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7-1

7 EXAMINATION AND INSPECTION REQUIREMENT (REVISION2)

7.0 Table of Contents

7

EXAMINATION AND INSPECTION REQUIREMENT...................................................................1

7.0

Table of Contents .....................................................................................................................1

7.1 Requirements for Examination Procedures ..........................................................................2 7.1.1 Scope................................................................................................................................2 7.1.2 General .............................................................................................................................2

7.2 Examination of Ferrous Materials ..........................................................................................2 7.2.1 Examination of Plates .....................................................................................................2 7.2.2 Examination of Forgings ................................................................................................2 7.2.3 Examination of Cast ings ................................................................................................3

7.2.3.1 Radiographic Examinati on.........................................................................................3 7.2.3.2 Ultrasonic Examinati on. .............................................................................................4 7.2.3.3 Magnetic Particle Examination..................................................................................4 7.2.3.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination. ..................................................................................4 7.2.3.5 Reexamination of Repair Areas.................................................................................4

7.3

Examination of Nonferrous Materials ....................................................................................5

7.3.1 Examination of Plates and Forg ings .............................................................................5 7.3.2 Examination of Cast ings ................................................................................................5

7.3.2.1 Examination of Materials ............................................................................................5 7.3.2.2 Reexamination of Repair Areas.................................................................................6

7.4 Examination of Bolts, Studs and Nuts...................................................................................6 7.5 Reexamination of Repair Areas..............................................................................................6

7.5.1 General .............................................................................................................................6 7.5.2 Treatment of Imperfect ions Believed Nonrelevant ......................................................6 7.5.3 Examination of Areas from Which Imperfections Have Been Removed ...................6 7.5.4 Reexamination of Repair Areas .....................................................................................7

7.6 Examination of Welds and Acceptance Criter ia ...................................................................7 7.6.1 General .............................................................................................................................7

7.6.2

Examination Techniques ................................................................................................7 7.6.3 Assignment o f Weld Join t Categories and Types........................................................7

7.6.4 Choice of Examination Method ......................................................................................7 7.6.4.1 Internal Flaws ..............................................................................................................8 7.6.4.2 Surface Flaws ..............................................................................................................8 7.6.4.3 Surface Condi tion and Preparation (CEN Part 5 Par 6.1.5.3.4) ..............................8

7.6.5 Extent o f Weld Examination ...........................................................................................8 7.6.6

Acceptance Standards....................................................................................................8

7.6.6.1

General Requirements ................................................................................................9

7.6.6.2 Visual Examination .....................................................................................................9 7.6.6.3 Radiographic Acceptance Standards .......................................................................9 7.6.6.4 Ultrasonic Acceptance Standards.............................................................................9 7.6.6.5 Magnet ic Parti cle Acceptance Standards ................................................................9

7.6.6.6

Liquid Penetrant Acceptance Standards..................................................................9

7.6.7

Supplemental Examination Requirements for Vibratory Service.............................10

7.6.8 Repair by Welding .........................................................................................................10 7.7 Final Examination o f Vessel .................................................................................................10

7.7.1 Surface Examinat ion After Hydrotest .........................................................................10 7.7.2 Inspect ion of Lined Vessel Interior After Hydrotest ..................................................10

7.8 Leak Testi ng ...........................................................................................................................10 7.9 Acoust ic Emiss ion .................................................................................................................10 7.10 Documentation of Examination ............................................................................................10

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7-2 ASME Section VIII Division 2 ReWrite Revision 2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________

7.1 Requirements fo r Examination Procedures

7.1.1 Scope

For Class-1 &2 vessels, the following requirements shall be satisfied in addition to material specificationsgiven in Section II.

7.1.2 General

a) Section V shall be applied for the detailed requirements in methods and procedures and the additionalrequirements specified within this article.

b) Nondestructive examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure certified by theManufacturer to be in accordance with the requirements of T-150 of Section V.

7.2 Examination of Ferrous Materials


7.2.1 Examinat ion of Plates

a) Except as permitted in b), all plate 4 in. (102 mm) and over in nominal thickness shall be ultrasonicallyexamined in accordance with the requirements of SA-435.

b) When design rules permit credit for the thickness of cladding on plate conforming to SA-263, SA-264,and SA-265, ultrasonic examination shall be made of the base plate and the bond between the claddingand the base plate in accordance with SA-578 with acceptance criteria of S-6 of SupplementaryRequirements regardless of the thickness of the plate.

c) When flat heads, tubesheets, and flanges with integral hubs for butt welding are to be machined fromplate, ultrasonic examinations in accordance with the requirements of Appendix 20 shall be made.

Appendix 20 shall be attached.

