavedifficultyconsistentlyengagingwiththequestiononitsownterms,perhapsfocusingonthereasonsforLouisacceptingthewillandtheimpacthisactionhaduponEurope.ThewilldramaticallystrengthenedthepositionoftheBourbondynastyandalarmedLouis’enemies,particularlytheEmperor.AnswersatthislevelmayincludesomeoftheotherblunderscommittedbyLouis,afterhehadacceptedthewill,whichtriggeredtheoutbreakofwar.Answersatthislevelwillhavesomelapsesinmeaningdue to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledgeandunderstandingofthecausesoftheWaroftheSpanishSuccessionandmakeclearjudgementsabouttheimportanceofLouis’decisiontoacceptthewillofCarlosII.Louis’decisionbrokethetermsofthePeaceofRyswickandalarmedhisenemiesinEurope.LeopoldwasoutragedthattheSpanishinheritancehadnotgonetohisfamilyandWilliamofOrangefeltbetrayedbyLouis’abandonmentoftheSecondPartitionTreaty.AnswersatthislevelmayincludesomeoftheactionsbyLouisthatalsocontributedtotheoutbreakofwar.InFebruary1701,hedeclaredthatPhilip remained in line to the French throne and expelled Dutch troops from thebarrierfortresses.TensionswerefurtherheightenedbytheAsientotradeagreementbetweenSpainandFranceandLouis’recognitionofJamesII’ssonasthetruekingofEngland.TheinsensitivityandtimingoftheseblundersbyLouiscompelledtheAlliestoreformtheirGrandAllianceanddeclarewaronFrance.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityof meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisation with some specialist vocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswillreachrelevantconclusionsabouttheextenttowhichLouisXIV’sacceptanceofthewillwasresponsiblefortheoutbreakofwar.Theeconomic,militaryand strategic position of France had been greatly enhanced and there was alsosomeconcernthataEuropeanBourbonsuperpowercouldbecreatedifthethroneswereeverunited.Despitetheseconcerns,theEnglish,DutchandSpanishallacceptedPhilipasKingofSpain,suggestingthatwarwiththesecountrieswasnotinevitable.Leopold,however,wasintentuponwar

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withFranceandSpain.Louis’decisiontoacceptthewillwasfundamentalincreating the circumstances for war but it was not, in itself, the cause of the WaroftheSpanishSuccession.Louis’seriesofblundersin1701causedhisopponentstore-formtheGrandAllianceanddeclarewar.Thefactthatwardidnotbreakoutuntil1702suggeststhattheacceptanceofthewillhadnotdirectlycausedtheoutbreakoftheconflict.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialist

vocabulary. [22]

4 (i) ExplainthetermsofthepeacetreatiesattheendoftheWaroftheSpanish Succession. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.Responseswillmakeunsupported,generalisedassertionsaboutthetermsofthetreaties.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext,inaccuraciesinspelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisation of ideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.Answerswillcontainageneral understanding of the terms of the treaties and how countries were affected.Forexample,EnglandmadesignificanteconomicandterritorialgainsandcruciallysecuredtheProtestantsuccession.Francelostterritorybut the treaties were by no means as punitive as the course of the war had suggestedtheywouldbe.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.EnglandmadesignificantterritorialgainsintheNewWorldandacquiredthevaluableMediterraneannavalbasesofGibraltarandMinorca.EnglandalsosecuredtheHanoveriansuccessionandtheeconomicbenefitsoftheAsiento.AustriamadesignificantterritorialgainsinItalyandtheSpanishNetherlandsandHollandretainedcontrolofthebarrierfortresses.FrancebenefitedfromPhilipretainingtheSpanishthrone.TheElectorofBavariaregainedNamurandCharleroi,theDukeofSavoyregainedNiceand

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wasawardedSicily,andLorrainewasrestoredtoitsDuke.TheElectorofBrandenburgwasrecognisedasKingofPrussia.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Answerswillprovideasuitablycomprehensive and substantiated knowledge of the terms of the peace treaties.FromaFrenchperspectivethetermsofthetreatiesweremuchbetterthanLouishadbeenofferedin1709and,mostimportantly,aBourbonremainedontheSpanishthrone.Austriawasreluctanttoacceptpeace,havingfailedtogainSpain,butthepeacetermsdidallowforsubstantialterritorialgainsfortheEmperor,includingNaples,partofMilan,SardiniaandthestrategicallyvitalareaoftheSpanishNetherlands.England’sgainsweresubstantial,includingkeyterritoriesintheNewWorld,andweretoproveoflong-termimportanceinthedevelopmentofitsgrowingempire.Answersatthis level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate useofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) HowfarwasFrance’spoorperformanceintheWaroftheSpanishSuccessionduetotheeconomicproblemsitfaced?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmayprovideanarrativeorrecallsomeofthekeymomentsoftheWaroftheSpanishSuccessionbutwillfailtoaddressthecentralissuesofthequestion.They will be characterised by generalisations and poor understanding, relyingmainlyonanarrativeaccountoftheeventsofthewar.Answersat this level will be characterised throughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisation and lack of specialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answersmayhavedifficultyengagingwiththequestiononitsowntermsandmaybeconfinedtoonesideofthedebate,probablyfocusingsolelyoneconomicfactors.Thehugecostofthislengthyandwidespreadconflict

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certainlytookitstollontheFrencheconomy.Answersatthislevelwillhavesome lapses in meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasionaldefectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledge and understanding of the reasons for the poor performance of France in the war and make judgements about the importance of the economicproblemsitfaced.WhileFrancewasfacingeconomicdisaster,it was not alone in struggling to cope with the demands of a long and expensivewar.Marlboroughwastoseehisownfreedomtoactcurtailedandhe would eventually be removed from his position of command due to an increasingdesireinEnglandtoenditsinvolvementintheconflict.Answerswill analyse other reasons for the poor French performance, including theimpactofthemilitarydefeatsatBlenheim,Ramillies,OudenardeandMalplaquet,wheretheAlliedmilitarytacticshadalsoprovedmoreeffectivethanthoseoftheFrench.Marlborough’sandEugene’sleadershipoftheAlliedforceshadeclipsedtheeffortsoftheFrenchcommanders.AnswersmayexplainhowFrenchmilitaryeffortsimprovedafterMalplaquet,observingthatbytheendofthewarbothsideswereseekingpeace.Answersatthislevel will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there isgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswillprovide a comprehensive and substantiated assessment, taking account of the wider range of issues and communicating more detail on each side ofthedebate.Certainly,theeconomicrealityoffightingalong,large-scaleconflictweakenedtheFrenchperformanceinthewar.Theharshwinterof1708–1709devastatedthecropsinFranceandleftordinarypeoplefacingstarvation.Withwidespreadpublicdisorderathome,LouissentTorcytoinitiatepeacenegotiations.AnotherbleakwinterthefollowingyearleftFranceinaperiloussituationandonlyAlliedintransigencepreventedLouisfromsurrenderingonhumiliatingterms.ToplevelanswersmayhighlightthewatershedimpactofthedevastatingFrenchdefeatatBlenheim.ItcouldevenbearguedthatafterBlenheimFrancewasfightingsimplytoavoiddefeatandthatensuingeconomicproblemswerenotofpivotalimportance.Answers may note that devastating military defeats, often as a result of poorleadership,andLouis’extravagantexpenditureathomeexacerbatedtheeconomiccrisis.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterisedthroughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is verygoodorganisationandappropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [22]

Option 2

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Option 3: Challenge and Crisis in Ireland 1821–1867


1 (i) ExplainwhyDanielO’ConnellwantedtoachieveCatholicEmancipation. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeform,withlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.Answersmayprovideavague comment about O’Connell’s motives in seeking to achieve Catholic Emancipation.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext,inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.

Level 2 ([3]–[4]) Answers at this level recall, select and deploy historical knowledge with

a greater degree of relevance and clarity, though there are occasional lapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.Answerswillgive a limited account of O’Connell’s reasons for wanting to bring about CatholicEmancipation.HebelievedthatthequestforCatholicEmancipationwascompatiblewithhisconceptofIrishNationalism,inwhichmenofallreligionsandcreedsshouldenjoyequalrights.HefirmlybelievedthatIrishNationalismimpliedtheextensiontoallthepeopleofIrelandtherightsandprivilegeshithertoenjoyedbytheProtestantascendancy.CatholicEmancipationwouldbringaboutanequalitywhichwouldleadtoasenseofnationalprideinanIrelandloyaltotheCrownandtheEmpire.Answersat this level may have some lapses in meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialist vocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail and show more awareness of O’Connell’s reasonsforseekingCatholicEmancipation.Hebelievedthatthegrantingofemancipation would transform the participation of Catholics in both politics andtheprofessionallifeofIreland.Forexample,emancipationwouldcreateagreaterincentiveforCatholicstotakepartintheelectoralprocess.The possibility that they could take their seats in parliament implied that Catholic grievances would have a more distinct and well informed voice atWestminster.EmancipationcouldresultinCatholicsreceivingmoreprofessionaladvancementinthelawandintheadministrationofIreland.O’ConnellbelievedthatCatholicEmancipationwouldalterthetrendofdiscrimination against Catholics in central and local government, which was dominatedbyProtestants.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesin

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meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.AnswerswillbeverywellinformedaboutO’Connell’sreasonsforwantingtoachieveCatholicEmancipation.Hispolitical philosophy was rooted in the belief that religious liberty was a right for all, and his rejection of the concept that social or political advancement shouldrestuponone’sreligiousoutlook.O’ConnellbelievedthatthegrantingofCatholicEmancipationwouldredresstheinjusticewhichCatholicsexperiencedfollowingtheActofUnionin1801,whichleftthepromiseofemancipationunfulfilled.Thedemandforemancipationwasbasedonotherarguments.Forexample,Catholicsformedtheoverwhelmingmajorityofthepopulationandcontributedtoallformsoftaxation.Theyplayedakeyroleinthe economic life of Ireland and provided military service in the defence of theEmpire.Moreover,thequestforCatholicEmancipationwasalsopartofawideraspiration,namelytheultimaterepealoftheActofUnion.ThiswouldresultinanIrishparliamentdedicatedtoafullerredressofIrishgrievances.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “The leadership of Daniel O’Connell was the most important reason for the successofthecampaigntoachieveCatholicEmancipation”.Towhatextentwould you accept this verdict?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgements.Level1answersmayprovideanarrativeorrecallsomebasicpointsabouttheemancipationcampaign.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing, and defectsinorganisationandalackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answerswilladdressthepropositioninalimitedway.Forexample,theymay focus on the role of O’Connell, his tactics and the weakness of the BritishGovernment.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaning

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due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.

