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Zainab Naser

201101711

Efce

21st September 2014 21st September 2014

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This assignment is my own work Any information used has been properly referenced. I understand that a copy of my work may be used for moderation. I have kept a copy of this assignment I have read and/or attached the Turnitin Originality Report

Transport and Energy

International Logistics Management

TLB7002

Fossil Fuels and Non Fossil Fuels

ContentsFossil Fuels.......................................................................................................................................................2

Non Fossil fuels................................................................................................................................................2

References.......................................................................................................................................................2

Table of figures:

Figure 1 Types of coal.......................................................................................................................................2

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Figure 2 Locations of the world's main fossil fuel reserves..............................................................................2Figure 3 OPEC share of world crude oil reserves 2012.....................................................................................2Figure 4 World transportation energy by source, 2009...................................................................................2Figure 5 The world's biggest fossil fuel producers...........................................................................................2Figure 6 The world's biggest fossil fuel consumers..........................................................................................2Figure 7 The world's different energy sources locations..................................................................................2Figure 8 Crude oil prices 1861-2013.................................................................................................................2Figure 9 Estimated renewable energy share of global final energy consupmtion............................................2

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Fossil Fuels

1. DISCUSS THE KNOWN MAJOR RESERVES OF THE FOLLOWING ENERGY SOURCES?

• Coal (various kinds and properties)

Coal is an organic fossil fuel which can be found in the earth crust, it is the remains of dead plants which

accumulated in swamps for million years:

Kinds Characteristics

Lignite From dark black to shades of

brown, low rank and soft.

Subbituminous Low rank, Harder and blacker than

"lignite".

Bituminous High rank, hard and black

Anthracites Highest rank, hardest and darkest

black

The uses of each type is written in figure1

According to World Energy Council (WEC), there are over 892 billion tonnes of coal reserves in the world

which it can be enough for around 113 years at the same level of production. While the German Federal

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Figure 1 Types of coal

Institute for Geoscience and Natural resources (BGR) said that there are 1052 billion tonnes of coal reserves

for 134.5 years. These reserves can be found in almost 70 countries around the world (see figure2).WAC website

Figure 2 Locations of the world's main fossil fuel reserves

• Oil (various types from heavy to light)

Kinds Uses

Light Distillates Produce Insect repellent, polymers, coatings and

lubricant.

Jet fuels.

Middle Distillates Buses fuel

Medium Oils -

Heavy Oils Transportations fuel.

Bunker (ships fuel)

("A detailed guide," 2009)

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Figure 3 OPEC share of world crude oil reserves 2012

Figure3: World oil reserves are 1,477 billion barrels, 81% located in member countries' of Organization of

the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) while 19% Non-OPEC member countries'. Venezuela has the

big amount of oil reserves which is 24.8% of the world oil reserves(OPEC website.nd).

• Natural Gas

David Rachovichs' figures estimated that the world natural gas reserved is 6,746,581 billion cubic feet.

Russia on top of the countries, it has 24.9% of the world reserves then Iran with the percentage of 17.5% and

then Qatar with the percentage of 13.1%.(Rachovich, 2013)

.

• Uranium

The world total uranium reserves is almost 5,902,500 tonnes. Three top countries hold uranium reserves

around the world. Australia, it holds 31%, then Kazakhstan with the percentage of 12%. Russia is the third

country which has 487,200t of uranium reserve. (WNA website)

2. WHAT PERCENTAGE OF FUEL FOR TRANSPORT IS DERIVED FROM THESE SOURCES?

figure9: Transportation energy depends on fossil fuels as the first source to operate with the percentage of

93.5% of oil and more. This percentage is big because fossil fuels especially oil is faster, easier and cheaper

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source of energy to

get.

3. HOW CONVENIENTLY LOCATED ARE THESE RESOURCES WITH RESPECT TO WHERE THEY ARE MOST USED?

Comparing the two figures below between fossil fuels production and consumption, three of the producer

countries are consumers which are: China, USA and Russia. Nevertheless, six countries in the world's

biggest fossil fuels consumers are not with the biggest producers. These are: Germany, UK, Italy, Japan,

South Korea and Brazil. (Wilson, 2014)

To conclude, because fossil fuels can be transported and some of producer countries have self-sufficiency of

its own fossil fuels, they import the rest to other countries who have demand for it. Also, some countries

produce enough of one kind of fossil fuels but they count on importing other kind of fossil fuels.

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Figure 4 World transportation energy by source, 2009

4. EXPLAIN THE TERM GEO-POLITICAL AND PROVIDE SOME EXAMPLES RELEVANT TO ENERGY

Geopolitical: combination of geographical and political elements which can effect on regions or countries.