7.2.2 Examination of Forgings

All forgings 4 in. (102 mm) and over in nominal thickness shall be examined ultrasonically in accordance withSA-388, and the acceptance standards shall be in accordance with 7.2.2 c). Rings, flanges, and otherhollow forgings shall be examined using the angle beam technique. For other forgings, the straight beamtechnique shall be used.

a) Reference specimens shall have the same nominal thickness, composition, and P-number grouping asthe forging to be examined in order to have substantially the same structure.

b) The method used in testing forgings shall conform to the following requirements.

1) For straight beam examination, the transducers shall be 1 in. to 1 1/8 in. (25mm to 29mm) diameteror 1 in. (25mm) square. The nominal frequency used during examination shall be 2.25 Mc/secunless the grain size or microstructure of the material prevents adequate ultrasonic penetration, inwhich case the frequency shall be 1 Mc/sec. The instrument shall be set so that the first backreflection is 75+-5% of screen height when the transducer is placed on an indication-free area of

the forging.

2) For angle beam examination, a 1 x 1 in. (25 mm x 25 mm) or 1 x 1/2 in. (25 mm x 13mm), 45 deg.transducer shall be used at a frequency of 1 mc. Angle beam examination shall be calibrated with anotch of a depth equal to the lesser of 3/8 in. (10 mm) or 3% of the nominal section thickness [3/8in. (10 mm) maximum], a length of approximately 1 in. (25mm), and a width not greater than twicein depth.

3) All conditions, such as surface finish, ultrasonic frequency, instrument settings, type of transducerand couplant used during calibration, shall be duplicated during the actual examination.

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Revision 2 ASME Section VIII Division 2 ReWrite 7--3 ________________________________________________________________________________________________

4) Insofar as practicable, all forgings shall be examined by the straight beam wave method from twodirections approximately at right angles. Hollow forgings shall be examined from onecircumferential surface and from one surface or surface, normal to their axes. Disk forgings shall beexamined from one flat side and from the circumferential side. Forgings requiring angle beamexamination shall be examined in the circumferential direction, unless wall thickness or geometricconfiguration of the forging makes angle beam examination impracticable. The entire volume ofmaterial shall be examined ultrasonically at some state of manufacture, preferably after final heattreatment. If contours of the forging preclude complete ultrasonic examination after final heat

treatment, the maximum possible volume shall be examined at this stage.

c) A forging shall be unacceptable:

5) if straight beam examination results show one or more discontinuities which produce indicationsaccompanied by a complete loss of back reflection not associated with or attributable to thegeometric configuration;

6) if angle beam examination results show one or more discontinuities which produce indicationsexceeding in amplitude the indication from the calibration notch.

d) In the case of straight beam examination, the following conditions shall be reported to the purchaserfrom his consideration and approval prior to shipment of a forging:

1) forgings containing one or more indications with amplitudes exceeding adjacent back reflections;

2) forgings containing one or more discontinuities which produce traveling indications accompaniedby reduced back reflection. (A traveling indication is defined as an indication which displays sweepmovement of the oscilloscope screen at relatively constant amplitude as the transducer is move.)

e) In the case of angle beam examination, the following conditions shall be reported to the purchaser forhis consideration and approval prior to shipment of the forging:

1) indications having an amplitude exceeding 50% of the calibration notch amplitude;

2) clusters of indications located in a small area of the forging with amplitudes less than 50% of thecalibration notch amplitude. [A cluster of indications is defined as three or more indicationsexceeding 10% of the standard calibration notch amplitude and located in any volumeapproximating a 2 in. (51mm) or smaller cube.]

f) Additional nondestructive examination procedures or trepanning may be employed to resolve questions

of interpretation of ultrasonic indications.

7.2.3 Examination of Castings

Castings shall be examined by radiographic, ultrasonic, magnetic particle, and liquid penetrant methods ofexamination as provided herein and shall meet the requirements of 7.2.3.1 to 7.2.3.4, inclusive. Radiographicexamination, and when required ultrasonic examination, of castings shall be made after at least oneaustenizing heat treatment, except austenitic castings not requiring heat treatment may have radiographicand ultrasonic examination performed at any stage of manufacture. Magnetic particle or liquid penetrantexaminations shall be made after final heat treatment and after final machining of machined areas.

