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Assessment of CO2 Reduction by Renewable Energy Generators
IEEE PES Conference on Innovative Smart Grid TechnologiesJanuary 19-21, 2010
NIST Conference Center, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
Jeongje Park and Jaeseok Choi
Gyeongsang National University, Korea
Mohammad Shahidehpour
Illinois Institute of Technology, USA
Roy Billinton
University of Saskatchewan , Canada
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Contents
Click to add Title1 Introduction1
Click to add Title2 Power Output Model of SCG2
Click to add Title1 Solar Radiation Model3
Click to add Title2 Reliability Evaluation and CO2 Reduction Assessment of SCG
4
Click to add Title1 Case Studies5
Click to add Title2 Conclusion6
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1. Introduction
The application of renewable energy in electric power systems is growing rapidly due to its advantages that are minimal pollution, non-depletion and low operating cost.
The proposed method can be used for reliability evaluationof power system including SCG. The use of convolution integral in order to construct the ELDC considering the multi-state model of the SCG
It is possible not only to evaluate of reliability of power system but also to calculate the reduction of CO2 using the proposed method.
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2. Power Output Model of SCG
Solar Radiation [W/m2]0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
++++++++++++++++++
+
+
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
Eff.
[%]
25 Deg. C
35 Deg. C
45 Deg. C+
Rc Solar radiation [W/m2]
Eff.
[%]
(G ) G , 0 G RR
, R G
cpv bi bi bi c
c
c c bi
Eff η
η
= ≤ <
= ≤
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2P (G ) (G ), 0 G RR
G , R G G P , G G
cbi bi bi bi c
c
c bi c bi std
sn bi std
η
η
= ≤ <
= < ≤= >
Where,Ppv: Solar radiation-to-energy conversion function
of the SCG [MW] Rc: A certain radiation point set as 150W/m2
Gstd: Solar radiation in the standard environment set as 1,000W/m2
Rc G[W/m2]
Ppv[pu·W]
Gstd
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3 . Solar radiation model
0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.6
Solar radiation[ W/ m2]
Prob
abilit
y
0.5
0.55
The solar radiation pdf at Jeju Island for ten years (1998-2007)
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0 1000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
Solar radiation[ W/ m2]
Prob
abilit
y
0.5
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 0 1000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.4
Solar radiation[ W/ m2]
Prob
abili
ty
1000900800700600500400300200
0 1000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.01
0.012
0.5
Solar radiation[ W/m2]
Prob
abilit
y
1000900800700600500400300200 0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.8
Solar radiation[ W/ m2]
Prob
abili
ty 0.008
0.798
Solar radiation pdf model in March Solar radiation pdf model in June
Solar radiation pdf model in September Solar radiation pdf model in December
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The typical pattern of the solar radiation pdf model
Probability
Solar radiation[W/m2]
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0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 90000
200
400
600
800
1000
Time[hours]
Sola
r rad
iatio
n[W
/m2 ]
Solar Radiation at Jinju 2007
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
10- 3
10- 2
10- 1
Solar radiation[ W/m2]
Loga
rithm
Pro
babi
lity
0.5
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Solar radiation[W/m2]
Pro
babi
lity
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4. Reliability Evaluation of SCG
( , )n nP PB
1 1( , )P PB2 2( , )P PB3 3( , )P PB
Ppv[pu.W]
RC Gstd Solar radiation[W/m2]
Probability
Solar radiation[W/m2]
PDF Table of SCG multi-state model
Power Probability
P1P2···
Pn
PB1PB2
···
PBn
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LOLE EENS
[MW]
T
Lp+IC0
Lp
iΦΦ0
IC
Time : The convolution integral operator
Φ0: Original inverted load duration curve (ILDC)