Level 3 ([12]–[17]) Answers at this level recall, select and deploy historical knowledge more

relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledgeofthepropositioninrelationtoarangeofotherfactors.O’Connell’sleadershipqualitiesmaybeexaminedindifferentways.Hewasa forceful, dynamic personality; he was a powerful orator, whose relationship with the masses was underpinned by his well-publicised political and legal career.O’ConnellestablishedtheCatholicAssociation,whichbecametheco-ordinatingbodyofwhatwasthefirstpoliticalpressuregroupinEurope.His use of rhetoric was skilfully designed to make an uncertain government waverasthecampaignforemancipationreacheditsclimax.Someotherfactorsshouldbeexamined.Forexample,O’ConnellandtheCatholicAssociation encouraged a link between the socio-economic grievances of themassesandthegoalofemancipation,therebyaffiliatingmasssupport.The role of the Catholic Church was vital, since clergymen collected the penny rent and their parishes provided a natural organisational base for thecampaign,whileitwastheclergywhoactivelyencouragedthe40shillingfreeholderstovoteagainsttheirlandlords.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate, and there is goodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswilllinktheimpactofO’Connell’sleadershiptoawiderangeofotherfactors.O’Connell’s charismatic leadership skills mobilised millions who contributed tohisinnovativeideaofthe“pennyrent”,whichprovidedafightingfundforhiscampaign.Moreover,themassesattendedintheirthousandsthefamous“monster”rallies,whichnotonlygeneratedmomentumforO’Connellbutalso added a sense of credibility to the likely implications if emancipation wasnotgranted.O’Connell’ssupportbasewaswidespread,encompassingthe Catholic middle class, peasants and Presbyterians, who had similar religiousgrievancesinthe1820sandwhowereseekingtherepealoftheTestandCorporationsActs.O’Connell’sstrategyofcontestingelectionspaidoff,asthesuccessintheWaterfordandClareconstituenciesshookthe complacency of the landlord class and pushed his campaign to the forefrontofthepoliticalagendaatWestminster.O’ConnellbenefitedfromtheweaknessesintheToryGovernmentfollowingthedepartureofLordLiverpoolin1827.CanningandGoderichfailedtoprovideleadership,whileWellington’sappointmentontheassumptionthathismilitarybackgroundwouldenablehimtoconfrontO’Connellprovedironicallymisplaced.ThefactthatWellingtonwasfamiliarwiththeconsequencesofwarfaremadehimmorewillingtoacquiesceandendorsetheEmancipationActin1829.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar, the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [22]

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2 (i) ExplainthebenefitsoftheLichfieldHouseCompactforDanielO’Connell. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeform,withlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisorjudgement.AnswersmayprovidevaguecommentsaboutO’Connell’sbenefitsfromtheLichfieldHouseCompact.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext,inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.AnswerswillgivealimitedaccountofwhatO’ConnellgainedfromtheCompact.Forexample,hisendorsementoftheWhigsresultedintheendofPeel’s“100Day”ministry.TheTitheRentChargeActof1838reducedtithesby25%.Thearrearsinrent,owedafterthetitheagitationbetween1834and1837,werewrittenoff.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaningduetoinaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.AnswerswillhavemoredetailandshowmoreawarenessofthebenefitsoftheCompactforO’Connell.Inadditiontotithereform,hebenefitedfromtheMunicipalCorporationsActof1840,whichenabledhimtobecomeLordMayorofDublinin1841,thefirstCatholictoholdthatpositionsincethereignofJamesII.TheActbrokethepoweroftheProtestantascendancyatlocallevel,as58ofthe68councilswereremoved.O’Connell’ssupporterswon control of several councils, and Catholics were appointed as sheriffs, magistratesandmembersofthePoorLawboardsofguardians.Answersatthis level will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there isgoodorganisationwithsomeexcellentvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.AnswerswillbeverywellinformedaboutO’Connell’sbenefitsfromtheLichfieldHouseCompact.ThePoorLawActof1838gavemiddleclassCatholicsexperienceintherunningoftheadministrationwhichwasestablishedtodealwithruralpoverty.Therewere130PoorLawUnionsrunbyBoardsofGuardiansinwhichCatholicsheld

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positions.PerhapsthegreatestbenefitsforO’ConnellcamewiththereformsofThomasDrummond,who,asUnder-SecretaryinDublinCastle,initiatedamoreimpartialadministrationofthelaw.Theappointmentofmagistrateswastaken away from local ascendancy-minded landlords and made by Dublin Castle.Catholicswereadmittedtothejudiciaryforthefirsttime,andfourCatholicsinsuccessionheldthepostofAttorneyGeneralforIrelandundertheWhigs.ThepoliceforcewasreorganisedandCatholicpoliceinspectorsappointed.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterisedthroughoutby clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisationandappropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “DanielO’Connell’squarrelwiththeYoungIrelanderswasthemostimportantreasonforthefailureofhiscampaigntorepealtheActofUnion.”Howfarwould you agree with this statement?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answers may contain some basic points about the repeal movement, with littlereferencetothequestion.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing and defectsinorganisationandalackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answers will address in a limited way some of the reasons why O’Connell failedtoachieverepeal.Forexample,answersmaybrieflyrefertohisquarrelwiththeYoungIrelanders,aswellasmistakesmadebyO’Connell,suchasunderestimatingPeel.Answersatthislevelwillhavelapsesinmeaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledge and understanding of the proposition in relation to a range of otherfactors.TheYoungIrelanderswereagroupofyoungthinkersandwriterswhoweremembersoftheRepealAssociation.TheycondemnedtheLichfieldHouseCompactasapieceofpoliticalopportunism.TheyresentedO’Connell’sauthoritariancontrolovertheRepealAssociation,

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andhistendencytoassociatenationalismwithCatholicism.TheYoungIrelanders were eventually expelled from the Association over the issue of theuseofforce.Thisquarrelunderminedtheunityoftherepealmovementandcontrastedwiththecohesionoveremancipation.Thequarrelprovedanunwelcomedistractionfromtherepealquestion.ItalsomeantthatO’ConnellcouldnotcountonYoungIrelandsupportforarenewalofthisliaisonwiththeWhigsfollowingPeel’sdownfallin1846.Someotherfactorscouldbeexamined.O’Connell’spoliticalstandingwasindeclineinthe1840s,evidencedbythereturnofonly18ofhissupportersatthegeneralelectionof1841.Hisdecisiontoruntherepealcampaignalongsimilarlinestothatfor emancipation meant that he became predictable and easier to anticipate bythegovernment.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityofmeaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisation with some specialist vocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswillassessO’Connell’squarrelwiththeYoungIrelandersinrelationtoawiderangeofotherfactors.RelationsdeterioratedsomuchthatinJanuary1847theYoungIrelandersestablishedtheIrishConfederation.O’Connell’spoliticaljudgement,whichservedhimsowellinthe1820s,wasnowquiteflawed.Inthe1840shenotonlyallowedhiscontemptforPeel to underestimate his adversary, but he also duplicated his tactics fromtheemancipationcampaign.Thus,Peelwasfullypreparedforhugeralliesandtheuseofrhetoric.TherhetoricwhichO’Connellemployedsoeffectivelyinthe1820sangeredPresbyteriansasitappearedsectarianinnature, and made no impact on what was a different political reality in the 1840s.BylinkingtherepealcampaigntoocloselytotheCatholicChurch,O’Connellfailedtowinanysignificantbackinginthenorthofthecountry;hevisitedBelfastonlyonce.Peel,theforemoststatesmanofhisday,hadthe backing of a united parliament and party in his resolve to maintain the Union.HisexperienceasChiefSecretaryforIrelandandhiscentralrolein the emancipation crisis meant that he could anticipate and respond appropriatelytoO’Connell.AnArmsActwaspassed,andO’Connell’sgreatclimaticrallyatClontarfwasbanned.Peel’sbenevolentlegislation,suchastheMaynoothGrant,underminedargumentsthatCatholicswerenottreatedfairlyundertheUnion.TheoutbreakoftheFaminealsodestroyedanyhopethatO’Connellcouldresurrectarepealcampaign.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary. [22]

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3 (i) ExplaintheeffectsoftheFamineonIrishtenantfarmersupto1867. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswersareinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.ResponseswillbevagueabouttheimpactoftheFamineonIrishtenantfarmers.Meaningmay not always be clear because of illegible text, inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisation of ideas and pointsmadewithintheresponse.


a greater degree of relevance and clarity, though there are occasional lapses.Answerswillcontainsomeexplanationandanalysis.TheywillprovideapartialexplanationoftheeffectsoftheFamineontenantfarmers.For example, they may refer to the rapid decline in population, and the accelerated trend of emigration, both of which impacted on the lives of tenantfarmers.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaningdueto inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and littlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Before the Famine, labourers had outnumbered the tenant farmers by a ratio offourtoone.AsaconsequenceoftheFamine,thistrendwasreversed,withtenantfarmersoutnumberinglabourers.TheFaminebroughtaboutadramatictransformationinthepatternoflandholdinginIreland.Thecottierclass of smallholders was almost completely wiped out as a result of Famine deathsandtheemigrationwhichfollowed.MovementoutofIrelandprobablyexceeded1millionbetween1846and1850.Thisprocessencouragedtheconsolidation of holdings, with the smaller cottiers’ plots being taken over bylargertenantfarmers.Inthiswayapproximately200000smallholdingsdisappeared.IntheperiodbeforetheFamineonlyonethirdoffarmswereover15acresinsize,asopposedtonearly50%by1851.Answersatthislevel will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there isgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Answerswillprovideagreaterunderstanding of the impact of the Famine on Irish tenant farmers up to 1867.Theybecameinvolvedinamajorswingtowardspastoralfarming,in

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which the concentration on tillage and potato cultivation assumed a more subsidiaryrole.From1851to1871,theacreageundercorndecreasedby30%,whiletheareadevotedtohayandpasturerosebyalmost20%.Thetotalnumberofcattlerosefromalmost3to4million.However,potatoacreagestillincreasedby10%,sincethepotatowasavaluablesourceofanimalfodder.Tenantfarmers’socialliveswerealsoaffectedbychangingtrendsinemigrationandmarriagepatterns.Moreover,tenantfarmersexperienced a rise in living standards, as indicated by improvements to housingandanincreaseinliteracy.Themostwidespreadsignsofsuccesswere: the opportunity to save money in a bank, increased numbers of valuablelivestockandextralandacquiredfromlesssuccessfulneighbours.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate useofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “The failure of successive British governments to respond to the agricultural andindustrialproblemsIrelandfacedintheperiod1824–1845wasthemostimportantreasonfortheoutbreakoftheIrishFamine”.Towhatextentwouldyou accept this verdict?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmay provide a narrative or recall some basic points about the role of British governmentsintheyearsbeforetheFamine.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterised throughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing,anddefectsinorganisationandalackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answers will address in a limited way how the failures of government brought abouttheFamine,perhapsfocusingonlyontheareaofagriculture.Forexample,whilesome3,000Irishemigrantsbenefitedfromanexperimentinsubsidisedemigrationinthe1820s,emigrationthereaftercontinuedtobefinancedbytheemigrantsandtheirfamilies.Officialpleasforstate-aidedemigrationintheformofArchbishopWhately’sInquiryReportonpovertyinIrelandwerenotacteduponbygovernment.Answersatthislevelwillhavesome lapses in meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasionaldefectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.

