assessing the water quality of south florida water management reservoirs november 18, 2004 robert l....

Assessing the Water Quality of Assessing the Water Quality of South Florida Water Management South Florida Water Management

ReservoirsReservoirs

November 18, 2004November 18, 2004

Robert L. Knight, Ph.D.Wetland Solutions, Inc.

www.wetlandsolutionsinc.com

Presentation to the South Florida Water Management District

Water Quality in South Florida Reservoirs Water Quality in South Florida Reservoirs

Project GoalProject Goal

•Develop empirical tools to Develop empirical tools to assess water quality in assess water quality in south Florida water south Florida water management reservoirsmanagement reservoirs


Project MethodProject Method•Utilize existing Utilize existing data from data from similar Florida similar Florida lacustrine lacustrine systems systems including lakes, including lakes, reservoirs, and reservoirs, and water water management management areasareas


Project LimitationsProject Limitations

•Statistical evaluation onlyStatistical evaluation only•Not dynamic and not Not dynamic and not spatialspatial•Limited to existing data Limited to existing data from a variety of aquatic from a variety of aquatic systems, none of which are systems, none of which are exactly like the proposed exactly like the proposed water management water management reservoirsreservoirs


Water Quality Assessment Water Quality Assessment Efforts To-DateEfforts To-Date

•Ten Mile Creek WPA Ten Mile Creek WPA ReviewReview•SAV-Dominated Lakes SAV-Dominated Lakes ReviewReview•DMSTA Calibration for LOWDMSTA Calibration for LOW•Florida Lake and Reservoir Florida Lake and Reservoir Database AnalysisDatabase Analysis

Assessment of Assessment of the Water Quality the Water Quality and and Environmental Environmental

Benefits of theBenefits of the

Ten Mile Ten Mile Creek Creek Water Water Preserve Preserve Area (WPA)Area (WPA)

Ten Mile Creek WPA Water Quality Ten Mile Creek WPA Water Quality AssessmentAssessment

North Fork St. Lucie River

Ten Mile CreekFive Mile Creek

Note: Adapted From the South Florida Water Management District

Gordy Road Control Structure


Project BackgroundProject Background• Primary goal is to control the Primary goal is to control the

quantity and timing of freshwater quantity and timing of freshwater flows to the St. Lucie Estuary by flows to the St. Lucie Estuary by creating a water storage reservoircreating a water storage reservoir

• Secondary goal is to realize water Secondary goal is to realize water quality benefits associated with quality benefits associated with water storage and wetland water storage and wetland polishingpolishing

• Additional goal is to create suitable Additional goal is to create suitable habitat for wildlife and humans habitat for wildlife and humans


Goals of the Water Quality Goals of the Water Quality Assessment ProjectAssessment Project

• Assessment of water quality Assessment of water quality changes resulting from water changes resulting from water detention and polishingdetention and polishing

• Focus on nutrients, suspended Focus on nutrients, suspended solids, metals, and solids, metals, and agrichemicalsagrichemicals

• Recommended design criteria Recommended design criteria to optimize water quality and to optimize water quality and habitat project benefitshabitat project benefits


FloridaTurnpike

Gordy Road Station

70

I-95

Source: USGS 1999

N

0 4000

approx. scale (ft)

Ten Mile Creek

TreatmentCell

(132 ac)

Reservoir(526 ac)

Canal96

Emergency overf low

S-382

S-383

S-384


Water Storage Area Water Storage Area (Reservoir) Water Quality (Reservoir) Water Quality

Assessment MethodsAssessment Methods

• COE Reservoir modelCOE Reservoir model• EUTROMOD modelEUTROMOD model• Empirical data reviewEmpirical data review• DMSTA ModelDMSTA Model

Parameters and Equations for the Reservoir Water Quality Assessment Models

COE Reservoir Model (Walker 1998) EUTROMOD Model (Rechow et al. 1992)Terms Description Units Terms Description Units

P = Average rainfall m/yr Ci = Concentration in mg/LCi = TP concentration in ug/L Qi = Inflow rate hm3/yrCp = Rainfall TP concentration ug/L Qo = Outflow rate hm3/yrQi = Inflow rate hm3/yr A = WPA reservoir surface area km2Qo = Outflow rate hm3/yr qi = Hydraulic loading rate from pumped inflow m/yrA = WPA reservoir surface area km2

qa = Hydraulic loading rate based on average flow (Qi+Qo)/2m/yrqi = Hydraulic loading rate from pumped inflowm/yr t = Hydraulic residence time - mean yrUs = Exfiltrating groundwater m/yr Z = Mean water depth mUo = Infiltrating groundwater m/yr V = Reservoir volume hm3