x: Random variable of Φ NS: The total number of statesfoi: The outage capacity pdf of
generator iQkj: Forced outage rate (FOR) of
generator k at state jCkj: Outage capacity of generator k
at state j
⊗
-1
NS NS
-1 -1=1 =1
=
= (1- q ) ( ) + q ( - C )
j j oj
kj j kj j kjk k
f
x x
Φ Φ ⊗
Φ Φ∑ ∑
Jeongje Park, Wu Liang, Jaeseok Choi, A. A. El-Keib, Mohammad Shahidehpour and Roy Billinton, “ProbabilisticReliability Evaluation of Power System Including Solar/Photovoltaic Cell Generator” IEEE PES GM2009, July 26-30,2009, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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⊗
LOLE ( ) [hours/year]NG x ICx
== Φ
EENS ( ) [MWh/year]pIC L
NGIC
x dx+
= Φ∫
EENSEIR = 1-ED
-1E EENS EENS i i i∆ = −
11
PC E (1 FOR) LOLEi
i a i b iλ λ −∆ = ×∆ + × − ×∑CF ( E / CAP / T) 100i i i= ∆ ×
[pu]
[MWh]
[$/year]
[%]
[Ton/year]
Lp : Peak load [MW]ICi : Installed capacity of generator i
[MW]ED : Total demand energy [MWh]NG : The total generator numberΦNG : The final effective load duration
curveλa: Incremental cost coefficientλb: cost constantTCEi : Total CO2 Emission of ith
generatorCEi : CO2 emission of ith generator
CO2 Ei i iρ= ∆
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Flow chart
Power output model of SCG
Solar radiation model
Reliability evaluation
SCG power multi-state model
START
END
Capacity Factor calculation
Production cost calculation
CO2 Emission cost calculation
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A map of Jeju Island
HNM C/S HVDCJeju T/P
JCN
DJJSNJ
G3 : 40MWD/P : 40MW
10MVAr
SSN
20MVAr20MVAr
10MVAr10MVAr
20MVAr
D/P : 10MW X4T/P : 100MW X2
T/P : 10MW X1 75MW X2
C1, C2: Syn, Con
SJJ
HLM C/C
35MW X3
AND HNR
SSGNMJ
G1
SG2
D1D2 D3D4T4 T3
T3T2T1G1 G2
G3 D
Filter : 27.5MVAr X4ShR : 1375X2.275
JEJU-MS
SSN-MS
SGP-MS
GNS-MS
HLM-SF SSN-SF
HWN-SF
5. Case Studies
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Model System
1. It is a Juju island power system sized similar model system.
2. Total capacity is 945MW (CG845MW+SCG100MW).
3. Peak load is 681MW.
4. The OCPDF (outage capacity probability distribution function)
comes from three SCGs at JCN, SSN and HWN.
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The generators data of Jeju island power system
Name Type Capacity[MW] Num.
α[Gcal/
MW2h]
β[Gcal/MWh]
γ[Gcal/hr]
Fuel cost[$/Gcal]
CO2emission
[Ton/MWh] FOR
1 HWN WTG 50 1 - - - - - -
2 SSN WTG 30 1 - - - - - -
3 HLM WTG 20 1 - - - - - -
4* HVDC DC 75/150* 2 0.004 1.512 45.207 43.300 0.65 0.010/
0.028*
5 NMJ3 T/P 100 2 0.004 1.512 45.207 43.300 0.65 0.012
6 JJU1 T/P 55 3 0.062 2.100 5.971 43.599 0.96 0.015
7 JJU2 T/P 75 2 0.003 1.832 30.231 43.599 0.70 0.012
8 HLM1 G/T 35 2 0.004 2.401 20.320 77.909 0.95 0.013
9 HLM1 S/T 35 1 0.004 2.401 20.320 77.909 0.95 0.013
10 JJU3 D/P 40 2 0.025 0.364 28.484 43.599 0.59 0.018
11 NMJ1 D/P 10 4 0.006 1.999 1.360 43.300 0.62 0.018
Total 990 21 - - - - -
iρ
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Patterns of hourly peak load variation curve
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 1095 2190 3285 4380 5475 6570 7665 8760
Time [hours]
Load
[pu]
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0 200 400 600 800 1000 12000
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.6
Solar radiation[ W/ m2]
Prob
abilit
y
0.5
0.55
Rc G[W/m2]
Ppv[pu·W]
Gstd
SF Name HLM-SF SSN-SF HWN-SF
SCG capacity 20MW 30MW 50MW
Gstd 1,000W/m2 1,000W/m2 1,000W/m2
Rc 150W/m2 150W/m2 150W/m2
The solar radiation pdf at Jeju Island for ten years (1998-2007)
Power output model of SCG
The Parameters of SCG
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Results of case studies
without SCG with SCG difference
IRR [%] 24.08 38.77 14.69
EENS [MWh/year] 83.92 60.04 23.88
LOLE [hours/year] 2.25 1.66 0.59
Total production cost [M$/year] 426.91 413.36 13.55
Total CO2 Emission [103Ton/year] 2,727.88 2,641.35 86.53
Total CO2 Emission Cost [M$/Ton] 65.47 63.39 2.08
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Production energy and capacity factor of each generatorsNum. of
Gen.