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relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledge about lack of government action over agriculture and industry, withapartialfocusonothercausesoftheFamine.Agriculturesufferedfromthe excesses of landlords, with one acre in four on the eve of the Famine beingheldbyabsenteelandlords.Rackrenting,evictionsandatendencymerely to see the land and its tenants as a means of an income were commonplace.Lackingsecurityoftenure,andanyincentivetoimprovetheir holdings, many tenants were at the mercy of the middlemen employed bythelandlords.Over1millionpeasantsbecamelandlesslabourers,whowerefrequentlyunemployed.TheDevonCommissionrecommendedthat landlords should do more to create work, but the government took no actionwhentheReportdelivereditsfindingsin1847.OutsideofUlster,Ireland was industrially backward, lacking entrepreneurs and an adequate transportsystem.Thedomesticworkinspinningandweavingwasindecline.GovernmentrefusedtotakeanyactionregardingtheuseoftariffsinordertogiveIrishindustryarespitefromitsdeclineaftertheUnion.Othercauses of the Famine may be referred to, such as the rise in population and over-dependenceonthepotato.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedby clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisation with somespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswillbe more comprehensive, assessing fully the responsibility of government in relationtoothercausesoftheFamine.Irishindustrysufferedfromthetotalabolitionin1824ofthesurvivingdutiesthatstillprotectedIrishindustriesfromBritishcompetition.Thetextileindustrieswerethemainvictims.Ireland’spopulationroserapidlyfrom8.1millionin1841to8.5millionby1845.Thisfactorincreasedcompetitionforlandandencouragedthepracticeofsubdivision.Thisprocesshadtheconsequenceoffacilitatingthe overdependence on the potato, which made the impact of the Famine allthemoresevereafter1845.Landlordsmadenoefforttoinvesttheprofitstheymadefromtheirexorbitantrents.ThepovertyexperiencedbytheIrishpeasantrywasworsenedbytheburdenoftithes.Itwasestimatedthatover500000labourerswereunemployedfor30weeksoftheyear.Successivegovernmentswerealsoinhibitedbytheprevailingdogmaoflaissez-faire, which discouraged the sort of state intervention called for by variouscommissionsandcontemporarywritersonIreland’seconomicills.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [22]

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4 (i) ExplaintheaimsoftheFenianmovement. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.AnswerswillbevagueabouttheaimsoftheFenians.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseof illegible text, inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and grammar, or the structureandorganisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.AnswerswillhavealimitedaccountoftheaimsoftheFenians.Forexample,theremaybeanawareness that the Fenians aimed to use physical force and engage in a revolutiontoendBritishruleinIreland,andthendeclareanIrishRepublic.Answers at this level may have some lapses in meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail and show more awareness of the aims oftheFenians.Forexample,theywereformedasamilitaryconspiracy,and grew out of the secret oath-bound conspiratorial organisation known astheIrishRepublicanBrotherhood(IRB).Itsleadersactivelysoughttopromote the destruction of British rule in Ireland and then create an Irish Republicbymeansofrevolution.TheFeniansaimedtosecuremilitaryaidinternationally,notablyfromCanada,theUSAandFrance.ThetimingoftheFenianrebellionin1867wasintendedtocoincidewithaninternationalclimateofgreattensioninAnglo-Frenchrelations.Fenianismwastheonly Irish revolutionary movement of the nineteenth century which was committedtoinsurrectionfromtheverymomentofitsfoundation.Moreover,the use of force was also a manifestation of the Fenians’ contempt for what they believed was the failure of constitutional methods, such as O’Connellandtherepealcampaignofthe1840s.TheFenianshopedtoreplace the traditional British system of government in Ireland with a two-chamberlegislatureelectedbyuniversalsuffrage.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


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knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.AnswerswillbeverywellinformedabouttheaimsoftheFenians.TheyaimedtoactwhenBritainwasinvolvedinwarorotherwisedistractedbyaquarrelinEurope.Thevariedexperiencesof Fenians in exile in America and France raised expectations that one of these two countries would create an international situation favourable to Fenianintentions.The1867revoltcameatatimewhenAnglo-Americanrelationswerestrained.Onceindependencewasachieved,theFeniansaimed to establish in Ireland a two-chamber legislature, universal suffrage andaseparationofpowers,withalmostcompletechurch-stateseparation.SinceDublinhadbeenthetraditionalseatofBritishruleinIreland,theFeniansaimedtoreseatthecapitalatAthloneorLimerick,andtherebyemphasisethebreakwithBritishruleinIreland.Ireland’sculturaltraditionsweretobepreserved.Therewastobelandreform,thoughtheFenianswere vague as to what form this would take, going no further than slogans suchas“landforthepeople”.SomeFenianleadersnurturedtheaspirationthat, even if their rebellion failed, their armed uprising would inspire future generationsofphysicalforcenationalists.Inthissense,theFenianrevoltwouldalignitselfwiththerevoltofEmmetin1803.Answersatthislevelwill be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “AlackofinternationalsupportexplainsthefailureoftheFenianRisingof1867”.Howfarwouldyouagreewiththisstatement?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisorjudgement.Level1answersmayprovideanarrativeaboutthefailureoftheFenianRisingof1867.Answers at this level will be characterised throughout by unclear meaning due to legibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisation and lack of specialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answers will, for example, comment in a limited way on some of the reasons why the Fenians failed to gain international support, such as divisions among theirleadershipintheUSA.Answersatthislevelwillhavesomelapsesinmeaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.

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Level 3 ([12]–[17]) Answers at this level recall and select historical knowledge more relevantly,

clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledgeand understanding about the lack of international support in relation to a rangeofotherfactors.TheFeniansreceivedlittlematerialassistancefromtheUSA.TheendingoftheAmericanCivilWarin1865wasfollowedbyaslumpinthepriceofrifles,yetthelargestnumberoffirearmspurchasedbytheFeniansby1865was6,000,withverylittleammunition.WhiletheestablishmentofanIrishRepublicwashopedforintheUSAwithalmostthe same intensity as in Ireland, Irish-Americans were slow to subscribe dollars unless they could see evidence that would convince them about the seriousnessofFenianpreparationsinIreland.YettheFenians’preparationswerehandicappedbythislackofAmericanfinancialsupport.Moreover,many thousands of American Fenians had fought in the rival armies in the AmericanCivilWar,afactorwhichunderminedunityintheirrankswhencontemplatingactivesupportfortheFenians.LackofwidespreadsupportinIrelandalsohandicappedtheFenians.WhilemanyCatholicswitnessedthefuneralofMcManusin1861,FenianleadersfailedtorecognisethatthevastcrowdswereadmiringMcManusforhisheroicfailureratherthansupportingtheaimofanIrishRepublic.ThevastmajorityofCatholicswereweddedto the tradition of constitutional nationalism as the means by which political grievancesweretoberedressed.FeniansuggestionsthattheIrishlandsystemwouldbedramaticallychangedalienatedlandownersofallcreeds.Answers at this level will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; thereisgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswillbemorecomprehensive,andlinkthepropositiontoawiderrangeofotherfactors.DivisionsintheFenianleadershipunderminedthemovement.Therewasnocentralorganisationtofacilitateanycoherentleadership.CommunicationbetweentheleadershipintheUSAandIrelandwashamperedbydistanceand the need to maintain secrecy, which impacted on the degree of internationalsupport.TheFeniansintheUSAsplitintotwofactions,withthe stronger favouring an attack on British held territory in Canada as being morebeneficialtotheFeniancausethanassistingaFenianuprisinginIreland.TheonlyaidwhichcamefromtheUSAfortheRisingof1867wasacargoofarmswith38volunteersinasmallsailingshipwhichlandedinIrelandaftertheRisingwasover.TherewerepersonalityclashesbetweenStephensandO’Mahony.Stephens’promisesofarevolt,originallymadein1865,wererenewedin1866,butinDecemberofthatyearhisflawedleadershipwasfinallyrejectedwhenhewasoustedfromthecommandbothoftheAmericanandIrishFenianmovements.Stephens’expectationthat he could obtain help from the French government through his contacts inParisprovedmisplaced.TheFenianRisingof1867alsofailedduetobadplanning.Men,armsandammunitionwerelacking.AraidonChesterCastleforarmsinFebruaryhadtobeabandoned.Improvisation,ratherthandetailedplanning,markedtheeventsoftheRisingitself.Moreover,thegovernmentandauthoritiesinIrelandrespondedappropriately.Overthe

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previousfifteenmonthsthearmyinIrelandhadbeenincreased.HabeasCorpus was temporarily suspended, spies kept the authorities informed, whilethekeyFenianleaderswerearrested.TheoppositionoftheCatholicChurch successfully dissuaded Catholics from lending any support whatever totheFeniancause.CardinalCullen’spubliccondemnationofFenianismplaced Catholics in the dilemma of choosing between loyalty to a proclaimed “evil”society,oradherencetotheirreligion.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate, and there is very good organisation with the appropriate use of specialistvocabulary. [22]

Option 3

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Option 4: France 1815–1871


1 (i) ExplainthedifficultiesLouisXVIIIfacedwhenhecametopowerinFrance in1815. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.AnswerswillrecalllimitedfactualmaterialaboutLouisXVIIIattheoutsetofhisreign.Meaningmay not always be clear because of illegible text, inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisation of ideas and pointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.AnswerswilloffersomedetailonthedifficultiesfacedbyLouisXVIIIattheoutsetofhisreign,suchasthelegacyofthePeaceofParisandtheanimosityofrepublicans.Answers at this level may have some lapses in meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.AnswerswillhavemoredetailonthedifficultieswhichLouisfaced,forexample, the terms of the Peace of Paris: lost territory, the indemnity and consequent army of occupation, and the insistence that France return capturedworksofart.TheHundredDayswillberecognisedasablowtotheKing’sprestige,LouishavingbeenforcedtofleethecountrywhenNapoleonreturned.FormerrepublicansandBonapartistsresentedaroyalistrestoration,andtherewasaperceptionthatLouiswasapuppetoftheAllies.Amajordifficultywasthatreturningémigréswouldexpectmanyoftheirpositions and privileges back, while post-war economic problems would also makelifedifficultfortheKing.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedby clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisation with somespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisare

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verywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Answerswillrecognisenotonlythematerial losses of the peace treaties, but also their psychological effect on themoraleoftheFrenchpeople.Themillionoccupyingtroopswouldbebilletedwiththepopulation,causingresentment.ItwouldbedifficultforLouistoreconciletheconflictingambitionsofthosewhohadprofitedmateriallyfromtherevolutionwiththoseoftheexpectantémigrés.Hehadtoconsiderthe problem of reducing the size of the army, with consequent unemployment formanyofficers.ThepositionoftheChurchwasafurtherdifficultyforLouis,given the resurgence in Catholicism uneasily existing with a strong anti-clericalmood,especiallyamongthebourgeoisie.TheKing’sbeliefinDivineRightwouldnotsiteasilywiththemoodofpost-warFrance,andLouisalsohad to overcome his own lack of charisma in view of the perception that he hadbeenimposedonareluctantFrance.TheKingfacedfurtherdifficultieswiththeWhiteTerrorandthechambre introuvable. Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “ThemurderoftheDucdeBerryin1820wasthemostimportantturningpointinLouisXVIII’sreign.”Towhatextentwouldyouagreewiththisstatement?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmayprovideanarrativeaboutBerry’sdeathorrecallfeweventsfromLouis’reign.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughoutbyunclearmeaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisation and lackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answerswillbegintounderstandthesignificanceofBerry’sassassinationin1820,inthatitledtochangesinpolicy,bothdomesticandforeign,suchastheincreasedfavourshowntotheChurch,butdetailmaybesparse.Answers at this level will have some lapses in meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisation and littlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsare

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developedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledge and understanding of royal policies before and after Berry’s deathin1820,withaclearunderstandingofaswingfromamoderatelyliberalregimetoamuchmoreconservativeone.Before1820LouisXVIIIappeared happy to compromise with certain aspects of the revolutionary regime, accepting the land settlement, rejecting the clamour of the church for greaterprivilege,standinguptotheUltrasinthe chambre introuvable, and appointingmoderateministersinRichelieuandDecazes.But,afterBerry’smurder,theUltrasputmorepressureonasickandageingLouis,andhewasunabletoresistthem.Presscensorship,brieflyabandonedin1819and1820,wasbroughtbackandtheLawoftheDoubleVoteensuredalargeUltramajorityinparliament.Theirleader,Villèle,becamechiefministerin1822,pro-clericalpolicieswereintroduced,andplansweredrawnuptocompensatetheémigrésforlandlostinthe1790s.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answersmay,inaddition,notethattheUltrasblamedtheassassinationonthe“dangerouslyliberal”climatecreatedbyDecazes’policies.Answersmayobserve that the murder of Berry was one of a number of catalysts for policy change,othersbeingaclearswingtotheleftinthe1819elections,andthealarmingoutbreakofrevolutioninneighbouringSpain.Whileacknowledgingthepost-1820swingtotheright,toplevelanswersmaynotethatthe“liberal”periodwasstillessentiallyquiteconservative.TheKingselectedhis ministers without regard to the Assembly’s wishes and tinkered regularly withthefranchise.AsanenfeebledLouiscededmoreandmorepowertohisbrotherArtois,whilethechurchregainedmuchofitscontrolovereducation.WhereLouishadearlierplacatedthenervousAlliesbyanunadventurousforeignpolicy,Spainwassuccessfullyinvadedin1823torestoreitsKingasadespot.Somecandidatesmayseekotherturningpointsofthereign.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [22]

2 (i) ExplainwhichgroupsinFrancewereopposedtoCharlesXbetween1824 and1830.



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.Answerswilltypically

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bevague,perhapsmentioningtherepublicanswhore-emergedin1830.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext,inaccuraciesinspelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisation of ideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.Answersmightnotethediscontentoftheliberals,whorecognisedCharlesX’sunwillingnesstomaintainthe1814Charter,aswellasoppositionfromunreconciledrepublicans.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaningduetoinaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail, mentioning, in addition to republicans and liberals, those who found themselves close to starvation after the bad harvestsofthelate1820s,andwhoblamedthegovernmentforitsinactioninthefaceofsuchpoverty.Evenbeforetheeconomicdownturnofthelate1820surbanconditionsweredreadful,especiallyinParis,yetlittlewasdonebyCharlesXorhisgovernments.BonapartistswhoopposedCharlescontrastedhisforeignpolicywiththeexcitementofpreviousregimes.From1824therewasasizeableanti-clericalsectionofthepopulation,whowereannoyedbytheKing’senthusiasmforhandingovercontrolofeducationtotheCatholicChurch.OppositiontoCharlesX,itmaybenoted,grewastheKing’spoliciesantagoniseddifferentgroups.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.AnswerswillexplainfullywhichgroupswereopposedtoCharlesX.InadditiontothegroupsmentionedinLevel3,answersshouldconsidertheimportanceofthemiddleclasses,many of whom opposed Charles’ clerical policies and objected to the appointmentofPolignacasanexampleoftheKing’srefusaltoadheretotheletterandthespiritoftheCharter.Asthemainreadersofnewspapers,theywerealsoinfluencedbypresshostilitytoCharles.Asinvestors,manyofthemwereruinedasbankscollapsedintheslumpofthelate1820s,whileas bondholders they were angered by the reduction in interest paid as part ofthelandsettlement.Manyreturnedémigréswereequallyannoyedbythelatter,havingexpected,howeverunrealistically,toreceivetheirconfiscatedlandsback.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterisedthroughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is verygoodorganisationandappropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

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(ii) “CharlesX’sdomesticpolicywasacompletefailure.”Howfarwouldyouaccept this verdict?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmayprovideanarrativeorrecalloftheoverthrowofCharlesXorsomeofthedomesticeventswhichoccurredduringhisreign.Answersatthislevel will be characterised throughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate styleofwriting;anddefectsinorganisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answers will begin to address the question, noting the end of the Bourbon restorationin1830,andofferingsomeexamplesofCharles’failures,suchas a divisive religious policy and the hostility aroused by the Ordinances ofStCloud.Answersatthislevelwillhavesomelapsesinmeaningdueto illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledgeandunderstandingofthereignofCharlesXanditsnumerousfailings,forexample,hisclericalpolicies.Themedievalcoronationceremony, the growth in religious houses and the growing control of educationbytheCatholicChurchallattractedmuchhostilitytotheregime.Those who found the interest on their bonds reduced by the government tocompensatelandownersexpropriatedduringtheRevolutionweredisillusioned,yetironicallytheémigrésfeltthecompensationinadequate.Therewaslittletosuggestanythingbut“failure”inCharles’ever-changingpoliciestowardsthepress,hisrecklessdisbandmentoftheNationalGuard,theappointmentin1829oftheunpopularPolignacasChiefMinister,andtheinadequatepreparationstakenbeforetheKing’sattemptedcoup d’état thefollowingyear.Inharsheconomictimesgovernmentsareblamed,andCharles was perceived as doing nothing to alleviate the distress of the late 1820s.SomeattempttofindredeemingfeaturesofCharles’domesticpolicywillbemade,suchastheefficientfinancialsystemleftbehindbyVillèle.Answers at this level will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate;thereisgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.

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knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answersmay note that a short reign which ends in revolutionary overthrow must be considered a failure, but also refer to some examples of a more positive legacy.Thus,VillèlenotonlystabilisedFrance’schaoticfinances,buthislandcompensationschemewasafinalsettlementwhichdeservedbetter.Nonetheless,mostotheraspectsofthereignwere“failures”.Charlesadopted various failed policies to tame an often hostile press, including anattempttobuyoutoppositionnewspapers.Hisreligiouspolicieswereexaggeratedbythenewspapers,butheignoredtheinfluentialanti-clericalsectionofthepopulation.Heappointedaseriesofunsuitableministers,fromVillèlethroughtotheunsuitablePolignac,themoreliberalMartignachavingbeenjettisonedprematurely.Charles’actionsin1830wereperceivedasanattempt to do away with the Charter, but he was not even capable of doing soefficiently,astheeventsofJuly1830wouldprove.Answersatthislevelwill be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialistvocabulary. [22]

3 (i) ExplaintheaimsofLouisPhilippewhenhecametothethronein1830. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.AnswerswilloffervagueorgeneralisedobservationsabouttheaimsofLouisPhilippewhenhecametothethrone.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext,inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.AnswerswillbegintorecallsomeofLouisPhilippe’saimswhenhecametothethrone,suchashisdesiretoholdontothethroneorseeanendtotheeconomicslump.Answers at this level may have some lapses in meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialistvocabulary.


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relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail, referring, for example, to the need to establishhisrule.AppointedKingin1830asacompromisecandidate,hewasawarethathiswasthesixthregimeFrancehadenjoyedsince1789.The need to placate both royalists and republicans was therefore an urgent priority.Healsoneededtodealwiththeeconomicandsocialdistresscaused by the continuing downturn, as both the very poor and many artisans and middle classes were suffering from unemployment or business and bank collapses,andPariswasstillvolatile.AfurtheraimwastopreserveFrenchprestigeinEuropeyetavoidalarmingtheGreatPowers,especiallyBritain,withwhichhehopedtoestablishgoodrelations.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Answerswill,inadditiontotheabove,reflectthatLouisPhilippeaimedtodistancehimselffromthedeeplyunpopularpoliciesoftheBourbonregime.Thus,hewouldhavetorecognisethe strength of middle class anticlericalism and reduce the overweening power of the Church, as well as incorporate the bourgeoisie into the politicalclass.Thiswouldrequireanewconstitution.Hehadtosatisfytheexpectationsofthosefinanciers,politiciansandlandownerswhohadconspiredtoputhimonthethronewithoutbecomingtheirpuppet.Althougha conservative at heart, he perceived the need to live up to his revolutionary past, at least until there was an economic recovery and France quietened downagain.Aboveall,heaimedtosurvive,andthatmeantkeepingbothrepublicansandlegitimistsatbay.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary. [8]

(ii) HowfarwasLouisPhilipperesponsibleforhisowndownfallin1848?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmayprovideanarrativeorrecallofsomeaspectsofLouisPhilippe’spolicies.Answers at this level will be characterised throughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisation and lack of specialistvocabulary.

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greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answerswillbegintoaddressthequestion,notingsomefactorsinfluentialinLouisPhilippe’sdownfall,suchashisunadventurousforeignpolicyandhisrefusaltoextendthefranchise.Answersatthislevelwillhavesomelapsesin meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledge and understanding of the combination of factors which ended the reignofLouisPhilippe,withparticularemphasisontheKing’sownmistakes.TheimmediatecauseofLouisPhilippe’sdownfallwasthecombinationoftheeconomiccrisisof1848andthepoliticalagitationforfranchiseextension.AlthoughtheEurope-wideharvestandpotatocropfailuresof1846and1847wereclearlynottheresponsibilityofLouisPhilippe,hewaspartlytoblamein that his laissez-faire governments showed no inclination to take remedial action.TheKing’sdesireforpeaceandacautiousforeignpolicymayhavebeen sensible, but took no heed of the growing feelings of resentment that FrancewasseentobeplayingsecondfiddletoGreatBritain,forexampleintheMehemetAliaffair.Therefusaltocontemplateevenamodestwideningof the franchise was unwise, but although press criticism of royal policies wasanchoredintheKing’smistakes,thecruelcaricaturesandtheabusedirectedagainstLouisPhilippeforhismodestlifestylesuggestedthathehadbitterenemieswhowouldneverjudgehimfairly.Answersatthislevelwill be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answersmaystress the deplorable conditions (overcrowding, lack of provision for sewage disposal)whichafflictedParis,thekeytoFrenchpolitics,butwhichfoundnoresponsefromsuccessivegovernments.ThecultureofFrenchbankingand business militated against large-scale industry, but again the regime didnothingtooverturnthismindset.Theshort-livedrailwaymania,sparkedoff in part by investment from a government which had initially been slow tograspthepotentialofrailways,endedinacrashin1846.ForeignaffairswillbeseenasakeyaspectofLouisPhilippe’sresponsibilityforhisowndownfall.FrenchconcessionsoverBelgium,TahitiandespeciallytheNearEastin1839causeddisillusionment,especiallyinthelightofarenewed,ifrose-tinted,enthusiasmfortheNapoleonicera.Eventhosewhosupportedthe need to maintain cordial relations with Britain were annoyed with the King’strickeryoverthequestionoftheSpanishMarriages.TheunkindcaricaturesofLouisPhilippeinthepressshouldnotbeunderestimatedfor their destabilising potential, but even more harmful was the refusal to