7.2.3.1 Radiographic Examination.

All parts of castings regardless of thickness shall be fully radiographed in accordance with the procedures of Article 2 of Section V. The radiographs shall be compared to the appropriate Radiographic Standard listed

below, and the maximum acceptable severity levels for imperfections shall be as follows:a) for castings having radiographed thickness up to 2 in. (51 mm), SE-446, Standard Reference

Radiographs for Steel Castings up to 2 in. (51 mm) in Thickness, and with maximum severity levels asfollows:

Thickness ThicknessImperfection < 1 in. 1 in. to < 2 in. A – Gas porosity 1 2B – Sand and slag 2 3C – Shrinkage (four types) 1 3D – Cracks 0 0

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E – Hot tears 0 0F – Inserts 0 0G – Mottling 0 0

b) for casting having radiographed thickness from 2 in. to 12 in. (51 mm to 305 mm), SE-186, StandardReference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled [2 to 4

1/2 in. (51 to 114 mm)] Steel Castings or SE-280,

Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled [41/2 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm)] Steel Castings as

appropriate, and with maximum severity levels as below:

Thickness ThicknessImperfection 2 to 4 1/2 in. Over 4 1/2 to 12 in. A – Gas porosity 2 2B – Sand and slag inclusion 2 2C – Shrinkage

Type 1 1 2Type 2 2 2Type 3 3 2

D – Cracks 0 0E – Hot tears 0 0F – Inserts 0 0

7.2.3.2 Ultrasonic Examination.

All parts of ferrous casting over 12 in. (305 mm) thick shall be examined by ultrasonic methods inaccordance with the procedures of Article 5 of Section V. Castings with imperfections shown bydiscontinuities whose reflections exceed a height equal to 20% of the normal back reflection, or which reducethe height of the back reflections by more than 30% during movement of the transducer 2 in. (51 mm) in anydirection are unacceptable unless other methods of nondestructive testing such as radiographic examinationdemonstrate to the satisfaction of the vessel Manufacturer and the Inspector that the indications areacceptable or unless such imperfections are removed and the casting is repaired.

7.2.3.3 Magnetic Particle Examination.

Castings of magnetic material shall be examined on all surfaces by a magnetic particle method inaccordance with the methods of 7.10.6.5. Castings with imperfections shown by Type I indications or byindications exceeding Degree I of Type II, III, IV, and V of ASTM E 125, Reference Photographs for MagneticParticle Indications on Ferrous Castings, are unacceptable unless the imperfections are removed andcasting is repaired.

7.2.3.4 Liquid Penetrant Examination.

Castings of nonmagnetic material shall be examined on all surfaces by a liquid penetrant method inaccordance with the methods of 7.10.6.6. Castings with cracks and linear imperfections exceeding thefollowing limits are unacceptable:

a) linear imperfections resulting in more than six indications in any 11/2 in.× 6 in. (38 mm×152 mm)

rectangle or 31/2 in. (89 mm) diameter circle with these taken in the most unfavorable location relative to

the indications being evaluated;

b) linear imperfections resulting in indications more than1/4 in. (6 mm) in length for thicknesses up to

3/4 in.

(19 mm), one-third of the thickness in length for thicknesses from3/4 in. (19 mm) to 2

1/4 in. (57 mm), and

3/4 in. (19 mm) in length for thicknesses over 2

1/4 in. (57 mm) (aligned acceptable imperfections

separated from one another by a distance equal to the length of the longer imperfection are acceptable);

c) all nonlinear imperfections which are indicated to have any dimension which exceeds 3/32 in. (2.4 mm).

7.2.3.5 Reexamination of Repair Areas

All weld repairs of depth exceeding 1 in. (25 mm) or 20% of the section thickness, whichever is the lesser,shall be inspected by radiography and by magnetic particle examination or liquid penetrant examination inaccordance with 7.10.6, if the material is magnetic, or by liquid penetrant examination, if it is nonmagnetic.Where the depth of repairs is less than 20% of the section thickness or 1 in. (25 mm), whichever is thelesser, and where the repaired section cannot be radiographed effectively, the first layer of each

1/4 in. (6

mm) thickness of deposited weld metal and the finished weld surface shall be examined, as indicatedpreviously, by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant examination. The finished surface examination shall be

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made after any heat treating operation that are applied to the casting. Weld repairs resulting from ultrasonicexamination shall be examined by ultrasonic methods.

7.3 Examination of Nonferrous Materials


7.3.1 Examination of Plates and Forgingsa) All plates and forgings 4 in. and over in nominal thickness shall be ultrasonically examined in

accordance with the applicable requirements of the ASTM standards and ASME specifications listed ind). Insofar as practicable, all soild rectangular forgings shall be examined by the straight beamtechnique from two directions at approximately right angles.

b) Hollow forgings including flanges and rings 4 in. and over in nominal thickness, in addition to a) above,shall be examined using the angle beam technique by either the contact method or the immersionmethod. Reference specimens and acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with 7.2.2. Hollowforgings shall be examined from one face or surface normal to the axis and in the circumferentialdirection unless the wall thickness or geometric configuration makes angle beam examinationimpracticable. Disk forgings shall be examined from one flat side and from the circumferential surface.

c) The entire volume of metal shall be ultrasonically examined at some state of manufacture. For heat

treated material, examination after final heat treatment is preferred, but if the contour of the forgingprecludes complete examination at this stage, the maximum possible volume of the forging shall bereexamined after final heat treatment.

