AVP, HR Service and StrategyDwaine Heppler dheppler@iastate.edu

Staff RecruitersAshley Meyer armeyer1@iastate.eduChris Rourick rourick@iastate.edu

HR CoordinatorsCynthia Feller feller@iastate.eduShelly Loonan loonan@iastate.eduKari Ruba kruba@iastate.edu

Cynthia Feller: President’s Office, Diversity and Inclusion, Ombuds, University Relations, University Counsel, Economic Development and Industry Relations, ISU Foundation, Alumni Association, Federal Relations, State Relations, Internal Audit

Shelly Loonan: Information Technology Services

Kari Ruba: Athletics

Finance ManagerKaren Cline kcline@iastate.edu

Assistant Finance ManagersDave Baker (Proc./Exp.) dmbaker@iastate.eduRachael Gross (Finance) rlgross@iastate.eduJeff Klein (Grants) jeklein@iastate.edu

Financial SpecialistsDan Penaluna danpena@iastate.eduCarolyn Schreck schreckc@iastate.edu

Grant SpecialistSunny Hsu sunnyhsu@iastate.edu

Procurement & Expense SpecialistLindsey Harris lharris1@iastate.edu

In July 2019, Improved Service Delivery will officially launch to enhance Iowa State University’s Finance and Human Resources operations by building upon our culture of service, fostering increased collaboration, and ultimately advancing ISU’s mission.

Dedicated specialists will transition to Service Delivery teams. Expert supervisors will manage these teams and ensure access to regular, consistent training and updated technology and systems (e.g., Workday), and cultivate a collaborative team-based approach to providing consistent, high-quality, customer-focused Finance and Human Resources services.

ASPENServing the President’s Units, IT Services and Athletics

For your Finance Service Delivery questions or com-ments, please use the Finance email address:

finance_delivery@iastate.edu*

F I N A N C E

For your Human Resources Service Delivery ques-tions or comments, please use the HR email address:

hr_delivery@iastate.edu*

H U M A N R E S O U R C E S

S E R V I C E D E L I V E R Y

q q q

Note: Once all office locations and phone numbers are assigned and finalized, complete contact information, as well as team assignments and responsibilities, will be posted on the Finance and University Human Resources web pages as a permanent resource.

Finance ManagerJenni Winter jwinter@iastate.edu

Assistant Finance ManagersDave Baker (Proc./Exp.) dmbaker@iastate.eduRachael Gross (Finance) rlgross@iastate.eduJeff Klein (Grants) jeklein@iastate.edu

Financial SpecialistsCarlene Auestad auestad@iastate.eduEdith Hunter ehunter@iastate.edu Angela Kim kimyo@iastate.edu Jennifer Rivera rivera@iastate.edu

Grant SpecialistsTony Arterberry tonyart@iastate.eduMindy Hanna mhanna@iastate.eduBonnie Tinker btinker@iastate.edu

Procurement & Expense SpecialistsSara Craft secraft@iastate.eduJessy Jackson jjcorbin@iastate.edu Tamela Long tjmiller@iastate.edu

Sr. HR PartnerJessica Stolee stolee@iastate.edu

Staff RecruiterBetsy Happe betsykh@iastate.edu

HR PartnerStacy Kilstofte stacyk@iastate.edu

HR CoordinatorsChristy Kadner ckadner@iastate.eduChristine Watson cwatson@iastate.edu

Christy Kadner: Air Force Aerospace Studies, English, Green-lee School of Journalism and Communication, History, Intensive English and Orientation Program, Mathematics, Military Scienc-es, Music and Theatre, Naval Sciences, Philosophy and Reli-gious Studies, Political Science, Psychology

Christine Watson: Chemistry, Computer Science, Cross Disci-plinary Programs, Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, LAS Administration, LAS Student Academic Services, Physics and Astronomy, World Languages and Culture

In July 2019, Improved Service Delivery will officially launch to enhance Iowa State University’s Finance and Human Resources operations by building upon our culture of service, fostering increased collaboration, and ultimately advancing ISU’s mission.

Dedicated specialists will transition to Service Delivery teams.

Expert supervisors will manage these teams and ensure access to regular, consistent training and updated technology and sys-tems (e.g., Workday), and cultivate a collaborative team-based approach to providing consistent, high-quality, customer-focused Finance and Human Resources services.