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incorporatemoreofthemiddleclassintotheelectorate.Theregimewasseenascomplacentandselfish,withThiersabandoningitwithaccusationsofcorruption.TheKing’srefusaltoremoveGuizotwashisfinalfolly.ItcouldbearguedthatLouisPhilippe,asanelectedmonarch,wouldinevitablyrunoutoftime,regardlessofwhetherhispoliciesweresuccessfulornot.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [22]

4 (i) ExplainwhyLouisNapoleonbecameEmperorofFrancein1852. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.AnswerswillmaketypicallyvagueorgeneralisedobservationsonLouisNapoleonbecomingEmperorofFrancein1852.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext,inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.AnswerswillbegintorecallsomeofthereasonswhyLouisNapoleonbecameEmperor,suchas the fact that he was already President or that he achieved it through a coup d’état.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaningduetoinaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answerswillhavemoredetail,noting,forexample,Napoleon’soverwhelmingvictoryinthePresidentialelectionsof1848,andhisgeneralappeal, particularly among the peasantry, who constituted the bulk of the electorateinasituationofuniversalsuffrage.IntheensuingyearshecultivatedtheCatholicvote,sendingGeneralOudinottorestorethePopeand giving the Church increased power over education in the Loi Falloux (1849).ManylookedbacknostalgicallytotheglorydaysoftheFirstEmpireandthefutureEmperorencouragedthis.Thecoupof1852wasmeticulouslyplanned, with opposition politicians arrested and their newspapers silenced, whiletroopsactedasadeterrenttoanywidespreaduprising.Answersatthis level will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate

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spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there isgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Answerswillnotethat,evenin1848,onlyaminorityactuallywantedarepublic.AfterthebloodshedoftheJuneDays,Francewantedastronggovernment.Thebourgeoisie,whoequatedrepublicanismwithrevolution,werescaredofParisandofradicalism.YetLouisNapoleonwasnotanoutandoutreactionary:hehadwrittenaboutthe plight of the poor and was untainted by any involvement in the June Days’repression,thusgainingsomeworkingclasssupport.Hestressed,notonlyintheelectionsof1848butthroughoutthenextfouryears,thathewas“aboveparty”,eventhoughhebuiltupthePartyofOrder,alooseright-wingcoalition.Heattractedthesupportofmanypoliticianswho(wrongly)believedthat they could manipulate him, he used patronage to reward his own men, andtravelledthelengthandbreadthofFrancetowinsupport.By1851hewas well placed to appeal to the electorate to extend his Presidency, and thefollowingyearturnFranceintoanEmpire.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary. [8]

(ii) TowhatextentwasNapoleonIII’sforeignpolicyresponsibleforthefalloftheSecondEmpireinFrancein1870?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmayprovideanarrativeorrecallsomeaspectsofNapoleonIII’sforeignpolicybetween1852and1870.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defectsinorganisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answerswillbegintolooknotonlyatNapoleonIII’sforeignpolicybutalso other aspects of his reign which ultimately led to his downfall, such as memoriesoftheauthoritarianEmpireofthe1850sorofthedifficultiesofthebankssetupasaresultoftheencouragementoftheEmperor.Answersat this level will have some lapses in meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate

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spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisation and little specialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledgeandunderstandingofNapoleonIII’sforeignpolicyandtheextenttowhichitbroughtabouthisdownfall.ResponsesmayperceiveNapoleon’sinterventionintheCrimeanWarassuccessful,alongwithhisexpulsionofAustriafromLombardy,butthereafteranunsuccessfulforeignpolicyplayedacrucialroleinhisdownfall.TheattempttosetupaFrenchempireinMexicowasill-judged,poorlyhandledandendedinhumiliation,butitwastheEmperor’sdealingswithBismarckwhichledtohisdownfall.MisjudgingthelengthandtheresultoftheSevenWeeks’War,Napoleon’sblusteringattempts to gain compensation for French neutrality lost him potential allies, whilehewaspushedintoadisastrouswaragainstPrussiain1870overtheHohenzollernaffair,mastermindedbyBismarck.Domesticfactorsleadingtohis downfall include the callous treatment of those who stood in the way of Haussmann’s improvements, the small savers who lost everything when the Credit Mobilier suffered losses, industrialists hit by the Cobden Treaty with England,andthosewhowerescepticalofNapoleon’sliberalisationoftheregime.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityofmeaningdueto legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing isappropriate;thereisgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswillnotethatNapoleon’sboastthattheEmpireequatedtopeacewasahollowone,withFranceparticipatinginthreeEuropeanwarsandaseriesofimperialadventuresacrossthreecontinents.ItalianfriendshipwasforfeitedbytheTreatyofVillafranca,BismarckoutwittedNapoleonateveryturn,and the claims that he was the true heir to his uncle were disproved by a seriesoffailures.Domesticfactorsalsodamagedtheregime:republicanismnever went away, and for many there were bitter memories of the repression whichfollowed1852.Oppositiontothegovernmentgrewsteadily,asshownbyelectionresults,andafterthecompletefreeingofthepressin1858itwasaugmentedbyitscriticism.Thewell-intentionedattempttoreformthehitherto exclusive banking system ended in failure, while Haussmann’s urban improvement schemes ruthlessly displaced thousands of small businesses, andsomeofhismethodsforraisingcapitalweredubious.Answersatthislevel will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialistvocabulary. [22]

Option 4

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Option 5: Russia 1903–1941


1 (i) ExplainhowthefailingsofTsarNicholasIIledtotheRevolutionof1905. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationoranalysis.Answerswillbetypicallyinaccurate,superficialandofferuncleardescriptionsabouthowthefailingsoftheTsarledtothe1905Revolution.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecause of illegible text, inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisation of ideas and points made within theresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.AnswerswillbebetterinformedandstarttorefertosomeofthespecificmistakesoftheTsarsuchasfightingthewarwithJapanandtheeconomicandsocialproblemsitbrought.NicholasIIwaspersonallyblamedforRussia’sdefeat,tarnishinghisreputationandthatofTsarismintheeyesofthepeople.Atthislevel,candidates may merely state some mistakes rather than explain their role incausingtheRevolution.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail, showing, for example, an awareness of how angrytheRussianpeoplewereattheshameandembarrassmentofhavingbeendefeatedbyJapanandhowthiswasblamedontheTsar.Therewasaneconomicslump,causedtoalargeextentbyNicholas’financingofthewar, and this led to food shortages in the cities, resulting in strikes and unrest.AnswerscouldalsodiscussthepersonalfailingsoftheTsar,showinghow unsuitable he was to rule as an autocrat and how his weaknesses of personality led to shortcomings in his decisions, all contributing to the Revolutionin1905.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityofmeaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisation with some specialist vocabulary.

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knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.AnswerswillshowanawarenessofhowtheTsarmishandledtheeventsofBloodySundayandhowtheseprovedtobethesparkthatledtorevolution.ItwasbelievedthatNicholashadgiventheorderforhistroopstoopenfireonthecrowd,furtherdamaginghisreputationas‘LittleFather.’Nicholas’procrastinationinendingthe war with Japan and bringing home his troops also contributed to the revolutionaryfervour.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterisedthroughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is verygoodorganisationandappropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “TheactionsofNicholasIIaftertheRevolutionof1905savedTsarismfromcollapseupto1914.”Towhatextentwouldyouagreewiththisstatement?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmayprovideanarrativeaboutTsarismfrom1905to1914orrecallsomeoftheTsar’sactions.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughoutby unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answerswillassessingeneraltermstheeffectsoftheTsar’sactions.TheintroductionoftheOctoberManifestodividedtheoppositiongroupssinceitpromisedpoliticalreform.ThiswascleverlyundonethefollowingyearwiththeintroductionoftheFundamentalLawswhichdidallowforthecreationof a Duma but placed so many limitations on its existence as to render it powerless.Theillusionofreformhadbeencreated,theoppositionhadbeendividedandTsarismcontinued.Answersatthislevelwillhavesomelapsesin meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledge and understanding and will deal more clearly with how the Tsar’s

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actionshelpedhissurvival.NicholasIIhaddividedtheoppositionwithhisactions,givinghimatemporaryrespite.Healsousedtogoodeffectthefactthatin1905thepeoplewerenotdirectlyopposedtohim,ashewasseentolistenandusherinreform.TheTsar’sactionsalsohelpedhimtomaintainthesupportofthearmyandaristocracy,hismainsupportbases.Inaddition,the weak state of the political opposition helped him, being made up of manydisparategroupswithnounifiedleadershiporaims.Thepeasantryalsofailedtomobilisein1905,sothattherevolutionwasdoomedtofailure.Answers at this level will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate;thereisgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answersshouldassessarangeoffactorswhichledtotheTsar’ssurvivalafter1905.NicholasIIhadreluctantlyagreedtosomereformsundertheadviceofStolypin.Thesereformsinindustry,agricultureandeducationappeasedthepopulationtemporarilyandweakenedthecallsforRevolution.Theruthless work of the Okhrana and the return of loyal troops from the Far EastalsohelpedNicholastosuppresstheopposition.TheTsar’sendingofthewarwithJapanalsoaidedhissurvival.However,thesurvivalofTsarismuntil1914wasnotjustduetotheactionsofNicholasII.Theweaknessofoppositionwasalsoafactor,havingbeencaughtoffguardin1905andfailingtoharnesstheunrest.Thepartialeconomicrecoveryafter1906alsohelped to calm the country and strikes after this date were usually about workingconditionsratherthanTsarism.TheroleofStolypin’slandreformsincreatingabulwarkforTsarismcouldalsobediscussed.Answersatthislevel will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialistvocabulary. [22]

2 (i) Explaintheshort-termcausesoftheRevolutionofFebruary1917. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.Answerswillbetypicallyinaccurate,superficialandofferuncleardescriptionsaboutthecausesoftheFebruaryRevolution.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext, inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure andorganisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.

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greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.Responseswillbegintoexplainingeneraltermstheshort-termcausesoftheRevolution,suchastheimpactofWorldWarOne.Asthewardraggedon,supportfortheTsarandthewardwindled,losinghimhismainsupportbases.Someoftheeconomiccausesassociatedwiththewarmayalsobediscussed.Answersat this level may have some lapses in meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialist vocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail, explaining, for example, how a range of reasonscontributedtotheFebruaryRevolution.TheTsar’spoorleadershipcould be discussed and the heavy losses incurred under his command in the war.Theresultinginflation,withpricesrisinguptofourtimesby1917,couldalsobediscussed,causingmoreeconomicandsocialdiscontent.Nicholaswas held directly responsible due to his appointing himself Commander-in-Chief,whilethescandalwiththeTsarinaandRasputinalsohelpedtoundermineTsarismathome.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedby clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisation with somespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Answerscould,inadditiontothepointsmentionedinLevel3,explainhowtheTsaralienatedandlostbothhiskeysupportbasesofthearistocracyandarmy.Theangerofthepeoplecould also be discussed, showing how this was personally directed at Nicholasduetoheavylosses,inflation,taxincreasesandheavyborrowingfromabroad.TheignoranceandarroganceoftheTsarbroughteventstoaheadinFebruarywhenaseriesofstrikesculminatedinhisabdication.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “TheleadershipofbothLeninandTrotskywasthemostimportantreasonforBolsheviksuccessintheRevolutionofOctober1917.”Howfarwouldyouaccept this verdict?


