assessing the components of skill necessary for playing video games kent l. norman department of...
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Assessing the Components of Skill Necessary for Playing Video Games
Kent L. NormanDepartment of Psychology
Laboratory for Automation Psychology and Decision Processesand the
Human-Computer Interaction Laboratory
Summer Video Game Internsand
Students in Psyc445: The Psychology of Video Games
HCIL Symposium May 23, 2012
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Why Video Game Skills?
Video games to improve:• Visual skills• Attention skills• Multitasking• Spatial cognition• Creativity• Decision making• Probabilistic inference
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Why Video Game Skills?• One fourth of the
variability in the video game performance can be predicted by measuring the volume of certain structures in their brains!
• Video game performance correlated with laparoscopic surgery skills.
• Action video games train the brain to better process certain visual information.
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Measuring Video Game Skills?
No reliable, standardized method for assessing the skills involved in playing video games
This project has sought to • develop an easy to use coding procedure for video games • explore its usefulness for both scientific and industry purposes.
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Video Game Skills: Study 1
• Skills were discussed and items generated by the participants in a Summer Video Game Internship.
• 24 items were used– Each item stated a skill or ability required for playing a
video game and was associated with a 9-point Likert scale with the end points “Not necessary” and “Very necessary.”
– For each of the following indicate the extent to which the skill or ability is necessary in the game
• Participants entered the name of the game they rated, and additional comments about the game.
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• A total of 79 games were rated, several games being rated twice or more.
• A Factor Analysis suggested the following factors:
– Factor 1: Perceptual-Motor Abilities– Factor 2: Cognitive-Verbal Abilities;– Factor 3: Problem-Solving Abilities,– Factor 4: Information Utilization Abilities– Factor 5: Persistence– Factor 6: Human-Human Interaction.
Results: Study 1
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Games were clustered by genre to see how the skill profiles differed.
-2 -1 0 +1 +2 Standardized Factor Scores
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Study 2
• From the comments about games in Study 1, six items were added to the coding scheme.
• Students in Psyc 445 were asked to code 5 games that they were familiar with.
• The study was posted online:– Game forums – Facebook game pages – Created a Facebook event for friends to participate as well
• About 100 different games were coded.• A total of 335 codings were recorded.
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A Factor Analysis revealed 7 factors that could be labeled as:
Motor Coordination
Verbal Understanding
Manage Resources
Observation, Looking Around
Creativity and Problem Solving
Human-Human Interaction
Persistence
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Results: Study 2
We choose 6 games that required different skills from among all of the games coded.
– Assassin’s Creed (Action Adventure) – Angry Birds (Puzzle) –Mario Kart (Racing) – Professor Layton (Puzzle Adventure)– Dance Central (Music Rhythm) – Final Fantasy (RPG)
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Coordination Verbal Resources Observation Creativity Human-Human Persistence0.00
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AssassinsAngry BirdsDance CentralFinal FantasyMario KartProf Layton
Prof Layton
Final Fantasy
Angry Birds
Results
AssassinsDance Central
Mario Kart
Stan
dard
ized
Fact
or S
core
s
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Assassins Creed
• Observation -- Assessing ones environment and finding the enemy
• Coordination -- Moving the character around
• Resource -- Weapon choice
• Persistence -- Defeating the game
• Verbal: Understanding commands and instructions
Coordination
Verbal
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Observation
Creativity
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*Persistence: refers primarily to the player’s patience to continue through parts of the game that may be difficult or boring. *
*Human-Human interaction: The interaction with other people playing the game (team members or opponents). *
Coordination
Verbal
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Observation
Creativity
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Mario Kart
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Coordination: Steering the kart.Verbal MinimalResources: Selecting karts and characters and managing bombs.Observation: of other racersCreativity: MinimalHuman-Human Interaction: Multi-player competition.Persistence: to finish and win.
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Professor Layton
Puzzle/adventure games• Coordination: None. All puzzles are
turn based• Verbal: Puzzles explained with text
instructions• Resources: Must manage hint coins• Observation: Hidden hint coins in
the environment• Creativity: Puzzles require you to
think critically and in unobvious ways
• Human-Human: No multiplayer or human interaction
• Persistence: Puzzles are often difficult
Coordinati
onVerb
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Observa
tion
Creativit
y
Human-H
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Kinect tracks body movements• Coordination: Have to
follow along (mimic) with the moves in game and dance to the beat
• Observation: Watching dance moves
• Persistence: To get it right.
Dance Central (XBOX 360 Kinect)
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Final Fantasy
Games included in survey
1. Final fantasy IV
2. Final Fantasy VI
3. Final Fantasy VII
4. Final Fantasy VIII
5. Final Fantasy X
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Final Fantasy Results
Coordina...
Verbal
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Creativity
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• Coordination: Minimal.• Verbal/ Comprehension:
Players must be able to read and understand dialogue.
• Observation: Unlike other RPGs it does not require movement in an open world.
• Creativity: Variety of weapons, armor, magic and summon creatures to defeat their enemy.
• Human Interaction: None. It is a single player game.
• Persistence: Requies patience to continue through boring or difficult parts
• Resources: Player manages items ( like potions) through the inventory.
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Conclusions
• Profiles of video games reveal great differences in the skill sets necessary to perform well.
• The skill profile of a particular game reveals interesting aspects of the game that can be mapped to game play and features of the game.
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Future Development
• Focus more on specific games (diverse genres); more data and therefore more generalizability– Include as a part of game reviews– Help to define game genres
• Implications for application of skills– Learning/improving skills from video games?– Game recommendation by proficiency
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All of those who contributed to this work
Summer Video Game InternsUndergraduate and Graduate Research Assistants
Psyc 445 Team 5
Psyc 445 Video Game Class