assessing the effectiveness of compliance strategies in three australian mpas david j. lloyd...
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Assessing the effectiveness of compliance strategies in three
Australian MPAs David J. Lloyd
Southern Cross University
R.J. PayneLakehead University
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Effectiveness of Compliance Strategies
Background
1. Compliance: – An actor’s behaviour that conforms to explicit rules in
particular situations (adapted from Mitchell, 1993)
2. Non-compliance:– Breaking the rules– Why?
• Costs?• Benefits?• Individual perspective
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Determinants of Compliance
E n fo rce m e nt(D e te ctio n & S a nc tion s)
D e te r ren ce(E xp e cte d P e n a lty)
I lleg a l G a ins
F a irn e ssE ffic ien cy
P roce ss
F a irn e ssE ffe ctiv en e ss
O u tco m e
L eg itim a cy
M ora l S ua sion
M ora l D ev e lo pm en t &P erson a l V a lu es
M ora l O b liga tio ns & S o c ia l In flu en ce
C om plian ce
Figure 1
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Effectiveness of Compliance Strategies
3. Literature– Voluntary and/or regulatory compliance (MacKendrick,
2005)– Surveillance and enforcement (Davis et al., 2004)– Compliance is improved by thorough community
involvement (Lundqvist and Granek, 2005; Dalton, 2005)– Compliance improves with the age of the MPA
(McClanahan et al., 2005)– Compliance is related to MPA size (Kritzer, 2004)
• Non-compliance at boundaries
– Compliance improves with well-marked internal and external boundaries (Mascia, 2003)
– Compliance requires more than enforcement (Cesar, 2004)
– Compliance behaviour improves with people’s levels of education (Durant et al., 2004) and wealth (Sutinen and Kuperan, 1999)
– More and better information reduces non-compliance (Manning et al., 1996; Bradford and McIntyre, 2007)
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Effectiveness of Compliance Strategies
4. A Theoretical Perspective:– For individuals, – Compliance <-> benefits– Enforcement <-> costs
5. A Formative Evaluation:– Examining the processes utilized to encourage compliance– Not examining whether those processes actually worked as
expected
6. Australian MPAs:– Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (1972)– Moreton Bay Marine Park (1993)– Cape Byron Marine Park (2002)
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Effectiveness of Compliance Strategies
Results1. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
– Regulatory compliance:• Zoning, permits and enforcement
– complexity
– Voluntary compliance:• Recognition that management depends upon an informed,
supportive and involved public;• Maximising voluntary compliance through promotion and education • Education of the interest groups <-> GBRMPA; • Conflict resolution between the GBRMPA and interest groups
mutual respect, understanding and acceptance of management decisions;
• Conflict resolution between interest groups mutual understanding of each others’ views.
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Effectiveness of Compliance Strategies
2. Moreton Bay Marine Park– Regulatory compliance:
• Zoning, permits and enforcement– simplicity
– Voluntary compliance:• Interpretation• TV, internet
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Effectiveness of Compliance Strategies
3. Cape Byron Marine Park– Regulatory compliance:
• Zoning, permits and enforcement– simplicity
– Voluntary compliance:• Interpretation• Outreach (e.g., schools)• Internet
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Effectiveness of Compliance Strategies
Discussion1. The pre-dominance of the GBRMP
– A wide variety of strategies, especially re voluntary compliance
2. The ubiquity of regulatory compliance strategies– Variation in complexity
3. The implications of larger protection/sanctuary zones
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Effectiveness of Compliance Strategies
Conclusions1. The GBRMP remains the “gold standard”
2. Voluntary compliance requires considerable efforts in promotion, education and outreach
3. Expansion of protection/sanctuary zones may require more emphasis on regulatory compliance strategies
4. Need for more research to examine the effectiveness of both regulatory and voluntary compliance strategies
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Effectiveness of Compliance Strategies
Literature Cited
Bradford L. and McIntyre, N. (2007). Off the beaten track: messages as a means of reducing social• trail use at St. Lawrence Islands National Park. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 25, (1), pp.
1-21.Cesar, H., (2004). Background information on the institutional and regulatory framework of marine• managed areas in the main Hawaiian Islands. Cesar Environmental Economics Consulting, Arnhem, The
Netherlands, 12 pages (available at URL: http://ideas.repec.org/p/ecm/latm04/168.html).Dalton, T.M., (2005). Beyond biogeography: a framework for involving the public in planning of U.S. marine
protected areas. Conservation Biology, 19, (5), pp. 1392-1401.Davis, K. L. F., Russ, G. R., Williamson, D. H. and Evans, R. D., (2004). Surveillance and poaching on inshore
reefs of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Coastal Management, 32, pp. 373–387.Robert F. Durant, R.F., Chun, Y.-P., Kim, B. and Lee, S., (2004). Toward a new governance paradigm for
environmental and natural resources management in the 21st century? Administration & Society, 35, (6), pp. 643-682.
Kritzer, J.B., (2004). Effects of non-compliance on the success of alternative designs of marine protected –area networks for conservation and fisheries management. Conservation Biology, 18, (4), pp. 1021-1031.
Lundqvist, C.J. and Granek, E.F., (2005). Strategies for successful marine conservation: integrating socioeconomic, political, and scientific factors. Conservation Biology, 19, (6), pp. 1771-1778.
MacKendrick, N.A., (2005). The role of the state in voluntary environmental reform: A case study of public land. Policy Sciences, 38, (1), pp. 21–44.
Manning, R.E., Lime, D.W. and Hof, M., (1996). Social carrying capacity of natural areas: theory and application in the U.S. National Parks. Natural Areas Journal, 16, (2), pp. 118-127.
Mascia, M.B., (2003). The human dimension of coral reef marine protected areas: recent social science research and its policy implications. Conservation Biology, 17, (2), pp. 630-632.
McClanahan, T., Davies, J. and Maina, J., (2005). Factors influencing resource users and managers’ perceptions towards marine protected area management in Kenya. Environmental Conservation, 32, (1), pp. 42-49.
Mitchell, R.B. (1993). Compliance theory: a synthesis. Review of European Community and International Environmental Law, 2 (4), pp. 327-334.