d) Applicable ASTM standards and ASME specifications are:

SE-114 Ultrasonic Testing by the Reflection Method Using Pulsed Longitudinal Waves Inducedby Direct Contact;

SE-214 Immersed Ultrasonic Testing by the Reflection Method Using Pulsed LongitudinalWaves;

E 127 Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Alloy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks;

SB-548 Ultrasonic Testing of Aluminum Plate.

e) In straight beam examination, the transducers shall be 3/4 in. to 1 1/8 in. (19mm to 29mm) in diameteror 1 in. (25mm) square. The nominal frequency shall be appropriate for the material being examined.The instrument shall be set so that the first back reflection is 75+-5% of the screen height when thetransducer is placed on an indication-free area of the forging.

f) In angle beam examination by the contact method, a 1 x 1 in. (25 mm x 25 mm) or 1 x 1.5 in. (25 mm x38mm), 45 deg. transducer shall be used at an appropriate frequency.

g) In angle beam examination by the immersion method, a 3/4 in. (19 mm) diameter transducer oriented atan appropriate angle of inclination shall be used at an appropriate frequency.

h) Angle beam examination shall be calibrated with a notch of a depth equal to the lesser of 3/8 in. (10mm) or 3% of the nominal section thickness, a length of approximately 1 in. (25mm), and a width notgreater than two times the depth.

i) Material shall be unacceptable (unless repaired in accordance with 3.3.6.2.2) if straight beamexamination shows one or more discontinuities which produce indications accompanied by a completeloss of back reflection not associated with or attributable to the geometric configuration, or if angle beamexamination results show one or more discontinuities which produce indications exceeding that of thecalibration notch.

7.3.2 Examination of Castings

7.3.2.1 Examination of Materials

All nonferrous castings shall be examined in accordance with the following.

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a) Each casting shall be subjected to 100% visual examination in accordance with 7.10.6.2 and to liquidpenetrant examination on all surfaces in accordance with 7.2.3.4. These examinations shall beperformed following the final heat treatment applied to the casting.

b) All parts of castings shall be subjected to complete radiographic examination and the radiographs shallbe compared with the radiographic standards of ASTM E 272, Reference Radiographs for Inspection ofHigh-Strength Copper-Base and Nickel-Copper Alloy Castings. Acceptable castings must meet Class 1standards, if wall thickness is less than 1 in. (25mm)., or Class 2 standards, if 1 in. (25mm). or over, as

defined in the ASTM Specification.c) All parts of castings in excess of 12 in. (305 mm) in thickness shall be ultrasonically examined in

accordance with the procedures given in SE-114. Any imperfections whose reflections do not exceed aheight equal to 20% of the normal back reflection or do not reduce the height of the back reflection bymore than 30% during movement of the transducer 2 in. (51 mm), in any direction, shall e consideredacceptable. The above limits are established for the use of transducers having approximately 1 sq. in.(25mm sq.) of area.

7.3.2.2 Reexamination of Repair Areas

All weld repairs of depth exceeding 1 in. (25 mm) or 20% of the section thickness, whichever is the lesser,shall be examined by radiography in accordance with 7.3.2.1 b) and by liquid penetrant examination. Wherethe depth of repairs is less than 20% of the section thickness or 1 in. (25 mm), whichever is the lesser, andwhere the repaired section cannot be radiographed effectively, the first layer of each

1/4 in. (6 mm) thickness

of deposited weld metal and the finished weld surface shall be examined, as indicated previously, by liquidpenetrant examination. The finished surface examination shall be made after any heat treating operationsthat are applied to the casting. Weld repairs resulting from ultrasonic examination shall be examined byultrasonic methods.

7.4 Examination of Bolts, Studs and Nuts

For Class-1 &2 vessels, examination of bolts, studs, and nuts bolting covered by Table 4 of Subpart 1 ofSection II, Part D shall be subject to examination as follows.

a) Visual examination shall be applied to the areas of threads, shanks, and heads of final machined parts.Discontinuities such as laps, seams, or cracks are unacceptable.

b) All bolts, studs, and nuts over 2 in. (50 mm) nominal bolt size shall be examined by the magnetic

particle method of 7.10.6.5 or by the liquid penetrant method of 7.10.6.6. This examination shall beperformed on the finished component after threading or on the material stock at approximately thefinished diameter before threading and after heading (if involved). Linear nonaxial indications areunacceptable. Linear axial indications greater than 1 in. (25 mm) in length are unacceptable.

7.5 Reexamination of Repair Areas

7.5.1 General

Unacceptable imperfections shall be removed and reexamination made to assure complete removal.Whenever an imperfection is removed by chipping or grinding and subsequent repair by welding is notrequired, the excavated area shall be blended into the surrounding surface so as to avoid sharp notches,crevices, or corners. Where welding is required after removal of an imperfection, the area shall be cleanedand welding performed in accordance with a qualified welding procedure.