Without SCG With SCG
Production energy[GWh/year]
Capacity factor [%]
Production energy[GWh/year]
Capacity factor [%]
1 - - 63.73 14.552 - - 38.24 14.553 - - 25.49 14.554 2,541.20 96.7 2,541.20 96.75 1,424.80 81.33 1,335.50 76.236 29.41 33.57 24.27 27.77 161.77 12.31 131.02 9.978 7.26 1.18 5.62 0.929 1.17 0.38 0.9 0.29
10 0.60 0.17 0.41 0.1211 0.16 0.05 0.12 0.03
Total 4,166.37 4,166.50
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Production cost and CO2 emission of each generators
Num. of Gen.
Without SCG With SCG
Production cost[M$/year]
CO2 Emission [103TON/year]
Production cost[M$/year]
CO2 Emission [103TON/year]
1 - - - -2 - - - -3 - - - -4 265.38 1,651.79 265.37 1,651.765 139.39 926.15 130.07 868.076 4.2 28.23 3.46 23.37 15.95 113.24 12.92 91.728 1.66 6.90 1.29 5.349 0.27 1.11 0.21 0.85
10 0.04 0.35 0.03 0.2411 0.02 0.10 0.01 0.07
Total 426.91 2,727.88 413.35 2,641.35
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Production energy and capacity factor of 5th
generator
1,300
1,400
1,500
Without SCG With SCG
PE [M
Wh/
year
]
75
77
79
81
83
85
CF
[%]
PECF
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Production cost and CO2 emission of 5th generator
125
129
133
137
141
145
Without SCG With SCG
PC [M
$]
830
850
870
890
910
930
CO
2 E
mss
ion
[kT
on/y
ear]
PCCO2 Emission
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PRI-configurationStandardized Configuration
For Index(from WORR Administrator Client)
PSS/EData
EMSData
SCADAData
WAN
Central PRIDWORRISINI
LAN
Indexviewer
ClientConfiguration GUIView/Update-Client configuration
Server GUI View/Update-Static Information-Server/Alarm Setting
External EnvironmentHost Environment
WORRIS Sever
OFF Line Stream-Data
Real Time Stream-Data-Index
WORRIS Data Interface-Computation Data Interface-Scaling
Data Quality Filtering-Error Filtering-Noise Filtering
AlarmProcesser
ThresholdViolations
Index AlarmLog
Triger logic-contingency
EventFile
Real time Cache-Sub-second data
-Second data
OFF Line Cache-Sub-second
-Second
WORRIS(Web based Online Realtime Reliability Information System) Version 1.0
http://worris.gsnu.ac.kr/
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6. Conclusions
The one of important reasons that renewable energy has been receiving considerable attention is to reduce environmental pollution as alternative energy
It contributes to reduce emission of CO2 and the proposed method is useful to calculate the reduction of CO2 by adding SCG.