S E R V I C E D E L I V E R Y

BIRCHServing the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences

For your Finance Service Delivery questions or com-ments, please use the Finance email address:

finance_delivery@iastate.edu*

F I N A N C E

For your Human Resources Service Delivery ques-tions or comments, please use the HR email address:

hr_delivery@iastate.edu*

H U M A N R E S O U R C E S

q q q

Note: Once all office locations and phone numbers are assigned and finalized, complete contact information, as well as team assignments and responsibilities, will be posted on the Finance and University Human Resources web pages as a permanent resource.

Finance ManagerKyle Briese briese@iastate.edu

Assistant Finance ManagersDave Baker (Proc./Exp.) dmbaker@iastate.eduRachael Gross (Finance) rlgross@iastate.eduJeff Klein (Grants) jeklein@iastate.edu

Financial SpecialistsPhyllis Fisher pgfisher@iastate.eduMark Ratekin mratekin@iastate.edu

Grant SpecialistsKim Adams kmadams@iastate.eduJean Haberichter jeanh@iastate.edu

Procurement & Expense SpecialistsNicole Bergman nicole@iastate.eduTammy Krock takrock@iastate.edu

Sr. HR PartnerLori Coniconde loric@iastate.edu

Staff RecruiterLindsay Moeller moellerl@iastate.edu

HR PartnerLindsey Tackett ltackett@iastate.edu

HR CoordinatorAshley Howe achowe@iastate.eduAnastasia Whited ajwhited@iastate.edu

In July 2019, Improved Service Delivery will officially launch to enhance Iowa State University’s Finance and Human Resources operations by building upon our culture of service, fostering increased collaboration, and ultimately advancing ISU’s mission.

Dedicated specialists will transition to Service Delivery teams.

Expert supervisors will manage these teams and ensure access to regular, consistent training and updated technology and sys-tems (e.g., Workday), and cultivate a collaborative team-based approach to providing consistent, high-quality, customer-focused Finance and Human Resources services.

S E R V I C E D E L I V E R Y

DOGWOODServing the College of Veterinary Medicine

For your Finance Service Delivery questions or com-ments, please use the Finance email address:

finance_delivery@iastate.edu*

F I N A N C E

For your Human Resources Service Delivery ques-tions or comments, please use the HR email address:

hr_delivery@iastate.edu*

H U M A N R E S O U R C E S

Note: Once all office locations and phone numbers are assigned and finalized, complete contact information, as well as team assignments and responsibilities, will be posted on the Finance and University Human Resources web pages as a permanent resource.

In July 2019, Improved Service Delivery will officially launch to enhance Iowa State University’s Finance and Human Resources operations by building upon our culture of service, fostering increased collaboration, and ultimately advancing ISU’s mission.

Dedicated specialists will transition to Service Delivery teams.

Expert supervisors will manage these teams and ensure access to regular, consistent training and updated technology and sys-tems (e.g., Workday), and cultivate a collaborative team-based approach to providing consistent, high-quality, customer-focused Finance and Human Resources services.

S E R V I C E D E L I V E R Y

FIRServing the College of Human Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research

For your Finance Service Delivery questions or com-ments, please use the Finance email address:

finance_delivery@iastate.edu*

F I N A N C E

For your Human Resources Service Delivery ques-tions or comments, please use the HR email address:

hr_delivery@iastate.edu*

H U M A N R E S O U R C E S

Finance ManagerKyle Briese briese@iastate.edu

Assistant Finance ManagersDave Baker (Proc./Exp.) dmbaker@iastate.eduRachael Gross (Finance) rlgross@iastate.eduJeff Klein (Grants) jeklein@iastate.edu

Financial SpecialistsValerie Evans vevans@iastate.eduKatherine Farlow kefarlow@iastate.eduKelsey Hummer khummer@iastate.edu Brett Willenborg bwillenb@iastate.edu

Grant SpecialistsBellinda Assemien bellinda@iastate.eduJodi Hilleman jhillma@iastate.eduCambria Hoffmann cambriah@iastate.eduLezlie Tate letate@iastate.eduLori Wildeman lwild@iastate.edu

Procurement & Expense SpecialistsPaula Rouzer paulak@iastate.eduFrances Sobotka fsobotka@iastate.edu

Sr. HR PartnerLori Coniconde loric@iastate.edu

Staff RecruiterLindsay Moeller moellerl@iastate.edu

HR PartnerKaela Black kblack@iastate.edu

HR CoordinatorsDonna Burkhart (VPR) djb@iastate.eduMarla Crum (CHS) mkcrum@iastate.edu

Note: Once all office locations and phone numbers are assigned and finalized, complete contact information, as well as team assignments and responsibilities, will be posted on the Finance and University Human Resources web pages as a permanent resource.