7.5.2 Treatment of Imperfections Believed Nonrelevant

Any indication of an imperfection which is believed to be nonrelevant shall be regarded as a defect unless,on reevaluation, it is shown by reexamination by the same method or by the use of other nondestructivemethods and/or by surface conditioning that no unacceptable imperfection is present.

7.5.3 Examination of Areas from Which Imperfections Have Been Removed

After an imperfection is thought to have been removed and prior to making weld repairs, the area shall bereexamined by either a magnetic particle method or by a liquid penetrant method to ensure that theimperfection has been eliminated.

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7.5.4 Reexamination of Repair Areas

a) After repaired by welding, the repaired area shall be blended into the surrounding surface so as to avoidsharp notches, crevices, or corners, and reexamined by either a magnetic particle method or by a liquidpenetrant method.

b) The area repaired by welding shall be examined by radiography and all the methods of examination thatwere originally required for the affected area, except that, when the depth of the repair is less than theradiographic sensitivity required, re-radiography may be omitted.

AF-104.3(b), which describes as follows, is discarded judging that AI-513 is to be adopted.The area repaired by welding shall be examined by radiography in accordance with Article I-5 when thedepth of the weld deposit exceeds either 3/8 in. (10 mm) or one-half the material thickness.

7.6 Examination of Welds and Acceptance Criteria

7.6.1 General

All welding shall be performed in accordance with the requirements of Section 6 of this standard usingqualified welders or welding operators.When they can be used (see 7.6.4), permanent backing strip and joggle joint are to be fitted and adjusted

such that the quality of the weld achieved is the same as a conventional single-sided butt weld. The weld isto be subject to the same type of NDT and acceptance criteria as a single sided butt weld. All finished welding shall be subject to visual examination. In addition, depending on the vessel class and the joint quality factor, the finished welds shall be subject to NDT to the extent defined in Tables 7.1 – 7.10 forthat joint category and type of weld. All welding shall be subject to in process testings, especially welds of vessel class 3 not required to besubject to NDT under Table 7.1 – 7.10 shall be specifically subject to visual examination at the "fit-up" and"chip back of second side sound metal" stages.Testing of welding shall include ensuring that both procedures and welding personnel are qualifies andapproved and that there is a means of identification of welders and/or operators to their work.

7.6.2 Examination Techniques

( To be re-arranged)

Given below are the various NDT techniques used in this standard and for each the principle methodstandard is listed:

a) visual examination, as specified in 7.10.6.2.

b) examination by radiographic testing, as specified in 7.1.2.1

c) examination by ultrasonic testing, as specified in 7.1.2.2

d) examination by magnetic particle testing, as specified in 7.1.2.3

e) examination by liquid penetrant testing, as specified in 7.1.2.4

However, in addition to the "method" standard it is necessary to show the relationship between this standardand for each technique the standard or criteria used for characterization assessment (i.e. imperfectioncharacter assessment) and the acceptance criteria. This is illustrated in Table 7.11.

7.6.3 Assignment of Weld Joint Categories and TypesThe weld joint categories used in Table 7.1 – Table 7.10 are specified in (4. ...). The weld types arespecified in 6.1.3.2.

7.6.4 Choice of Examination Method

Visual examination shall be carried out on all welds including visual examination associated with the otherrequired non-destructive testings.Non-destructive testing of welded joints for final acceptance purpose shall depend upon the vessel class, the joint quality factor and the material of the welded joints under consideration.

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Tables 7.1 – 7.10 describes the NDT in terms of scope of coverage and technique options for surface andvolumetric testing.The selection of technique for volumetric testing, alone or in combination is as described in Table 7.12 andas elaborated below in 7.10.4.1, while for surface testing it is 7.10.4.2 below. Table 7.11 gives details of thesource of acceptance criteria that shall be satisfied.

7.6.4.1 Internal Flaws

The choice as to whether radiographic or ultrasonic examination is used shall be as described in Table

7.12.However, it is noted that both methods have advantages and disadvantages in so far as detection,identification and sizing are concerned. Radiography (RT) is particularly suitable for the detection andidentification of volume imperfections such as cavities and incomplete penetration where a gap exists.Ultrasonic examination (UT) is very suitable for the detection and sizing of plane imperfections such ascracks, lack of fusion and tight incomplete penetrations in ferric steels.The choice in Table 7.12 is based on the most suitable method to the relevant application in relation to thematerial type and thickness.It is possible that other important consideration such as joint geometry, sensitivity of the material to crackingin welding process, may have an overriding influence of method different from that in Table 7.12 Themanufacturer shall record the basis for such a choice.In exceptional cases or where the design or load bearing on the joint is critical, particularly for partialpenetration joints, it may be necessary to employ both methods on the same joint or seam.