The conflict between Russia and Ukraine over energy supply: Russia is the second biggest supplier of

natural gas; Ukraine depends a lot on Russia's natural gas. Before when Ukraine was in Soviet Union, it

imports natural gas at discounted prices. However, after Ukraine independent after Union Soviet's breakup,

Russia overturned European Energy Charger and cutoff some supplies gas pipelines to increase prices!

(CSIS wesite)

5. IN TERMS OF GEO-POLITICAL STABILITY, HOW SECURE ARE THESE PLACES THAT EXTRACT AND EXPORT THESE

ENERGY RESOURCES?

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Figure 5 The world's biggest fossil fuel producers

Figure 6 The world's biggest fossil fuel consumers

Figure7: Gas, oil and coal are produced with the biggest amount in the Middle East. Middle East becomes

the first biggest exporter of the fossil fuels. Recently, a lot of countries in Middle East have political

revolutions which make them unstable and effect on energy prices.

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6. WHAT ARE THE MAJOR ISSUES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN ASSOCIATED WITH THE EXTRACTION AND

RECOVERY OF THESE ENERGY RESOURCES AND ARE THESE CONCERNS UNIVERSAL OR LOCALISED?

Fossil fuels harm environment by polluting the air with gases emitted from extraction operations. These

greenhouse gases (GHGs') contribute to global warming increasing the world heat causing human diseases.

Moreover, oil and gas leakage in water and land destroy sea life and wildlife and cause coastal

contamination. Building roads and drilling facilities impact negatively on lands by fragmenting them and

destroying habitat. These concerns are universal because global warming harm all people, oil and gas spells

can happen while transporting them.

7. WHAT HAVE BEEN THE PRICE TRENDS OVER THE PAST 50 YEARS ON WORLD MARKETS FOR THESE

COMMODITIES AND WILL PRICE CHANGES DICTATE SUBSTITUTION OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF ENERGY?

Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources with high demand, within years demand is increasing and the

amount of these resources is decreasing so prices are often increasing. The figure bellow is an example of oil

prices. Before 50 years the price increased high in 1979 with the Iranian revolution but it decreased when

Iraq invaded Kuwait. However, the price keeps increasing but because of Arab Spring it decreased again. As

long as fuel's locations stable, prices will increase. Price changes didn't dictate alternative resources because

alternative resources will cost more than fossil fuels.

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Figure 7 The world's different energy sources locations

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Figure 8 Crude oil prices 1861-2013

8. WHAT ARE YOUR THOUGHTS OF FOSSIL FUELS AND THE IMPACT ON THE TRANSPORT SECTOR

As a driver in one of Middle East countries, we are lucky to have fossil fuels because we buy it cheap.

However, as a student who read about fossil fuels, I can make sure that no matter how expensive cars we

drive now, after years we won't have any car or transportation if our countries did not work on having an

energy alternatives! Transportation sector will cause them after years more than any other sector do!

Non Fossil fuels

1. PROVIDE DETAILS OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT RECENT DEVELOPMENTS WHICH ARE RELEVANT TO THE

TRANSPORT AND ENERGY SECTOR FOR:

Nuclear energy

In 2014, 437 nuclear power plant units operated in 31 countries such as Argentina and Iran. It installed

electric net capacity of almost 375GW. 70 plants with capacity of 68GW are under productions in 16

countries like Japan and Russia. (ENS website)

Hydro-electric energy

"Three Gorges Dam": spans Yangtze River in China, is the biggest power station world with capacity of

(22,500MW). It is 181m tall and 2335m long. This project decreases Greenhouse gas emissions.

Marine energy (tides, currents, waves, salinity & water densities)

New developed project released in 2013 in Ireland called "Westwave". Its objective is to benefit from Irish

West Coast Ocean to get wave energy by conversion technologies like aquamarine oyster. (ESB website)

Geothermal energy

In 2013, USA had 175 geothermal projects which provide more than 5.5GW of potential. Japan had more

than 30 geothermal projects of energy. In April 2013, the US Department of Energy, Ormat Technologies

and GeothermEx created 1.7MW additional to an energy field in Nevada.

Wind energy

USA auctioned large areas off coast for commercial wind energy development. Developers like Google and

Wal-Mart had thousands of acres to make renewable wind energy more available. As a result, USA wind

power reached 61,327MW, turbines and wind farms is increasing. (Merecicky, 2014)

Solar energy

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March 2013, UAE started operating big developed project called Shams. It is 250hectar complex with power

of (100MW). This project is the first pure concentrated solar plants(CSP) project in the world.