Finance ManagerKaren Cline kcline@iastate.edu

Assistant Finance ManagersDave Baker (Proc./Exp.) dmbaker@iastate.eduRachael Gross (Finance) rlgross@iastate.eduJeff Klein (Grants) jeklein@iastate.edu

Financial SpecialistsJason Brechler brechler@iastate.eduKathy Debruyn kdebruyn@iastate.edu Terri Greenlee terrig@iastate.edu Carla Jutting cjutting@iastate.edu Mary Krakau mjkrakau@iastate.eduJulee Lund jalund@iastate.edu

Grant SpecialistSunny Hsu sunnyhsu@iastate.edu

Procurement & Expense SpecialistsPat Dobelis pdobelis@iastate.eduTodd Kannady tkannady@iastate.edu Karen Scoggin kscoggin@iastate.edu Josie Siefken jsiefken@iastate.eduTraci Stewart stewartt@iastate.edu

In July 2019, Improved Service Delivery will officially launch to enhance Iowa State University’s Finance and Human Resources operations by building upon our culture of service, fostering increased collaboration, and ultimately advancing ISU’s mission.

Dedicated specialists will transition to Service Delivery teams.

Expert supervisors will manage these teams and ensure access to regular, consistent training and updated technology and sys-tems (e.g., Workday), and cultivate a collaborative team-based approach to providing consistent, high-quality, customer-focused Finance and Human Resources services.

S E R V I C E D E L I V E R Y

HICKORYServing the Division of Student Affairs

For your Finance Service Delivery questions or com-ments, please use the Finance email address:

finance_delivery@iastate.edu*

F I N A N C E

Sr. HR PartnerCraig Hamerlinck craigh@iastate.edu

Staff RecruitersAshley Meyer armeyer1@iastate.eduChris Rourick rourick@iastate.eduJamie Wilson jrwilson@iastate.edu

HR PartnersLauren Anson hallberg@iastate.eduKyla Kaetzel kkaetzel@iastate.edu

Lauren Anson: Memorial Union, Dining, Dept. of ResidenceKyla Kaetzel: Central Office, Enrollment Services, Health Ser-vices, Dean of Students

HR CoordinatorsNathan Covington nathanc1@iastate.eduJason Fugere jcfugere@iastate.eduKristi Swedean kswedean@iastate.edu

Nathan Covington: Dept. of ResidenceJason Fugere: DiningKristi Swedean: Central Office, Enrollment Services, Health Services, Dean of Students

For your Human Resources Service Delivery ques-tions or comments, please use the HR email address:

hr_delivery@iastate.edu*

H U M A N R E S O U R C E S

q q q

q q q

Note: Once all office locations and phone numbers are assigned and finalized, complete contact information, as well as team assignments and responsibilities, will be posted on the Finance and University Human Resources web pages as a permanent resource.

Sr. HR PartnerLori Coniconde loric@iastate.edu

Staff RecruiterLindsay Moeller moellerl@iastate.edu

HR PartnerJenn Wiederin wiederin@iastate.edu

HR CoordinatorHilary Deike hdeike@iastate.edu

Finance ManagerKaren Cline kcline@iastate.edu

Assistant Finance ManagersDave Baker (Proc./Exp.) dmbaker@iastate.eduRachael Gross (Finance) rlgross@iastate.eduJeff Klein (Grants) jeklein@iastate.edu

Financial SpecialistsCheryl Carlile ccarlile@iastate.eduDustin Moscoso dmoscoso@iastate.eduStephanie Schoeller sschoell@iastate.edu

Grant SpecialistSunny Hsu sunnyhsu@iastate.edu

Procurement & Expense SpecialistDebra Hearn dhearn@iastate.edu

In July 2019, Improved Service Delivery will officially launch to enhance Iowa State University’s Finance and Human Resources operations by building upon our culture of service, fostering increased collaboration, and ultimately advancing ISU’s mission.