Z = Mean water depth m Fw = Fraction of days with surface water N.A. Co= Concentration out, calculated: mg/LCs = TP concentration in exfiltrating groundwaterug/L Co(-1 s.e.) = Concentration out minus 1 std. error: mg/L

Co(+1s.e.) = Concentration out plus 1 std. error: mg/LCo= TP concentration out, calculated: ug/L

Model Equations:Model Equations: log10(TP) = log10[TPi/(1+KTPt)]Co = [Pi*(-1+4*N) 0̂.5]/(2*N) ug/L KTP = 1.71t-0.21Z1.01TPi

0.40

qo = Qo/A +Uo m/yr log10(TN) = log10[TNi/(1+KTNt)]K2 = 0.17*Fw*qo/(qo+13.3) N.A. KTN = 0.20t-0.89Z1.56TNi

0.33

Pi = [(Qi*Ci)/A + P*Cp + Us*Cs]/qo ug/L log10(CHLA) = 1.46+0.30log10(TP)+0.96log10(TN)N = K2*Pi*Z/qo mg/m3/yr


Water Detention Area Water Detention Area Empirical Data SetsEmpirical Data Sets

• St. Johns Water Control St. Johns Water Control District Floodway and District Floodway and Reservoir (1,760 ac)Reservoir (1,760 ac)

• Willowbrook Farms Reservoir Willowbrook Farms Reservoir (290 ac)(290 ac)

• St. Johns Water Management St. Johns Water Management Area (6,280 ac)Area (6,280 ac)

Table 3. Summary of Mean Water Quality Data From the St. Johns Water Control District Floodway and Reservoir for the Period From April Through November, 1985

(Fall and Hendrickson, 1988)

Parameter Units

Citrus Pump

StationFloodway

ExitReservoir Interior

Reservoir Perimeter

Canal

Reservoir Discharge Structure

Water temperature deg C 23.3 24.4 26.4 25.9 25.2Secchi inches 44.0 54.9 43.9 75.3 75.8Color CPU 81.8 82.5 71.1 82.7 66.2Conductivity umhos/cm 1217 1113 930 993 987Dissolved oxygen mg/L 5.4 4.4 7.2 5.9 6.1

BOD5 mg/L 2.1 1.5 2.2 2.4 1.9

pHa s.u. 7.0 7.2 7.5 7.4 7.4Alkalinity mg/L 174.3 142.6 120.6 129.5 120.2TSS mg/L 4.6 2.2 3.9 3.1 3.0

Total NH4-N mg/L 0.17 0.10 0.06 0.04 0.04

TKN mg/L 1.19 1.18 1.16 1.18 1.11

NO2+NO3-N mg/L 0.14 0.26 0.02 0.11 0.05

TNb mg/L 1.33 1.44 1.18 1.29 1.16Ortho-P mg/L 0.06 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.01Diss. P mg/L 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.03 0.02TP mg/L 0.09 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.04Hardness mg/L 396 321 273 295 286Calcium ug/L 98 83 70 77 70Magnesium ug/L 23 21 20 20 19Sodium ug/L 99 83 80 81 75Potassium ug/L 7.3 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.4Chlorides mg/L 211 172 131 141 160Sulfate mg/L 118 104 87 92 95Iron ug/L 235 171 57 68 73Chlorophyll-a (corr.) ug/L 8.1 2.7 5.8 11.0 8.0TDS mg/L 790 682 584 619 614Turbidity NTU 2.6 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.8

Notes: apH is median valuebTN is calculated as sum of average TKN and NO2+NO3-N

Summary of Estimated Water Quality for the Proposed Ten Mile Creek WPA Reservoir

Pumped Inflow From Ten Mile Creek Outflow to Polishing Cell

Parameter Units Average Maximum Minimum Average Maximum MinimumWater temperature deg C 24.5 31.0 15.2 24.5 33.5 13.0Secchi meters 1.2 2.4 0.6 1.2 2.4 0.3Color CPU 85.0 250.0 30.0 68.0 250.0 40.0Conductivity umhos/cm 1675 2570 670 1350 2050 500Dissolved oxygen mg/L 5.1 10.8 0.6 6.0 12.0 2.2

BOD5 mg/L 1.5 2.2 0.8 1.8 7.0 0.6

pH s.u. 7.2 7.8 6.9 7.3 9.4 6.7Alkalinity mg/L 190.0 200.0 180.0 120.0 190.0 60.0TSS mg/L 5.0 20.0 2.0 6.0 20.0 0.5