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episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmay be characterised by generalisations and poor understanding, giving little morethananarrativeaboutLeninand/orTrotsky.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised throughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing;anddefectsinorganisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answerswillbebetterinformed,startingtoassessingeneraltermstheleadershipofbothLeninandTrotsky,althoughtheremaynotbeabalance.Trotsky was very much the organiser of the Bolsheviks and translated Lenin’splansintoaction.HetrainedandledtheRedGuard,plannedwhere,whenandhowitwouldattackandledfromthefront.LeninhadreunitedtheBolsheviks after his return from exile, was able to inspire and gather support forthepartyandrecognisedthepotentialforrevolutioninOctober.Answersmay also start to discuss either other strengths of the Bolsheviks or the failingsoftheProvisionalGovernmentinasuperficialway.Answersatthislevel will have some lapses in meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisation and little specialist vocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailed knowledge and understanding and may refer to how Trotsky had infiltratedthePetrogradSovietandbeenworkingatbringingdowntheProvisionalGovernmentfromwithin.AnswersshouldalsodiscusstheroleofLeninincontributingtoBolsheviksuccess.Lenin’sreturninApril1917boosted the Bolsheviks’ morale and his April Theses gave them a rallying point.HispromisesofPeace,BreadandLandcruciallygalvanisedsupportfromsoldiers,workersandpeasantsbehindtheirparty.AnswersshouldalsoassesssomeofthemistakesoftheProvisionalGovernmentandthestrengthsoftheBolsheviks.TheProvisionalGovernmentendureddifficultcircumstancespower-sharingwiththePetrogradSoviet,neverbeingabletogainanyadvantageoverthatgroup.Itsattemptstogainalliesabroadled to disastrous decisions such as continuing the war and launching the summeroffensive.TheBolsheviksfortheirpartwerealsohighlyorganisedandabletoappealtoawidecross-sectionofsociety.Answersatthislevelwill be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisand

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judgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswill be more comprehensive, showing an awareness of not only the roles ofLeninandTrotsky,butalsotheoverallstrengthsoftheBolsheviksandfailingsoftheProvisionalGovernment.TheProvisionalGovernmentwasconsideredtobeweak,withlittlecredibilityorauthority.Bydelayingelections, it was viewed as deliberately attempting to prolong its time in powerandinevitablecomparisonswithTsarismsurfaced.TheProvisionalGovernmentwasalsoseriouslydiscreditedovertheKornilovrevolt,fromwhichitnevertrulyrecovered.TheBolsheviksreadthesituationperfectlyandcapitalisedonthere-emergingunrest.TheyprovidedsolidleadershipintheformsofLeninandTrotsky.TheBolsheviksalsoemployedtheskilfuluseofpropagandatorallypeoplebehindthem.NootheroppositiongroupcouldprovideallthisinOctober1917.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary. [22]

3 (i) ExplainthefeaturesofLenin’sNewEconomicPolicy. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.AnswersatthislevelmaymakesomelimitedobservationsaboutthefeaturesoftheNewEconomicPolicy(NEP).Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext,inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.AnswerswillbebetterinformedandstarttoshowanawarenessofthefeaturesoftheNEP.TheNEPwasacompletedeparturefromWarCommunismandwasdesignedtowinbacksupportandraiseindustrialandagriculturalproduction.TheadventoftheNEPsawtherelaxationofmanyofthecontrolsthathadbeeninstigatedunderWarCommunism.Theeconomyhadstagnatedandneededakickstart.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaningduetoinaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate: there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.

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AnswerswillhavemoredetailfocusingonthefeaturesofLenin’sNewEconomicPolicy.AftertheKronstadtmutinyandTambovrising,therewasanawareness,originatingfromLenin,thatchangewasneededtowinbacklostsupport.Theeconomyalsohadtobeimprovedandagriculturalandindustrial output had to be maximised to allow for the survival of Communism andthestate.Therewasanendtorequisitioninginagricultureandanewsystemoftaxationforpeasants.Small-scaleindustrywasplacedbackintoprivate ownership but the party retained control of heavy industry and the banks.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityofmeaningdueto legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing isappropriate;thereisgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.AnswersshouldexplainclearlythefeaturesoftheNEP.Thepolicywasaseriesofmeasuresthatmovedawayfromtightstatecontroloftheeconomy.Peasantscouldsellexcessproduceforprofitandtherewastobenoforcedprogrammeofcollectivisation.Instate-ownedfactories,pieceworkandbonuseswereintroduced.Thecurrency was also re-introduced and private trade was legalised to stop thegrowthofablackmarket.Small-scaleindustrywasreturnedtoprivatehands, although the state retained control of heavy industry, transport and thebanks.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterisedthroughoutby clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisationandappropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) HowfarwouldyouagreethatthesuccessoftheBolsheviksintheCivilWarinRussiabetween1918and1921wasdueprimarilytothepoorleadershipoftheWhites?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmayprovideanarrativeaboutBolsheviksuccessintheCivilWarorperhapstheweaknessoftheWhites.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defectsinorganisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.The answer contains some explanation, analysis and judgement and starts toassessingeneraltermsthepoorleadershipoftheWhitesincontributingtotheBolsheviksuccessintheCivilWar.TheWhiteslackedoveralldirectionandhadnoclearpurposeorcoherentaims.Theyalsosufferedfromhaving

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nocoherentorunifiedleadershipandtheirtendencytofightregionallyratherthannationallyalsohinderedtheirprogress.TheeffectivenessoftheRedArmyandTrotskyincomparisontotheWhiteforcescouldalsobediscussed.Lenin’sgeneralleadershipqualitiessuchasorganisationalability,dynamism,determinationandideologicalcommitmentcouldbediscussed.Answers at this level will have some lapses in meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisation and littlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailed knowledge and understanding and try to assess not only the poor leadershipoftheWhitescomparedtothestrengthsoftheReds,butalsosomeoftheotherfactorsthatledtoBolsheviksuccessintheCivilWar.LeninwagedafuriouspropagandacampaignagainsttheWhiteswhichhelpedturnsupportawayfromthemandtowardstheReds.HisappointmentofTrotskyasCommissarforWaralsoshowedimmenseleadershiponLenin’spart,recognisingTrotsky’saptitudeforthistask.DivisionsamongsttheWhitesalsocontributedtoBolsheviksuccess.Theyweredeeplydivided in their political and economic views and their armed forces were poorlyorganised,trainedandequipped.Theirlossofalliedhelpafter1919madeanysustainedeffortontheirpartalmostimpossible.Bycontrast,theroleofTrotskyasCommissarforWarcouldbediscussed,notinghowhetransformedtheRedArmyintoawell-disciplinedandferociousfightingforceofover5millionmen.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityofmeaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisation with some specialist vocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answersshouldbemorecomprehensiveandwellinformed.ResponsesshouldreachajudgementabouttheimportanceofthepoorleadershipoftheWhitesinbringingaboutBolsheviksuccess.Lenin’suseoftheChekaandtheRedTerror also led to the Bolsheviks gaining the upper hand, as well as the fact that, due to Trotsky’s strategic brilliance, the Bolsheviks always had control of the railway network and the important industrial centres, keeping theirsupplyandtransportationroutesopenatalltimes.Lenin’spolicyofWarCommunism,whichdeliveredsuccessintheCivilWar,couldalsobediscussed.WarCommunismkepttheworkersworkingandtheRedArmyfedandarmed.ThiswasacrucialfactorintheBolsheviks’eventualsuccess.TheWhitesdidnothavetheleadership,organisation,resourcesorthecommitmenttorivaltheBolsheviksduringtheCivilWar,especiallyafter1919.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterisedthroughoutby clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisationandappropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [22]

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4 (i) ExplaintheculturalfeaturesofStalinistRussia. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwith limited understanding, explanation and analysis and may simply give anarrativedescriptionofsomeaspectsofcultureunderStalin.Meaningmay not always be clear because of illegible text, inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisation of ideas and pointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.AnswersmaybegintodiscusshowStalinintensifiedLenin’seffortsincontrollingculture,enforcingrigidcontroloverculturalmatters.TheCulturalRevolutionof1928–1932used the arts and popular culture to root out all elements of bourgeois cultureandconstructanewSovietculturewhichreinforcedsocialismandtheideasofthepartyandStalin.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapses in meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail, perhaps explaining how the state encouraged writers to produce work that promoted the ideas of the proletariat and the government.Writerswhorefusedtodothiswerenotpublished.Therewasalso increased interference in the state press and the papers carried less real information and a narrower range of views; they became almost a propaganda tool for the government, quoting, for example, the successes of thefive-yearplans.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityofmeaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisation with some specialist vocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.AnswersshouldshowaclearawarenessofseveralfeaturesofStalinistculture.Inadditiontothepointsmentionedabove,answerscouldalsodiscusstheuseof‘Stalinistbaroque’architecturesuchasMoscowUniversityortheMoscowunderground,buildingswhichwerefurtherusedtopromotethesocialistideasofStalin.Bythe1930shehadalsostartedtoembracetheuseoffilmtoproducearecord

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ofSoviethistoryfrom1917andpromotesocialismbyfocusingonworkersandtheirlives.However,asthe1930sprogressed,theemergenceofacultofpersonalityaroundStalinbecamethekeyfocusofculturalattention.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “DisagreementswithintheCommunistPartywerethekeyfactorinStalin’svictoryinthepowerstruggleintheperiod1922–1929.”Howfarwouldyouagree with this statement?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmayprovideanarrativeaboutthepowerstrugglefrom1922to1929.Answers at this level will be characterised throughout by unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisation and lack of specialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answersmayrefertothedisagreementsbetweentheLeftandRightoftheCommunistPartyorotherfactorsleadingtoStalin’ssuccess,butprobablynotboth.StalinwasabletouseTrotsky’sattackonpartybureaucracytoisolatehim,accusinghimoffactionalism.TrotskythenalliedwithZinovievandKamenevtoformthe‘unitedopposition’oftheleftoftheparty.ThedisagreementbetweenLeftandRightovertheNEPandtheideologyofpermanentrevolutioncreateddivisionswithinthepartywhichStalinwasabletoexploit.TheemergenceofaRightOppositiongroupovertheintroductionoftheFive-Year-Planin1928showedfurtherevidenceofdivisionswithinthepartybutStalinwaseasilyabletodefeattheminvotesonpolicydecisions.AllexceptRykovwereremovedfromthePolitburoandStalinwasabletodefeattheRightaswell.Answersatthislevelwillhavesomelapsesinmeaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledge and understanding of the disagreements in the Communist PartyanddiscussotherreasonsforStalin’svictoryoverhisrivalsinthe