Dedicated specialists will transition to Service Delivery teams.

Expert supervisors will manage these teams and ensure access to regular, consistent training and updated technology and sys-tems (e.g., Workday), and cultivate a collaborative team-based approach to providing consistent, high-quality, customer-focused Finance and Human Resources services.

S E R V I C E D E L I V E R Y

JUNIPERServing Academic Administration, Ivy College of Business, College of Design, Graduate College and University Library

For your Finance Service Delivery questions or com-ments, please use the Finance email address:

finance_delivery@iastate.edu*

F I N A N C E

For your Human Resources Service Delivery ques-tions or comments, please use the HR email address:

hr_delivery@iastate.edu*

H U M A N R E S O U R C E S

Note: Once all office locations and phone numbers are assigned and finalized, complete contact information, as well as team assignments and responsibilities, will be posted on the Finance and University Human Resources web pages as a permanent resource.

Finance ManagerJenni Winter jwinter@iastate.edu

Assistant Finance ManagersDave Baker (Proc./Exp.) dmbaker@iastate.eduRachael Gross (Finance) rlgross@iastate.eduJeff Klein (Grants) jeklein@iastate.edu

Financial SpecialistsDenise Birney short@iastate.eduMarcella Bruhn mazeman@iastate.eduDebra Cochran dcochran@iastate.eduColleen Johnson colleenj@iastate.eduKelly Kyle kakyle@iastate.eduClare Polking cpolking@iastate.eduDessie Schroeder dessies@iastate.eduLinda Wilcox lwilcox@iastate.edu

Grant SpecialistsBrenda Downs bdowns@iastate.eduJulie Lyon lyon@iastate.eduElizabeth Peters lizpete@iastate.eduAnn Shuey ashuey@iastate.eduDeb Thornburg dlthorn@iastate.eduBrandi Vigon blvigon@iastate.edu q q q

In July 2019, Improved Service Delivery will officially launch to enhance Iowa State University’s Finance and Human Resources operations by building upon our culture of service, fostering increased collaboration, and ultimately advancing ISU’s mission.

Dedicated specialists will transition to Service Delivery teams.

Expert supervisors will manage these teams and ensure access to regular, consistent training and updated technology and sys-tems (e.g., Workday), and cultivate a collaborative team-based approach to providing consistent, high-quality, customer-focused Finance and Human Resources services.

S E R V I C E D E L I V E R Y

PINEServing the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences (CALS) and ISU Extension and Outreach (E&O)

For your Finance Service Delivery questions or com-ments, please use the Finance email address:

finance_delivery@iastate.edu*

F I N A N C E

Sr. HR PartnerJessica Stolee stolee@iastate.edu

Staff RecruiterBetsy Happe betsykh@iastate.edu

HR PartnersBrad Kerr (E&O) bkerr@iastate.eduKathey Schuckert (CALS) kathey@iastate.edu

HR CoordinatorsRobyn Davis robynd@iastate.eduRebecca Green rgreen@iastate.eduMalissa Tritsch tritschm@iastate.edu

Robyn Davis: Animal Science, Animal Science Farms, Iowa Beef Center, Egg Industry Center, NREM, Horticulture, North Central Regional Aquaculture Center, Iowa Coop Fish & Wildlife Unit, Plant Pathology, Entomology, Iowa Soybean Research Center, Seed Science Center

Rebecca Green: CALS Units, CSRL/Global, Research Farms, Ag Entrepreneurship, Agronomy, AGEDS, North Central Plant Introduction, CALT

Malissa Tritsch: ISU Extension and Outreach

For your Human Resources Service Delivery ques-tions or comments, please use the HR email address:

hr_delivery@iastate.edu*

H U M A N R E S O U R C E S

Note: Once all office locations and phone numbers are assigned and finalized, complete contact information, as well as team assignments and re-sponsibilities, will be posted on the Finance and University Human Resourc-es web pages as a permanent resource.