Biological energy

2013 in Europe, Leaders of Sustainable Biofuels was formed to support commercials of developed biofuels.

In addition, in Australia two biofuels stations were expanded by algae and lingo-cellulosic.

Biofuels: Fuels imitative from biomass. They are used as fuels for vehicles' engine and transport fuels and in

stationary engines to provide electricity and heat. Global Status Report,2013

2. WHAT PERCENT CONTRIBUTION TO GLOBAL ENERGY DEMANDS DO THESE SOURCES OF ENERGY CONTRIBUTE?

Figure9:During 2011, 2012, global demand for non-fossil fuels energy increased, the percentage was

estimated 19% of global final consumption.

This percentage is very low comparing with the global energy demands for fossil fuels which clarifies that

small number of countries who are developing to face future where no fossil fuels around. These countries

will be the most powerful countries!

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Figure 9 Estimated renewable energy share of global final energy consupmtion

3. HOW COST-COMPETITIVE ARE THESE SOURCES OF ENERGY? WHY ?

According to financial experts, renewable energy is becoming fast cost-competitive with fossil fuels. Recent

statistics shows that people prefer renewable energy sources over fossil fuels and they are supporting them to

have better green life. In some countries, clean renewable energy is expanding fast like Germany which its

renewable energy took 22% of generation while natural gas decreased from 14% to 11%! (Smith,2013)

4. WHAT PRACTICAL LIMITS ARE THERE TO THE MORE EXTENSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THESE RENEWABLE SOURCES

OF ENERGY?

1. Capital costs for these energy projects are very expensive so most of countries and investors prefer fossil

fuels because it is cheaper.

2. There are limited locations for some kinds of these energy sources. Like; marine energy can produced in

oceans which have strong tidal.

(Jansson,2013)

5. HOW WELL ARE THESE SOURCES OF ENERGY ALIGNED TO WHERE THEY ARE NEEDED?

Almost 1.6 billion people in world live without electricity and basic energy services since 1970. These

emerging economies cannot afford having energy sources of fossil fuels so it will be hard for them to afford

renewable sources. On another hand, developing countries which are producing renewable energy like USA

and China are using the produced energy in their country!

6. WHAT ARE THE ISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH FURTHERING BIOLOGICAL ENERGY SOURCES AS A MEANS TO PROVIDE

FUEL FOR TRANSPORT?

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Mixture of perennial herbs and grasses provide sustainable biofuel; however, this can harm the environment

and it needs developed technologies to convert these herbs to biofuel like ethanol. Ethanol producers in USA

took ethanol from corn which it raised food price 15%. As a result, food and agriculture organization

become against the operation of taking ethanol from corn and researchers now are searching for other source

of ethanol. (Baiello,2013)

7. WHAT ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ARE THERE ASSOCIATED WITH THESE SOURCES OF ENERGY?

Biomass and geothermal have negative effects on air quality when biomass burned to get electricity it

produce pollutants like sulphur dioxide (SO2) and carbon monoxide while geothermal produce mercury

Hydroelectric power and marine energy harm sea life and kill fishes because of turbines. In hydroelectric

operators storing big amount of water behind the reservoir may let the river downstream dry and harm

animal and plant life.

Solar energy needs large space of lands; a lot of lands were destroyed and degradation which it result in

harming wildlife. Moreover, production waste of solar power is hazardous which it needs to be disposed

properly.

8. WHAT GEO-POLITICAL ISSUES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THESE SOURCES OF ENERGY?

Fossil fuels in coming years will be scarcity which will raise its costs in short time and make volatility in

markets. As a result, all sights will go to renewable energy. Countries who are investing in renewable energy

will have power in future like USA and China. However, big issue will face developed countries: rare of

earth materials which are needed to make advanced renewable technology (Criekemans, 2011).

9. WHAT IN YOUR OPINION IS THE LIKELY FUTURE OF NON-FOSSIL ENERGY SOURCES FOR POWERING FUTURE

TRANSPORT?”

I think solar power will be the most used energy for transports maybe because I live in country where

sunshine is so powerful. Also because solar power has some benefits;

1. It slows global warming which is threatens humans' life.

2. Provides energy reliability: it is known when the sun will rise and set and what the weather

condition will be.

3. Provides independence energy because we cannot buy energy; we only need to have solar panels

which it means that we have our own control.