Total NH4-N mg/L 0.117 0.260 0.002 0.050 0.300 0.002

TKN mg/L 1.199 2.800 0.360 1.200 1.800 0.400

NO2+NO3-N mg/L 0.150 0.390 0.002 0.075 0.380 0.002

TN mg/L 1.559 2.600 0.770 1.340 1.832 0.979Ortho-P mg/L 0.192 0.300 0.040 0.060 0.180 0.010Diss. P mg/L 0.200 0.500 0.050 0.100 0.300 0.050TP mg/L 0.251 0.590 0.055 0.158 0.448 0.147Chlorides mg/L 401 690 190 320 550 150Sulfate mg/L 147 185 110 100 150 80Chlorophyll-a (corr.) ug/L 50.9 55.8 46.0 23.2 100.0 10.0Turbidity NTU 10.2 25.0 1.1 7.0 25.0 1.5Fecal coliforms col/100mL 118 780 5 100 750 5Copper ug/L 20 50 5 5 25 1Zinc ug/L 30 100 15 15 60 5

Source of estimate: STORET data from Gordy Road Bridge (1972- 1998)COE reservoir modelEUTROMOD modelBPJ (best professional judgment) from other central Florida reservoir data

Preliminary Estimates (Knight 1999)

Final Reservoir Performance Final Reservoir Performance Estimates (inflow and outflow Estimates (inflow and outflow

averages)averages)• TP - 245 to 91 ug/L TP - 245 to 91 ug/L • TN - 1.60 to 1.30 mg/LTN - 1.60 to 1.30 mg/L• Chlorophyll a - 51 to 23 ug/LChlorophyll a - 51 to 23 ug/L• Copper - 20 to 5 ug/LCopper - 20 to 5 ug/L• No or minor benefits for TSS, BODNo or minor benefits for TSS, BOD55, ,

secchi depth, coliformssecchi depth, coliforms• Performance may be negatively Performance may be negatively

impacted by dryout periodsimpacted by dryout periods

Ten Mile Creek WPA Water Ten Mile Creek WPA Water Quality AssessmentQuality Assessment

Final Estimates (WSI 2001)

Assessment of Assessment of the Water Quality the Water Quality

ofof

Submerged Submerged Aquatic Aquatic Vegetation Vegetation (SAV)-(SAV)-Dominated Dominated Lakes and Lakes and RiversRivers

SAV-Dominated Lakes ReviewSAV-Dominated Lakes Review

Project GoalsProject Goals• Validation exercise for relatively Validation exercise for relatively

short-term and smaller scale SAV short-term and smaller scale SAV results from STA-1W Cell 4results from STA-1W Cell 4

• Search for Florida lakes and river Search for Florida lakes and river segments dominated by SAV and segments dominated by SAV and with flow and water quality datawith flow and water quality data

• Focus was on total phosphorus Focus was on total phosphorus (TP) but also collected other data (TP) but also collected other data for regressionsfor regressions

SAV-Dominated Lakes ReviewSAV-Dominated Lakes ReviewSAV Lakes and StreamsSAV Lakes and Streams

Lake Harney

Lake Hellen BlazesLake Sawgrass

Lake Poinsett

Lake Isotokpoga

Lake Kissimmee

Myakka Lake

Lake Panasoffkee

Rodman Reservoir

Withlacoochee River

Lake Seminole

Lake Tarpon

Wekiva River

SAV-Dominated Lakes ReviewSAV-Dominated Lakes ReviewEstimated TP k ValuesEstimated TP k Values

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Lakes

k1T

P (m

/yr)

Lakes Rivers

SAV-Dominated Lakes ReviewSAV-Dominated Lakes ReviewTP Load vs. k ValueTP Load vs. k Value

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

TP Loading (g/m2/yr)

k1T

P (m

/yr)

Lake Poinsett Lake Hellen Blazes Lake Sawgrass Lake Harney Wekiva River Withlacoochee River

Lake Panasoffkee Lake Kissimmee Rodman Reserovir Lake Istokpoga Upper Myakka Lake Lake Seminole

y=5.14 * x0.662

R2=0.490

SAV-Dominated Lakes ReviewSAV-Dominated Lakes ReviewComparison to SAV Research ResultsComparison to SAV Research Results

ENR Cell 4y = 1.7006x + 3.1269

R2 = 0.3699

This Studyy = 0.6809x + 1.5173

R2 = 0.6654

SAV Mesocosmsy = 1.7747x + 51.672

R2 = 0.9175

-20.0

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

0.0 10.0 20.0 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 70.0 80.0 90.0 100.0

HLR (cm/d)

k1T

P (m

/yr)