Procurement & Expense SpecialistsRebecca Abraham rebeccaa@iastate.eduJane Blair janieb@iastate.eduSuzette Blunk-Killinger suzetteb@iastate.eduJoAnn Charlson joann@iastate.eduJoby Clauson jclauson@iastate.eduKaren Kovarik kkovarik@iastate.eduMatt Mick mmmick@iastate.eduEric Mulder edmulder@iastate.eduLaura Reinert lreinert@iastate.edu

Finance ManagerKyle Briese briese@iastate.edu

Assistant Finance ManagersDave Baker (Proc./Exp.) dmbaker@iastate.eduRachael Gross (Finance) rlgross@iastate.eduJeff Klein (Grants) jeklein@iastate.edu

Financial SpecialistsEmma Estrada eestrada@iastate.eduChristine Gerke cjgerke@iastate.edu Christine Sanders chrsand@iastate.edu Deborah Schroeder daschroe@iastate.edu Holly Twedt hstwedt@iastate.edu

Grant SpecialistsSamantha Dubert smdubert@iastate.eduEricka Eregbu eceregbu@iastate.edu Melissa Gagne mjgagne@iastate.edu Nancy Johnson nancyj@iastate.edu Ying Li yli1@iastate.edu

Procurement & Expense SpecialistsKaren Knight knightk@iastate.eduKaren Koppenhaver kkoppenh@iastate.edu Steven Reints swreints@iastate.edu

Sr. HR PartnerLori Coniconde loric@iastate.edu

Staff RecruiterLindsay Moeller moellerl@iastate.edu

HR PartnerHeidi Eichorn hbe@iastate.edu

HR CoordinatorsMary McGraw mcgraw@iastate.eduTiffany Thuney tlthuney@iastate.edu

Mary McGraw: Chemical and Biological Engineering; Electrical and Computer Engineering; Industrial and Manufacturing Sys-tems Engineering; Materials Science and Engineering; Engineer-ing Technology Support; Engineering Student Services; Applied Science Complex; College of Engineering Administration; Center for Biorenewable Chemicals

Tiffany Thuney: Aerospace Engineering; Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering; Mechanical Engineering; Agricul-ture and Biosystems Engineering; Engineering Career Services; Center for Industrial Research and Service; Engineering Out-reach Programs; Engineering - LAS Online Learning; Engineer-ing College Relations; Engineering Research Institute

In July 2019, Improved Service Delivery will officially launch to enhance Iowa State University’s Finance and Human Resources operations by building upon our culture of service, fostering increased collaboration, and ultimately advancing ISU’s mission.

Dedicated specialists will transition to Service Delivery teams.

Expert supervisors will manage these teams and ensure access to regular, consistent training and updated technology and sys-tems (e.g., Workday), and cultivate a collaborative team-based approach to providing consistent, high-quality, customer-focused Finance and Human Resources services.

S E R V I C E D E L I V E R Y

REDWOODServing the College of Engineering

For your Finance Service Delivery questions or com-ments, please use the Finance email address:

finance_delivery@iastate.edu*

F I N A N C E

For your Human Resources Service Delivery ques-tions or comments, please use the HR email address:

hr_delivery@iastate.edu*

H U M A N R E S O U R C E S

q q q

Note: Once all office locations and phone numbers are assigned and finalized, complete contact information, as well as team assignments and responsibilities, will be posted on the Finance and University Human Resources web pages as a permanent resource.

Finance ManagerJenni Winter jwinter@iastate.edu

Assistant Finance ManagersDave Baker (Proc./Exp.) dmbaker@iastate.eduRachael Gross (Finance) rlgross@iastate.eduJeff Klein (Grants) jeklein@iastate.edu

Financial SpecialistsTenann Everly teverly@iastate.eduKatie Wiegand kwiegand@iastate.edu

Grant SpecialistsBarbara Brown barbarab@iastate.eduSusana Bucklin susanab@iastate.eduMegan Eisenmann mdeisen@iastate.eduJanell Meyer jrcmeyer@iastate.edu

Procurement & Expense SpecialistsRobin Gogerty rgogerty@iastate.eduKaren Hunt krhunt@iastate.edu Diane Jepsen djepsen@iastate.eduKay Williams kayw@iastate.edu

Sr. HR PartnerJessica Stolee stolee@iastate.edu

Staff RecruiterBetsy Happe betsykh@iastate.edu

HR PartnerStacy Kilstofte stacyk@iastate.edu

HR CoordinatorsJennifer Grundmeier jmgrund@iastate.eduMallory Hamilton mhamil@iastate.edu

Jennifer Grundmeier: Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology; Center for Survey Statistics and Methodology; Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology; Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology; Statistics

Mallory Hamilton: Ag and Biosystems Engineering; Econom-ics; Food Science and Human Nutrition; Sociology;

In July 2019, Improved Service Delivery will officially launch to enhance Iowa State University’s Finance and Human Resources operations by building upon our culture of service, fostering increased collaboration, and ultimately advancing ISU’s mission.