7.6.4.2 Surface FlawsIt is noted that magnetic particle methods (MT) and liquid penetrant methods (PT) do not indicate the depthof surface imperfections and their application is to ensure that no unacceptable surface imperfections arepresent.For ferritic steels MT is preferred. For austenitic steels, PT shall be employed.In exceptional cases and particularly for ferritic partial penetration joints where design or load on the joint iscritical, it may be necessary to employ both methods on the same joint.

7.6.4.3 Surface Condition and Preparation (CEN Part 5 Par 6.1.5.3.4)

Many parameters, either individually or in combination can affect the ability of a non-destructive technique todetect imperfections of a given size and orientation with respect to the conditions of the test surface.Detection of short imperfections is highly dependent on the surface condition of the weld and the detectionmedia used. For each technique the following criteria shall be used.

a) radiography: surfaces shall be dressed only where ripples or weld surface irregularities will interfere withinterpretation of the radiographs satisfying acceptance criteria in 7.10.7-2;

b) ultrasonics: surface shall be dressed when the surfaces that will be in contact with the probe inhibit thescanning process. It is noted that depending on the profile and surface condition, dressing of the weldarea may be necessary even when contact is only to be made with parent metal. Acceptance criteriashall satisfy 7.10.7-3;

c) magnetic particle: the surface shall be free of a foreign matter which would interfere with interpretationof the test and shall, where necessary, be dressed to permit assurate interpretation of indications.

d) It is noted that for this standard that all indications identified by MT technique shall satisfy Table ----- andthat all crack like indications detected, irrespective of surface conditions, are unacceptable.

e) liquid penetrant: the surface shall be free from any foreign matter which would interfere with the

application and interpretation of the test. Care should be taken to avoid masking of flaws by distortion ofsurface, surface layers by any dressing/grinding process which may be necessary.

It is noted that for this standard that all indications identified by PT technique shall satisfy Table ---- and thatall crack like indications detected, irrespective of surface conditions, are unacceptable.

7.6.5 Extent of Weld Examination

The extent of non-destructive testing is given by Tables 7.1 – 7.10 as a percentage value. This percentagevalue reflects the extent of non-destructive testing of the total length of the welded joint.

7.6.6 Acceptance Standards

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7.6.6.1 General Requirements

Acceptance standards for welds shall be as stated in the following paragraphs, while the acceptancestandards for material adjacent to the weld or beneath the weld or weld buildup shall be as stated in 7.3through 7.8.

7.6.6.2 Visual Examination

The criteria used to assess the acceptability of imperfections for visual examination shall be as given in

Table 7.13.7.6.6.3 Radiographic Acceptance Standards

Welds that are shown by radiography to have any of the following types of imperfections are unacceptable:

a) any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration; .

b) any other linear indication which has a length greater than:

1) 1/4 in. (6 mm) for t up to 3/4 in. (19 mm), inclusive ;

2) t/3 for t over 3/4 in. (19 mm) to 21/4 in. (57 mm) .inclusive;

3) 3/4 in. (19 mm) for t over 21/4 in. (57 mm); where t= thickness of the weld excluding any allowablereinforcement. For a butt weld joining two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t isthe thinner of these two thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the thickness of

the throat of the fillet shall be included in t.internal root weld conditions are acceptable when the density change as indicated in the radiograph is notabrupt (such that radiographs can be interpreted); linear indications on the radiograph at either edge of suchconditions shall be unacceptable as provided in b) above;

any group of aligned, rounded indications having an aggregate length greater than t in a length of 12t, unlessthe minimum distance between successive indications exceeds 6L in which case the aggregate length isunlimited, L being the length of the largest indication;

rounded indications in excess of those shown as acceptable in Table 7.14.

7.6.6.4 Ultrasonic Acceptance Standards

All indications which produce a response greater than 20% of the reference level shall be investigated to theextent that the operator can determine the shape, identity, and location of an such indications and evaluate

them in terms of the acceptance standards given in a) and b) below.

a) Where indications are interpreted to be cracks, lack of fusion, or incomplete penetration, they areunacceptable regardless of discontinuity or signal amplitude.

b) Indications are unacceptable if the amplitude exceeds the reference level, or indications have lengthswhich exceed:

1) 1/4 in. (6 mm) for t up to 3/4 in. (19 mm) , inclusive (where t is the thickness of the weld beingexamined; if a weld joins two members having different thicknesses at the weld, t is the thinner ofthese two thichesses) ;

2) t/3 for t over 3/4 in. (19 mm) to 21/4 in. (57 mm), inclusive;

3) 3/4 in. (19 mm) for t over 21/4 in. (57 mm) .

7.6.6.5 Magnetic Particle Acceptance Standards

All surfaces to be examined shall be free of:

a) relevant linear indications;

b) relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16 in.(4.8 mm);

c) four or more relevant rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) or less, edge-to-edge.