Lakes Rivers ENR Cell 4 SAV Mesocosms


Project ConclusionsProject Conclusions• SAV-dominated lakes and rivers do SAV-dominated lakes and rivers do

generally remove TP over the long termgenerally remove TP over the long term• This TP can be found in accreted This TP can be found in accreted

sedimentssediments• These TP removal rates are typically These TP removal rates are typically

higher than those found in emergent higher than those found in emergent macrophyte dominated wetlandsmacrophyte dominated wetlands

• TP removal rate constants in SAV-TP removal rate constants in SAV-dominated lakes, rivers, and wetlands dominated lakes, rivers, and wetlands are directly correlated to TP mass are directly correlated to TP mass loading rates (inlet flow and loading rates (inlet flow and concentration)concentration)


Project Conclusions (cont.)Project Conclusions (cont.)• TP removal rates estimated from TP removal rates estimated from

Florida SAV-dominated lakes and Florida SAV-dominated lakes and rivers overlapped those rivers overlapped those measured at SAV experimental measured at SAV experimental systems but were generally lowersystems but were generally lower

• For this reason it was For this reason it was recommended that TP removal recommended that TP removal rates from relatively short term rates from relatively short term or small scale SAV studies be or small scale SAV studies be used with cautionused with caution

Assessment of Assessment of Reservoir Water Reservoir Water Quality Quality

DMSTA DMSTA Calibration Calibration for the for the Lake Lake OkeechobeOkeechobee e Watershed Watershed (LOW)(LOW)

DMSTA Calibration for LOWDMSTA Calibration for LOW

GoalsGoals• DMSTA was developed and DMSTA was developed and

calibrated for STAs south of Lake calibrated for STAs south of Lake Okeechobee (LO)Okeechobee (LO)

• Need to confirm usefulness north Need to confirm usefulness north of the lakeof the lake

• Collected empirical data sets for Collected empirical data sets for lakes and for treatment wetlands lakes and for treatment wetlands north of LOnorth of LO

• Focus was on phosphorus but Focus was on phosphorus but other data collectedother data collected

DMSTA Calibration for LOWDMSTA Calibration for LOWFlorida Lakes and Treatment Florida Lakes and Treatment

WetlandsWetlands

Lake Harney

Titusville

Lakeland

Boney Marsh

Lake Okeechobee

Lake Poinsett

Orlando Easterly Wetlands

LakeSawgrass

Lake Hell'n Blazes

Lake Istokpoga

LEGEND

Treatment Wetland

Lake/Reservoir

Lake Okeechobee Watershed Boundary


TP ConcentrationsTP Concentrations


Mean DepthMean Depth


Calibrated P Removal Rate Calibrated P Removal Rate Constants (k)Constants (k)


ConclusionsConclusions

• Calibrated k values were within Calibrated k values were within the same range as other STAs the same range as other STAs calibrated with DMSTA. This calibrated with DMSTA. This suggests that existing DMSTA suggests that existing DMSTA STA calibration parameters can STA calibration parameters can be used for performance be used for performance estimates north of Lake estimates north of Lake Okeechobee for inflow TP Okeechobee for inflow TP concentrations as high as 300 ppbconcentrations as high as 300 ppb


Conclusions (cont.)Conclusions (cont.)

• With the exception of Lake With the exception of Lake Poinsett (k = 15 m/yr) the Poinsett (k = 15 m/yr) the lakes have calibrated P lakes have calibrated P removal rate constants removal rate constants below the emergent marsh below the emergent marsh treatment wetlandstreatment wetlands



• The reservoir component of the The reservoir component of the DMSTA model provides a better DMSTA model provides a better fit to the Florida lake data than to fit to the Florida lake data than to the wetland datathe wetland data

• With one possible exception, the With one possible exception, the lake data were of limited use for lake data were of limited use for calibration since they have high calibration since they have high hydraulic loading rates, reducing hydraulic loading rates, reducing sensitivity to the second-order sensitivity to the second-order rate constant (Krate constant (K22) in the reservoir ) in the reservoir modelmodel



• A KA K22 value of 0.1 yr value of 0.1 yr-1-1ppbppb-1-1 reported for reservoirs and wet reported for reservoirs and wet detention ponds from outside detention ponds from outside of Florida (Walker 1985) of Florida (Walker 1985) provides a reasonable fit to provides a reasonable fit to Florida lake data and is Florida lake data and is recommended for interim recommended for interim reservoir performance reservoir performance estimatesestimates

Assessment of Assessment of Reservoir Water Reservoir Water QualityQuality

Florida Lake Florida Lake and and Reservoir Reservoir Database Database Analysis for Analysis for US Army US Army Corps of Corps of EngineersEngineers