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powerstruggle.ThepowerStalinexertedasGeneralSecretarycouldbediscussed,showinghowitallowedhimtooutmanoeuvrehisrivals.Stalin’srivalsalsomadesomekeymistakessuchasthesuppressionofLenin’swillwhichcondemnedStalinaswellasthem.Trotsky’sunpopularityinthepartyalsohelpedashewasviewedasabiggerthreatthanStalin.StalinalsopresentedhimselfasLenin’sheiratthelatter’sfuneral.StalinoversawtheexpansionofthepartyandfilledkeyroleswithhisownsupportersandassuchhewasalreadylargelyrunningtheUSSRbythetimeofLenin’sdeath.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityofmeaningduetolegibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate;thereisgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answersshould be more comprehensive and well informed, clearly assessing both thedisagreementsbetweenLeftandRightintheparty,aswellasotherrelevantfactorswhichledtoStalin’svictoryinthepowerstruggle.Stalin’sexploitationofLenin’sbanonfactionalismmadeitdifficultforhispoliciestobechallengedinthepartyandthedivisionsbetweenLeftandRightmadethistacticeveneasiertoapply.Anyoppositiontohimorhisideascouldbeviewedasfactionalismandpunishedbydeath.ThedisagreementsbetweenLeftandRightkeptoppositiontoStalindividedwithinthepartyandthereforeeasiertorootout.ToplevelanswersmaybeabletogointodetailonspecificmistakesmadebykeyrivalssuchasTrotskyorBukharin.Answersatthislevel will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialistvocabulary. [22]

Option 5

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Option 6: Italy 1914–1943


1 (i) ExplaintheattitudesoftheNeutralistsandInterventioniststoItaly’sentry intotheFirstWorldWarin1915. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.Answerswilloffervagueand unclear descriptions of Italian attitudes towards the decision to enter theFirstWorldWarin1915.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegible text, inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structureandorganisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


a greater degree of relevance and clarity, though there are occasional lapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.Answerswillstart to refer to some of the reasons why Interventionists advocated the entryofItalyintotheFirstWorldWarorwhytheNeutralistswereagainstItalianparticipationinthewar.SomeanswersmayalsopartiallydiscusstheattitudesofboththeNeutralistsandInterventionists.Answersatthislevelmay have some lapses in meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasionaldefectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail and start to identify some of the main territorial andcolonialambitionsNationalistshadtojustifywhyItalyshouldentertheFirstWorldWar.TheycouldrefertotheattitudesoftheNationalists,Syndicalists,RepublicansandAnarchists.TheycouldalsobegintoexplaintheviewsofGiolittiwhofeltthatItalywasmilitarilyunpreparedforwar,whileSocialistsopenlycondemnedthewarasacapitalistor‘bosses’war.ManyItaliansfeltdissatisfiedbecausetheyhadnevergainedallthelandsthey claimed on their north-east borders (Italia Irredenta);participationinthewarmightleadtoterritorialgainsfromtheAustro-HungarianEmpire.It is acceptable for candidates to include much more detail at this level oneithertheInterventionistsortheNeutralists.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.

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knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Answerswillbewellinformedandshow a clear awareness of the different attitudes of the Interventionists and theNeutraliststoItaly’sentryintotheFirstWorldWarin1915.Nationalistsbelieved entry into the war would establish Italy as a great power and removefeelingsofinferiority.TorivalthegreatpowersofEurope,Italyhad imperialistic ambitions to gain more colonies, especially in the Horn of Africa.AnswersmayrefertothetermsoftheTreatyofLondonofApril1915withBritainandFrancetoillustratetheaimsoftheItaliannationalists.OntheextremelefttherewereSyndicalists,RepublicansandAnarchistswhoencouraged entry into the war since it might create circumstances favourable torevolution,whichmightdestroythemonarchyandcapitalism.TheGermanGovernmentattemptedtokeepItalyneutralbyholdingsecretmeetingswithGiolitti,offeringterritoryfromtheAustro-HungarianborderlandsandfuturegrantsofterritoryfromtheBritishandFrenchempires.Atthislevelcandidates should demonstrate an understanding of the attitudes of both theInterventionistsandtheNeutralists,althoughonemaypredominate.Answers at this level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [8]

(ii) “TheFirstWorldWarhadlittlepoliticalimpactonItalyintheperiod 1915–1918,butfar-reachingeconomic,socialandmilitaryconsequences.”To what extent would you agree with this statement?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmay provide little more than a narrative about Italy’s participation in the First WorldWar.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughoutbyunclearmeaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisation and lackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answers will start to assess in general terms some of the effects of the war on Italy, possibly referring to the political split over the decision to intervene inthewarortomilitarydefeatssuchasattheBattleofCaporetto.Answersat this level will have some lapses in meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisation and little

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specialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledgeandunderstandingofthepoliticalimpactoftheFirstWorldWaronItalyandrefertoitswiderconsequencesbutoneeffectmaybeomitted.Answers could refer to political consequences such as the divisions in Italian politicsduringthewaryears.ThemajorityintheChamberofDeputieshad been against Italian intervention in the war and this division lasted the fullcourseofthewar.NeithertheCatholicsnortheSocialistsparticipatedin government during the war years and even liberal leaders remained dividedoveritsconduct.Parliamentalsoservedaslittlemorethanarubber-stampforthegovernment’slegislation.Answerswillalsoillustratetheimportanceofmilitary,economicorsocialfactors.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswillbeabletosupporttheirargumentwithspecificevidenceandpresenta sustained analysis of the extent to which the political consequences ofthewarweremoresignificantthantheeconomic,socialandmilitaryconsequences.Boselliformedacoalitiongovernmentofright-wingconservativesanddemocraticinterventionistsfromJune1916uptotheembarrassingdefeatatCaporetto.Hisadministrationwasreplacedbyalargelydemocraticinterventionistgovernmentuptotheendofthewar.YetneitherofthesetwogovernmentshadthesupportofGiolitti,whoseneutraliststance led to him being politically isolated outside of his own group from 1915.Wartimegovernmentswerethereforepoliticallyweakandfailedtorallynationalenthusiasmforthewar.Answerswillalsodiscusstheimportanceofmilitaryfactorssuchastheconscriptionoffivemillionmen,defeatssuchasattheBattleofCaporettoandthedeathofover600000men.Socially,thewardidproducesomediscontentwith50killedasaresultofbreadriotsinthesummerof1917.Inthecountrysidemorewomenhadtoworkonthelandduetothefactthat2.5millionmenfromtheconscriptarmyhadbeen peasants or rural labourers and peasant debt was paid off as many peasantsexperiencedanewprosperityattheexpenseoftheirlandlords.Economically,Italyexperiencedrisinginflation,ariseinthenationaldebtfrom16billionlirain1914to85billionlirain1918andalsoanincreaseinindustrialareaslikemetallurgyandintheproductionofmotorvehicles.Topanswers may note that some of the effects of the war were interlinked, with politicaldivisionswideningastheeconomicsituationworsened.Answersatthis level will be consistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate useofspecialistvocabulary. [22]

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2 (i) ExplainwhyMussolinigainedthesupportoftheCatholicChurchandthe monarchyinItalyintheperiod1919–1922. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.Answerswilltypicallybeinaccurate,superficialandofferuncleardescriptionsaboutwhytheCatholicChurchandthemonarchygavetheirsupporttoMussolinibetween1919and1922.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext,inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.Answerswillbebetterinformed and start to refer to some of the reasons why the Catholic Church andtheKingsupportedMussoliniduringhisrisetopowersuchasthefearoftheleft.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaningduetoinaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail and show an awareness of the main reasons whytheCatholicChurchandtheKingsupportedMussolinibetween1919and1922.TheycouldrefertoMussolini’spromisestorestorelawandorderinItalyduetofearofSocialismandCommunism.By1922fascismwasbecomingmorerespectable,withMussolinigainingsupportfromtheKingandthearmy.KingVictorEmmanuelwasdisillusionedwithparliamentarygovernmentandfeltthatMussoliniwasamanofpurpose.Healsofearedcivil war and the possibility that his cousin, the pro-fascist Duke of Aosta, couldbeconsideredasarivalmonarch.MussoliniwonsupportfromtheChurch with his promises to provide the Vatican with the material resources neededforschools,churchesandhospitals.By1922hestressedtoChurch leaders that they had nothing to fear from fascism and his policies weredesignedtowinsupportfromtheChurch.Answersatthislevelwillbe characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there is good organisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisare

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verywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Answerswillbewellinformedandshow a clear understanding of the reasons why the Catholic Church and the monarchysupportedMussoliniinhisrisetopowerduringthisperiod.TheycouldrefertosomeofhissupporterssuchasPopePiusXIbeingafriendofMussolini,andallowingFascistbannersinchurchwhileservingasBishopofMilan,andSalandra,whoadvisedtheKingtorejectmartiallawandappointMussoliniasPrimeMinister.Goodresponseswillrefertothepointsoutlinedabove and also perhaps to the support of the Queen, who was sympathetic totheFascists.TheycouldalsorefertoMussolinipubliclyannouncinghisopposition to divorce and promising to heal the rift between the Church andState,theso-called“RomanQuestion”.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary. [8]

(ii) “Mussolini’spolicytowardsindustrywasmoresuccessfulthanhisagriculturalpolicybetween1922and1939.”Howfarwouldyouacceptthisverdict?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answerswill typically be characterised by generalisation and poor understanding, givinglittlemorethananarrativeaboutMussolini’seconomicpoliciesintheperiod1922–1939.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughoutby unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


a greater degree of relevance and clarity, though there are occasional lapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answerswillstarttoassessingeneraltermssomeaspectsofMussolini’sagriculturalandindustrialpoliciesintheperiod1922–1939,suchastheBattlesforLandandGrain.ReferencemayalsobemadetotheCorporateState.Answersatthislevelwillhavesomelapsesinmeaningdue to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillbemoredetailed

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andstarttomakeajudgementaboutthesuccessofMussolini’spoliciestowardsagricultureandindustrybetween1922and1939,althoughtheymayconcentratemoreoneitheragricultureorindustry.AnswersmayexplainthatMussoliniexperiencedmoresuccesswithhispoliciestowardsindustrythanagriculture.Italianindustrysawsomeimprovementsinthe1930swithsomeadvancementinnewindustriessuchaschemicalsandelectricity.The full effects of the economic depression were avoided due to the role of theIMI(Instituto Mobiliare Italiano)andIRI(Instituto Per La Ricostruzione Industriale).IntermsofMussolini’sagriculturalpolicies,ambitiousschemesforlanddevelopmenttoachieveeconomicself-sufficiencyforItalywerecarriedout.TheBattleforGrainof1925wasintendedtoreducewheatimports,whilsttheBattleforLandof1928encouragedlandreclamation,forexamplethePontineMarshes.Answersmaydemonstratethattheseagricultural policies were far from successful as wheat yields remained low, yetthecostswerehighandthebattleforlandwaseventuallyabandoned.Answers at this level will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate;thereisgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswill be more comprehensive and well informed and clearly assess the extenttowhichMussolinienjoyedmoresuccesswithhispoliciestowardsindustrythanagriculturebetween1922and1939.Inadditiontothepointsoutlined above, candidates could discuss how fascist propaganda portrayed agricultural policies as a complete success, yet this was a complete façade asthequestforself-sufficiencywasattheexpenseofeconomicefficiencyandthelivingstandardsofmanyoftheItalianpeople.Inaddition,nothingwasachievedinthewayoflandredistribution.IntermsofMussolini’sindustrialpolicies,candidatesmayarguethatheenjoyedmoresuccess.Italianindustrysawsomeimprovementsinthe1930swithsteelandship-buildingbenefitingfromstatesubsidiesandtheintroductionoftheInstituto Per La Ricostruzione Industrialewhichincreasedindustrialproduction.However,onthewholeItalianindustrystillremainedweak.Answersshouldcoverthewholeperiodidentifiedinthequestion.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistently characterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary. [22]