7.6.6.6 Liquid Penetrant Acceptance Standards

All surfaces to be examined shall be free of:

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a) relevant linear indications;

b) relevant rounded indications greater than 3/16 in.(4.8 mm);

four or more relevant rounded indications in a line separated by 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) or less, edge-to-edge.

7.6.7 Supplemental Examination Requirements for Vibratory Service

Pressure vessels to be used under severe cyclic conditions shall be examined to the extent specified herein

or to any greater extent specified in the engineering design. Acceptance criteria are as stated in ----and inTable---- , for severe cyclic conditions, unless otherwise specified.

a) Visual Examination. The requirements of 7.10.6.2 shall apply for the all welding joints of pressureholding parts.

b) Other Examination. All category A and B butt welds shall be examined by 100% radiography inaccordance with 7.10.6.3 or (if specified in the engineering design) by 100% ultrasonic examination inaccordance with 7.10.6.4. Category D ---- , welds which are not radiographed shall be examined bymagnetic particle or liquid penetrant methods in accordance with 7.10.6.5.

c) Certification and Records. The requirements of 7.12 apply.

7.6.8 Repair by Welding

The areas to be repaired shall be rewelded by qualified welders using qualified welding procedures.

7.7 Final Examination of Vessel

7.7.1 Surface Examination After Hydrotest

In case of Class 1 vessels, all surfaces of pressure boundary components including internal and externalsurfaces and weld metal shall be examined by wet magnetic particle method (if ferromagnetic) or by liquidpenetrant method (if nonmagnetic) over the entire surface of welds of the vessel or component afterhydrotest, unless accessibility prevents meaningful interpretation and characterization of defects. Acceptance criteria shall be 7.10.6.5.

7.7.2 Inspection of Lined Vessel Interior After Hydrotest

When it is observed that the test fluid seeps behind the applied liner during or after hydrotest, the fluid shallbe driven out and the lining shall be repaired by welding in accordance with 6.1.3.4.5 d).

7.8 Leak Testing

When so specified by the user, leak testing shall be carried out in accordance with Article 10 of Section V inaddition to hydrostatic test as per 8.2 or pneumatic test as per 8.3.The choice of the leak testing technique to be employed should be based on the suitability for the particularpart/system being tested.

7.9 Acoustic Emission

When so specified by the user, acoustic emission examination shall be carried out in accordance with Article12 of Section V during hydrostatic test or pneumatic test. Acoustic emission can be used to supplement other non destructive examination methods. It shall not be

used as a substitute to other non destructive examination methods.The objective of acoustic emission monitoring during a pressure test is to reliably detect subcritical crackgrowth or other material damage which threatens structural integrity wherever it may occur in the vessel andenhance safety by helping to avoid an unexpected failure. It may be applied to new or previously pressurizedvessels.

7.10 Documentation of Examination

The examination reports shall contain at least the following:

a) General information

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1) Identification of the test object:

i) Material, dimensions, shape of the weld, welding process, heat treatment, temperatureand surface condition.

ii) Scope of testing, stage of manufacture, circumstances of examination

2) Contract requirements:

i) Specifications (method description and acceptance criteria)

ii) Guidelines

iii) Customer requirements

iv) Place and date of examination

v) Any deviation from this standard, by special agreement

vi) Identification of testing company

vii) Certification and name of operator

viii) Identification of inspection authority

Specific NDT methods

1) Radiographyi) Test arrangement technique and class, required IQI sensitivity according to this standard.

ii) Test arrangements techniques.

iii) System of marking used.

iv) Film position plane

v) Radiation source, type and size of focal spot and identification of equipment used

vi) Film. screens and filters

vii) Tube voltage and current used or source activity

viii) Time of exposure and source-to-film distance

ix) Processing technique: manual/automatic

x) Type and position of image quality indicator

xi) Results of examination including data on film density, reading of IQI

2) Ultrasonic testing

i) Equipment

ii) Maker and type of ultrasonic instrument with identification number

iii) Maker, type, nominal frequency and angle of incidence of probes used

iv) Identification of references blocks used with sketch

v) Couplant medium

vi) Examination technique

vii) Examination level, extent of examination, location of the scanning areas

viii) Identification of probe position, time base range

ix) Method and values used for sensitivity setting (gain setting for reference levels andvalues used for transfer corrections)

x) Reference levels

xi) Results of parent material examination

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xii) Results of the examination

xiii) Tabular summary (or sketches) providing the following information for recordedindications: coordinates of indication, maximum echo amplitude, type and size of indicationand the results of evaluation according to specified acceptance levels.

3) Magnetic particle testing

i) Parent and weld material

ii) Type of magnetization, current type, detection media, viewing condition

iii) Results of performance test

iv) Tabular summary (or sketches) providing the following information for recordedindications: coordinates of indication, type and size of indication and the results ofevaluation according to specified acceptance levels.