Dedicated specialists will transition to Service Delivery teams.

Expert supervisors will manage these teams and ensure access to regular, consistent training and updated technology and sys-tems (e.g., Workday), and cultivate a collaborative team-based approach to providing consistent, high-quality, customer-focused Finance and Human Resources services.

S E R V I C E D E L I V E R Y

SPRUCEServing the dually administered academic departments

For your Finance Service Delivery questions or com-ments, please use the Finance email address:

finance_delivery@iastate.edu*

F I N A N C E

For your Human Resources Service Delivery ques-tions or comments, please use the HR email address:

hr_delivery@iastate.edu*

H U M A N R E S O U R C E S

q q q

Note: Once all office locations and phone numbers are assigned and finalized, complete contact information, as well as team assignments and responsibilities, will be posted on the Finance and University Human Resources web pages as a permanent resource.

Finance ManagerKaren Cline kcline@iastate.edu

Assistant Finance ManagersDave Baker (Proc./Exp.) dmbaker@iastate.eduRachael Gross (Finance) rlgross@iastate.eduJeff Klein (Grants) jeklein@iastate.edu

Financial SpecialistsCarole Gill cagill@iastate.edu Sofia Ingersoll sofiai@iastate.eduBarry McCroskey barrym@iastate.edu Julie Schrader jaschra@iastate.edu

Grant SpecialistSunny Hsu sunnyhsu@iastate.edu

Procurement & Expense SpecialistsAlice Berger aaberger@iastate.eduDiane Maxwell dmaxwell@iastate.edu

Sr. HR PartnerCraig Hamerlinck craigh@iastate.edu

Staff RecruitersTeresa Rummer tmrummer@iastate.edu

HR PartnersSusie Eaton seaton@iastate.eduAlyson Kilts akilts@iastate.edu

Susie Eaton: Central Office, Central Finance and Treasurer; Finance and Support Services; Specialty Business Services and Cultural Arts; Environmental Health and Safety; Payroll, Benefits and Tax; Institutional Finance StrategyAlyson Kilts: FP&M; Public Safety

HR CoordinatorsKrystal Christensen kgc@iastate.eduMelynda Emerson mdemerso@iastate.eduJessica Fincham jfincham@iastate.eduKim McMillan Robson kjrobson@iastate.edu

Krystal Christensen: FP&MMelynda Emerson: Public SafetyJessica Fincham: Specialty Business Services and Cultural Arts; Environmental Health and Safety; Payroll, Benefits and Tax; Institutional Finance StrategyKim McMillan Robson: Central Office, Central Finance and Treasurer; Finance and Support Services

In July 2019, Improved Service Delivery will officially launch to enhance Iowa State University’s Finance and Human Resources operations by building upon our culture of service, fostering increased collaboration, and ultimately advancing ISU’s mission.

Dedicated specialists will transition to Service Delivery teams.

Expert supervisors will manage these teams and ensure access to regular, consistent training and updated technology and sys-tems (e.g., Workday), and cultivate a collaborative team-based approach to providing consistent, high-quality, customer-focused Finance and Human Resources services.

S E R V I C E D E L I V E R Y

SYCAMOREServing the Division of Operations and Finance

For your Finance Service Delivery questions or com-ments, please use the Finance email address:

finance_delivery@iastate.edu*

F I N A N C E

For your Human Resources Service Delivery ques-tions or comments, please use the HR email address:

hr_delivery@iastate.edu*

H U M A N R E S O U R C E S

q q q

q q q

Note: Once all office locations and phone numbers are assigned and finalized, complete contact information, as well as team as-signments and responsibilities, will be posted on the Finance and University Human Resources web pages as a permanent resource.