It is expected that proposed method can evaluate the various effects on power system by adding SCG
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Reference• [1] Nick Jenkins, Ron Allan, Peter Crossley, David Kirschen and Goran Strbac: EMBEDDED GENERATION, IEE, 2000.• [2] Mukund R. Patel: Wind and Solar Power Systems, CRC, 1999. • [3] Rajesh Karki and Roy Billinton, "Reliability/Cost Implications of PV and Wind Energy Utilization in Small Isolated
Power Systems" IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, vol.16, no.4, Dec. 2001, pp.368-373. • [4] Jeongje Park, Wu Liang, Jaeseok Choi, and Seungil Moon, "A Study on Probabilistic Reliability Evaluation of Power
System Considering Wind Turbine Generators”, J. of KIEE, Vol. 57, No. 9, pp.1491-1499, Sept. 2008.• [5] Jeongje Park, Wu Liang, Jaeseok Choi, and Junmin Cha, "Probabilistic Production Cost Credit Evaluation of Wind
Turbine Generators", J. of KIEE, Vol. 57, No. 12, pp.2153-2160, Dec. 2008• [6] Jeongje Park, Wu Liang, Jaeseok Choi, and Junmin Cha, "A Study on Probabilistic Reliability Evaluation of Power
System considering Solar Cell Generators", J. of KIEE, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp.486-495, March 2009• [7] Jeongje Park, Jaeseok Choi, "A Study on Probabilistic Production Costing for Solar Cell Generators", J. of KIEE, Vol.58,
No.4, pp.700-707, April 2009.• [8] M. K. C. Marwali, H. Ma, S. M. Shahidehpour, and K. H. Abdul-Rahman, "Short-term generation scheduling in
photovoltaic-utility grid with battery storage" IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol.13, no.3, Aug. 1998, pp.1057-1062. • [9] Roy Billinton and Dange Huang, "Aleatory and Epistemic Uncertainty Considerations in Power System Reliability
Evaluation" PMAPS2008, Pueto Rico, May 25-29, 2008.• [10] J. Choi, R. Billinton, M. Futuhi-Firuzabed, "Development of A Nodal Effective Load Model Considering Transmission
System Element Unavailabilities", IEE. G.T&D, pp.79-89, Vol.152, No.1, Jan. 2005.• [11] L. L. Garver, “Effective load carrying capability of generating units,”IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and
Systems, vol. PAS-85, no. 8, Aug. 1966, pp. 910–919. • [12] J.M. Michaelides, P.P. Votsis, “Energy analysis and solar energy development in Cyprus”, Computing & Control
Engineering Journal, Volume 2, Issue 5, Sept. 1991, pp.211 - 215. • [13] Ruey-Hsun Liang, and Jian-HaoLiao, "A Fuzzy-Optimization Approach for Generation Scheduling With Wind and
Solar Energy Systems" IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol.22, no.4, Nov. 2007, pp.1665-1674.
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Appendix
WF Name HLM-WF SSN-WF HWN-WF
WTG capacity 20MW 30MW 50MW
Cut-in speed(Vci) 5m/sec 5m/sec 5m/sec
Rated speed(VR) 14m/sec 15m/sec 16m/sec
Cut-out speed(Vco) 25m/sec 25m/sec 25m/sec
Wind speed range 0~35 0~40 0~45
Mean wind speed 6.4 7.6 8.5
Standard deviation 9 10 11
The data of each WF
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Results of Case Studies
without WTG with WTG difference
IRR [%] 24.08 38.77 14.69
EENS [MWh/year] 83.92 44.52 39.4
LOLE [hours/year] 2.25 1.26 0.99
Total production cost [M$/year] 426.91 400.75 26.16
Total CO2 Emission [103Ton/year] 2,727.88 2,561.31 166.57
Total CO2 Emission Cost [M$/Ton] 65.47 61.47 4
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Production Energy and Capacity Factor of Each Generators
Num. of Gen.Without WTG With WTG
Production energy[GWh/year] Capacity factor [%] Production energy
[GWh/year] Capacity factor [%]
1 - - 133.97 30.59
2 - - 73.52 27.98
3 - - 38.87 22.19
4 2,541.20 96.70 2,540.80 96.68
5 1,424.80 81.33 1,245.40 71.08
6 29.41 33.57 20.32 23.20
7 161.77 12.31 108.05 8.22
8 7.26 1.18 4.47 0.73
9 1.17 0.38 0.70 0.23
10 0.60 0.17 0.30 0.09
11 0.16 0.05 0.09 0.03
Total 4,166.37 4,166.49
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Production Cost and CO2 Emission of Each Generators
Num. of Gen.Without WTG With WTG
Production cost[M$/year]
CO2 Emission [103TON/year]
Production cost[M$/year]
CO2 Emission [103TON/year]
1 - - - -
2 - - - -
3 - - - -
4 265.38 1,651.79 265.28 1,651.54
5 139.39 926.15 120.71 809.48
6 4.20 28.23 2.90 19.51
7 15.95 113.24 10.65 75.64
8 1.66 6.90 1.02 4.25
9 0.27 1.11 0.16 0.66
10 0.04 0.35 0.02 0.18
11 0.02 0.10 0.01 0.05
Total 426.91 2,727.88 400.75 2,561.31