3 (i) ExplainthereasonsforItaly’seconomicproblemsintheperiod1919–1922. This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,


Level 1 ([0]–[2]) Answers at this level recall, select and deploy historical knowledge in

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anepisodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.Answerswilltypicallybeinaccurate,superficialandofferuncleardescriptionsabouttheeconomicproblemsItalyfacedintheperiod1919–1922withlittlefocusontheircauses.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecauseofillegibletext,inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisationofideasandpointsmadewithintheresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.Answerswillbebetterinformed and start to refer to some of the reasons behind the economic problemsItalyfacedintheperiod1919–1922,perhapsreferringtothelevelofunemploymentwith2millionworkersoutofworkbytheendof1919.Thiswaspartlyaresultofthe2.5millionsoldierswhoweredemobilisedfrom1919onwards.Answersatthislevelmayhavesomelapsesinmeaningdueto inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and littlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will be more detailed and show some awareness of the reasons fortheeconomicproblemsItalyfacedbetween1919and1922.Theycouldrefertotheeconomicdifficultiescausedbytheendofthewarandthegovernment’s abrupt switch from war production to free-market peacetime production,whichresultedinseverallargefirmsgoingbankrupt.Theycouldalsodiscussthereasonsforthecontinuedriseininflation,withtheliralosingalmosthalfitsvaluein1919,leadingtodevastatingconsequencesforthesavings of the middle classes who had lent money to the government during thewar.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedbyclarityofmeaningdueto legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing isappropriate;thereisgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Answerswillbewellinformedandshow a clear understanding of the main reasons for the economic problems facedbyItalyinthisperiod.Responsescouldalsodiscusstheimpactofthe“RedYears”(BiennioRosso)withtradeunionactivityincreasingbetween1919and1920,resultinginstrikes,violenceandabreakdownoflawandorder.Theunionswereabletoforceincreasedwagesforordinaryworkersbut the petty-bourgeoisie were particularly badly affected, with groups such astheself-employedunabletopressforahigherincome.These“RedYears”couldbeseentohavebeeninspiredbythesuccessfulCommunistrevolutioninRussiain1917.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary. [8]

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(ii) TowhatextentwasMussolinisuccessfulinhisattemptstocreateaFasciststateinItalybetween1922and1943?

This question targets AO1(a) and AO1(b): the candidate’s ability to recall,



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmay provide little more than a narrative about the Fascist state in Italy in the period1922–1943.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughoutby unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2answerswillstarttoassessingeneraltermssomeaspectsofMussolini’sattempts to create a Fascist state in this period, perhaps referring to Mussolini’scultofpersonality.Answersatthislevelwillhavesomelapsesin meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defectsinorganisationandlittlespecialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillprovideamoredetailedknowledgeandunderstandingoftheextenttowhichMussolini’sattemptstocreateaFasciststatebetween1922and1943weresuccessful.AnswerscouldrefertoMussolini’spersonaldictatorship,hisuseofpropaganda,andtheroleoftheFascistGrandCouncil.Fascismsetouttocontrolallgovernment bodies, interest groups and the people so that a Fascist state couldbecreated.Answerscoulddiscusshowfrom1925MussolinibegantodismantletheinstitutionsoftheLiberalstatewiththestrengtheningofcentral government by the passing of the Legge Fascisctissimein1925.Someanswersmaynotethat,duringthewaryears,Mussolini’spropagandamachine became less convincing, with the resulting loss in public support forthewar.ManyFascistsremaineddisillusionedatMussolini’sattemptsto create a Fascist state, evidenced by the challenge made by the Fascist Councilin1943andthesubsequentdownfalloftheFasciststate.Answersatthis level will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there isgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisand

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judgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswillbeabletosupporttheirargumentswithspecificevidenceandpresentasustainedanalysisofhowsuccessfulMussoliniwasincreatingaFasciststateby1943.HedidtrytocreatesomeaspectsofaFasciststateusingrepressionandhissecretpolice(OVRA),andachievedgreatercontrolovertheeconomy,especiallyafterthepassingoftheRoccoLaws.HealsorestoredrelationswiththechurchthroughtheLateranPactof1929.Despiteallhiseffortsthroughhisvarious“battles”andtheboastsofhispropaganda,MussolinihadfailedtomakeItalyaFasciststateby1943,eventhoughhehadcontroloversocietyandeconomy.Thethreemainfeaturesof Fascism had been its belief in totalitarianism, autarky and the corporate state,setupin1926.DespiteMussolini’seffortstoachievethesethreeaims,theItalianfailureintheSecondWorldWarsawthecollapseoftheFasciststate.Thebestresponseswillcoverthewholeperiodandcometoasustainedconclusion.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterisedthroughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is verygoodorganisationandappropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [22]

4 (i) ExplainhowtheleadershipofMussoliniintheperiod1940–1943contributed toItaly’sfailureintheSecondWorldWar.



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanationandanalysis.Answerswilltypicallybeinaccurate,superficialandofferuncleardescriptionsaboutMussolini’sleadershipintheSecondWorldWar.Meaningmaynotalwaysbeclearbecause of illegible text, inaccuracies in spelling, punctuation and/or grammar, or the structure and organisation of ideas and points made within theresponse.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanationandanalysis.AnswerswillbebetterinformedandstarttoexplainingeneraltermshowMussolini’sleadershipwastoblameforItaly’sdefeatintheSecondWorldWar,possiblyreferringtohisfailuretogettheItalianeconomyreadyforwarby1940.Answersatthis level may have some lapses in meaning due to inaccurate spelling, punctuation or grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there may be occasional defects in organisation and little specialist vocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisaredeveloped.Answers will have more detail and demonstrate some awareness of a range

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ofwaysinwhichMussolini’sleadershipwastoblameforItaly’sdefeatintheSecondWorldWar.AnswerscouldrefertothefactthatMussoliniheldallthekeypostsinrelationtothewar–Commander-in-Chief,WarMinisterandMinisterfortheArmy,NavyandAirForce–butfailedtocoordinateaneffective war plan, with the result that important decisions were endlessly delayed.Mussolini’sstrategicerrorscouldalsobehighlighted,suchasdespatchingill-equippedplanesandinfantrytotheRussianfront.Answersatthis level will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate; there isgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanationandanalysisareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.AnswerswillshowaclearawarenessofhowMussolini’sleadershipcontributedtoItaly’sfailureintheSecondWorldWar.GoodresponsescouldreferinmoredetailtosomeofthepointsoutlinedaboveregardingtheroleofMussolini,perhapsadditionallyconsidering the impact of his health problems on his leadership, his failure to achieve autarky, and strategic errors such as making no attempt to capture GibraltarorMaltaanddeclaringwarontheUSA.AnswerscouldrefertohowMussoliniavoidedtherealityofwar,rarelygoinganywherenearthefrontlineor even regularly consulting with his military advisers, instead choosing torelyonhisownpropaganda.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterised throughout by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisation and appropriate use of specialist vocabulary. [8]

(ii) “ThedecisiontodevelopcloserrelationswithHitlerafter1936wasthegreatestfailureinMussolini’sforeignpolicyinthe1930s.”Howfarwouldyouagree with this statement?



episodicorlargelyinaccuratemanner.Theanswerisinnarrativeformwithlimitedunderstanding,explanation,analysisandjudgement.Level1answersmayprovideanarrativeorrecallsomeelementsofMussolini’sforeignpolicyinthe1930s.Answersatthislevelwillbecharacterisedthroughoutby unclear meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; there will be an inappropriate style of writing; and defects in organisationandlackofspecialistvocabulary.


greaterdegreeofrelevanceandclarity,thoughthereareoccasionallapses.Theanswercontainssomeexplanation,analysisandjudgement.Level2

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answers will start to assess in general whether developing closer relations withHitlerconstitutedMussolini’sgreatestfailureinforeignpolicy.Answersat this level will have some lapses in meaning due to illegibility, inaccurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; at times, the style of writing will be inappropriate; there will be occasional defects in organisation and little specialistvocabulary.


relevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsaredevelopedandsubstantiated.Level3answerswillbemoredetailedandstart to make judgements about whether the development of closer relations withHitlerafter1936wasthegreatestfailureinMussolini’sforeignpolicyinthe1930s.AnswerscoulddiscusshowtheRome-BerlinAxisofNovember1936cameaboutasaresultoftherelationshipbetweenBritain,Franceand Italy becoming strained due to the invasion of Abyssinia, the collapse of theStresaFrontandtheItalianinvolvementintheSpanishCivilWar.ItalybecameincreasinglydependentonGermanyinthelate1930sthroughtheAnti-CominternPactandtheItalianwithdrawalfromtheLeagueofNations.Answers could argue that from that point onwards Italy was completely tiedtoNaziGermanyandwouldexperiencesuccessorfailurebasedonthefateofGermany.BythetimeofthesigningofthePactofSteelin1939MussoliniwasclearlytryingtotakeadvantageofGermanterritorialgainsinEurope,butitalsomadetheprospectofwaragainstBritainandFranceadistinctpossibility.DespitedeclaringneutralityinSeptember1939,MussolinidecidedtoenterthewarbyJune1940,sincehewasafraidofmissingoutonthespoilsofwar.Goodresponsesatthislevelshouldbeabletoreferto other relevant examples of failure in his foreign policy, such as Italy’s involvementintheSpanishCivilWarorthedecisiontoinvadeAbyssinia.Answers at this level will be characterised by clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is appropriate;thereisgoodorganisationwithsomespecialistvocabulary.


knowledgerelevantly,clearlyandeffectively.Explanation,analysisandjudgementsareverywelldevelopedandsubstantiated.Level4answerswillpresent a sustained evaluation about whether the development of closer relationswithHitlerafter1936wasMussolini’sgreatestfailureinforeignpolicyinthe1930s.InadditiontodiscussingthepointsoutlinedinLevel3,answerswillassessthesignificanceofotheraspectsofMussolini’sforeignpolicyinthe1930s.After1935hepursuedamoreaggressiveforeignpolicy,starting with his invasion of Abyssinia which led to the intervention of the LeagueofNations.Mussolini’stroopssuccessfullycapturedAddisAbabainJuly1936buttheterritorygainedprovedtobeasourceofgreatexpense.In order to keep control of Abyssinia a policy of systematic brutality had to beadoptedwhichsuggestedtheconquestwasactuallyanemptyvictory.Thewarhadalsosignificantlyforcedupgovernmentborrowing,resultinginabudgetdeficitrisingfrom2,195millionlirain1934–1935to16230millionin1936–1937.AnswerscouldalsodiscusshowthefinancialstraincausedbytheinvolvementintheSpanishCivilWarseriouslyreducedItaly’sabilitytomaintainanindependentforeignpolicy.TogainamarkattheverytopofLevel4,responsesmustdiscusstheentiretimeperiodidentifiedinthe

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question.Answersatthislevelwillbeconsistentlycharacterisedthroughoutby clarity of meaning due to legibility, accurate spelling, punctuation and grammar; the style of writing is most appropriate; there is very good organisationandappropriateuseofspecialistvocabulary. [22]

Option 6

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assessment unit as 2...8683.01f 4 available marks option 1: spain and europe 1556–1592 answer two...

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