Florida Lake and Reservoir Florida Lake and Reservoir Water Quality Database Water Quality Database AnalysisAnalysis

TasksTasks• Water Quality Impacts of Reservoirs Water Quality Impacts of Reservoirs

Database augmented with previously-Database augmented with previously-collected data setscollected data sets

• Analyzed for EAA Reservoir project to Analyzed for EAA Reservoir project to estimate reservoir water qualityestimate reservoir water quality

• Developed probability frequency curves Developed probability frequency curves for 14 important water quality for 14 important water quality parametersparameters

• Developed regressions between inflow Developed regressions between inflow and outflow concentrationsand outflow concentrations

• Developed regressions between inflow Developed regressions between inflow loads and outflow concentrationsloads and outflow concentrations


PRELIMINARY DRAFT September 2004

COMPREHENSIVE EVERGLADES RESTORATION PLAN CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN FLORIDA PROJECT

A. ALTERNATIVE PLAN FORMULATION AND EVALUATION A.1 WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT

REPORT EVERGLADES AGRICULTURAL AREA STORAGE RESERVOIRS – PHASE 1

US Army Corps of Engineers South Florida Water Jacksonville District Management District

Assisted By:

Florida Lake and Reservoir Florida Lake and Reservoir Water Quality Database Water Quality Database AnalysisAnalysisDetailed Data From 34 Lakes and ReservoirsDetailed Data From 34 Lakes and Reservoirs

LEGEND

Lake/Resrvoir

Shallow Impoundment

Lake Trafford

Lake Istokpoga

Lake Josephine

Lake Sebring

LakeParker

Lake Thonotosassa

Upper Myakka Lake

Lake Seminole

Bonnet Lake

Medard ParkReservoir

Lake Disston

Crescent Lake

Rodman Reservoir

Lake Harney

Lake Jessup

Lake Monroe

Lake George

Lake Norris

Lake Tsala Apopka

Lake Panasoffkee

Lake CalmKeystone Lake

Lake Carroll

Lake Magdalene

Taylor Creek Reservoir

Lake Kissimmee

Lake Hellen Blazes

Sawgrass Lake

Lake Poinsett

Lake Washington

Emeralda Marsh Conservation Area

Sunnyhill Farm

Kenansville Lake

St. John's Water Management Area

St. John's Marsh Conservation Area


Nitrate + Nitrite - NNitrate + Nitrite - N


Dissolved OxygenDissolved Oxygen


Total Dissolved PTotal Dissolved P


Water Depth vs. AlkalinityWater Depth vs. Alkalinity

Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3)

y = -10.219x + 85.862

R2 = 0.1028

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Depth (m)

Ou

tflo

w

Lake/Reservoir Marsh


Inflow PumpStation

OutflowStructure

Top Width 15'Max Fill Level

16'

Perimeter Levee

Deep Zone

Reservoir

3-4'

12'

Generic EAA Reservoir Generic EAA Reservoir


EAA Reservoir Performance EstimatesEAA Reservoir Performance Estimates(estimated for USACOE PIR)(estimated for USACOE PIR)

Research NeedsResearch Needs• Additional Reservoir Additional Reservoir

Water Quality DatasetsWater Quality Datasets• Ten Mile Creek WPA Ten Mile Creek WPA

Startup and Operational Startup and Operational MonitoringMonitoring

• Dynamic Modeling for All Dynamic Modeling for All Key Water Quality Key Water Quality ParametersParameters


Reservoir Plant Reservoir Plant Communities Communities

Research NeedsResearch Needs• Identify Appropriate Research Identify Appropriate Research

Sites in FloridaSites in Florida– Agricultural reservoirsAgricultural reservoirs– Water management areasWater management areas– Drinking water reservoirsDrinking water reservoirs– Natural lakesNatural lakes

• Instrument sites for water stage Instrument sites for water stage recordingrecording

• Map plant communities and Map plant communities and restudy on seasonal and annual restudy on seasonal and annual basisbasis


Reservoir Wildlife Reservoir Wildlife Usage Research Usage Research

NeedsNeeds• Organize citizen bird census Organize citizen bird census

teams for various reservoirsteams for various reservoirs• Conduct fisheries studiesConduct fisheries studies• Inventory other food chain Inventory other food chain

trophic levels trophic levels (macroinvertebrates, (macroinvertebrates, amphibians,reptiles, and amphibians,reptiles, and small mammals)small mammals)


DiscussionDiscussion


assessing the water quality of south florida water management reservoirs november 18, 2004 robert l....

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