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(Shahan,2013)

References

A detailed guide on the many different types of crude oil. (2009, December 2). Retrieved from

http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/A-Detailed-Guide-On-The-Many-Different-Types-Of-Crude-

Oil.html

Baiello, D. (2013, January 16). Food versus fuel: Native plants make better ethanol . Retrieved from

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/native-plants-on-marginal-lands-to-reduce-food-versus-

fuel-from-biofuels/

Bp statistical review of world energy . (2014, June). Retrieved from

http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-

review-of-world-energy-2014-full-report.pdf

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Criekemans, D. (2011, April). The geopolitics of renewable energy. Retrieved from

http://www.exploringgeopolitics.org/Publication_Criekemans_David_Geopolitics_of_Renewable_E

nergy_Technology_Desertec_North_Seas_Countries_Offshore_Grid_Initiative_CO2_Emissions_In

vestments_Germany.html

Environmental risks when extracting and exporting oil and gas. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://bellona.no/assets/fil_Chapter_3._Environmental_risks_when_extracting_and_exporting_oil_a

nd_gas.pdf

Fossil fuels. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://pacificenvironment.org/energy-fossil-fuels

geopolitics. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/geopolitics

Jansson, A. (2013, May 13). Marine energy breakthrough: New technology multiplies potential . Retrieved

from http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2013/05/marine-energy-breakthrough-

new-technology-multiplies-potential

Merecicky, A. (2014, September 15). Wind work around north america. Retrieved from

http://www.windpowerengineering.com/construction/wind-work-around-north-america-4/

Nuclear power plants, world-wide. (2014, September 21). Retrieved from

http://www.euronuclear.org/info/encyclopedia/n/nuclear-power-plant-world-wide.htm

Oil types. (2014, September 19). Retrieved from http://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oiltypes

Opec share of world crude oil reserves. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.htm

Pilot wave energy development . (2014, March). Retrieved from

http://www.westwave.ie/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Killard-Revised-Scoping-Report_Verified-

_01052014_verified.pdf

Rachovich, D. (2013, January 8). World's top 24 natural gas proven reserve holders, jan 1, 2013 -- ogj .

Retrieved from http://petroleuminsights.blogspot.com/2013/01/worlds-top-22-natural-gas-

proven.html

Renewables 2013 g l o bal st a tus r e port. (2013). Retrieved from

http://www.ren21.net/portals/0/documents/resources/gsr/2013/gsr2013_lowres.pdf

Russia’s gas clash with ukraine: Geopolitics or just the money?. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://csis.org/blog/russia’s-gas-clash-ukraine-geopolitics-or-just-money

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Shahan , Z. (2013, October 8). Advantages & disadvantages of solar power. Retrieved from

http://cleantechnica.com/2013/10/08/advantages-disadvantages-solar-power/

Smith, T. (2013, August 16). Renewable energy increasingly cost-competitive, say industry experts - see

more at: http://tcktcktck.org/2013/08/renewable-energy-increasingly-cost-competitive-say-industry-

experts/56141

Supply of uranium. (2014, September). Retrieved from http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-

Cycle/Uranium-Resources/Supply-of-Uranium/

WEC. (n.d.). coal statistics. Retrieved from http://www.worldcoal.org/resources/coal-statistics/

Wilson, R. (2014, July 30). Which countries produce the most fossil fuels?. Retrieved from

http://theenergycollective.com/robertwilson190/447121/who-produces-most-fossil-fuels

Figures references:

Figure1: Types of coal. Retrived from http://riverbasinenergy.com/pages/the-future-of-coal/what-is-coal.php

Figure2: Locations of the world's main fossil fuel reserves. Retrived from http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/where-is-coal-found/ Figure10: OPEC share of world crude oil reserves 2012. Retrieved from

http://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/data_graphs/330.htm

Figure11: World transportation energy by source, 2009. Retrieved from

http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/2012/04/30/the-damage-done-in-transportation-which-energy-source-will-

lead-to-the-greenest-highways/

Figure12: The world's biggest fossil fuel producers. Retrieved from

http://theenergycollective.com/robertwilson190/447121/who-produces-most-fossil-fuels

Figure6: The world's biggest fossil fuel consumers. Retrieved from

http://theenergycollective.com/robertwilson190/447121/who-produces-most-fossil-fuels

Figure13: The world's different energy sources locations. Retrieved from http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n2/full/nclimate1695.html

Figure14: Crude oil prices 1861-2013. Retrieved from http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-

economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-full-report.pdf

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Figure15: Estimated renewable energy share of global final energy consumption. Retrieved from http://www.ren21.net/portals/0/documents/resources/gsr/2013/gsr2013_lowres.pdf

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