4) Penetrant testing

i) Designation of the penetrant system used, giving the manufacture's name and productdesignation as well as the batch number

ii) Tabular summary (or sketches) providing the following information for recordedindications: coordinates of indication, type and size of indication and the results of

evaluation according to specified acceptance levels.5) Visual testing

i) Examination devices used

ii) Tabular summary (or sketches) providing the following information for recordedindications: coordinates of indication, type and size of indication and the results ofevaluation to specified acceptance levels.

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7-13

Table 7.1 - Nondestructive Examination (Carbon Steels, Including TMCP and Microalloy

Vessel Class 1 2

Joint Quality Factor 1.0 1.0 0.85

JointCategory

Typeof

Weld

Weld Description,Limitations,

Remarks

Applicable

Paragraphs

Applicable

Figures

Type of

NDE

Extent

of NDE

Extent of

NDE

Extent

of NDE

A 1 BCategory A, Type 1,longitudinal shell buttwelds and otherCategory A, Type 1 buttwelds.

(AD-411) RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%

100%-

10%-

B 1 BCategory B, Type 1circumferential buttwelds.


100%10%

100%-

10%-


RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%

100%-

10%-

C 1 B

Circumferential butt

welds at forged flatheads with hubs andweld neck flanges.

(AD-413) (AD-701.1),(3-310.1)

RT or UT

MT or PT

100%

10%

100%

-

10%

-

C FPFull penetration cornerwelds, shell thk. > 2.5 in. (AD-413)

(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PTMT or PT

100%10%

100%-

10%-

C FPFull penetration cornerwelds, shell thk. ! 2.5 in. (AD-413)

(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PT(6)

100% 100% 10%

C FWFillet welds for loosetype flanges. (AD-413) (3-

310.1(b))

MT or PT 100% 100% 10%

D 1 BType 1 butt welds atintegrally reinforcednozzles.

(AD-414) (AD-613.1)RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%

100%-

10%-

D FPFull penetration nozzleattachment welds,openings > 6 in. dia. inshells > 2.5 in. thick.

(AD-414, AD-601)

(AD-610.1) RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%

100%-

10%

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7-14

Table 7.1 - Nondestructive Examination (Carbon Steels, Including TMCP and Microalloy

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

TypeofWeld

Weld Description,Limitations,Remarks

ApplicableParagraphs

ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extentof NDE

Extent ofNDE

Extentof NDE

D FPFull penetration nozzleattachment welds,Openings ! 6 in. dia. oropenings > 6 in,diameter in shells ! 2.5in. thick.

(AD-414, AD-601)

(AD-610.1) RT or UTMT or PT(5)

-100%

-100%

-10%

DFP +FW(pads)

Full penetration nozzleattachment welds withpads; screwed fittingtypes of welded nozzles.

(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT 100% 100% 10%

D FWFillet welded studdedpad type or screwedconnections to shell.

(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT 100%(N/A ?)

100% 10%

D PPPartial penetration weldconnections to shell. (AD-414.1) (AD-621.1) MT or PT

(5)100%(N/A ?)

100% 10%

Attach-ments

BFPFP+FWPP+FWFW

(AF-227.1) MT or PT(5)

100% 100% 100%

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7-15

Table 7.2 - Nondestructive Examination (Low Alloy Steels)(4)

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extentof NDE

Extent oNDE



100%10%

100%-

N/A



100%10%

100%-

N/A


RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%

100%-

N/A

C 1 BCircumferential buttwelds at forged flat

heads with hubs andweld neck flanges.

(AD-413) (AD-

701.1),(3-310.1)

RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%

100%- N/A

C FPFull penetration cornerwelds, shell thk. > 2.5in.

(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PTMT or PT

100%10%

100%- N/A

C FPFull penetration cornerwelds, shell thk. ! 2.5in.

(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PT(6)

100% 100%N/A


310.1(b))

MT or PT N/A N/A N/A

D 1 BType 1 butt welds atintegrally reinforced

nozzles.

(AD-414) (AD-

613.1)

RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%

100%- N/A


(AD-414, AD-601)

(AD-610.1)

RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%

100%-

N/A

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7-16

Table 7.2 - Nondestructive Examination (Low Alloy Steels)(4)

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extentof NDE

Extent oNDE

Full penetration nozzleattachment welds,

DFP +FW(pads)

Full penetration nozzleattachment welds withpads; screwed fittingtypes of weldednozzles.

(AD-414) (AD-612.1)

MT or PT 100% N/A N/A

D FWFillet welded studdedpad type or screwed

connections to shell.

(AD-414) (AD-

612.1)


D PPPartial penetration weldconnections to shell. (AD-414.1) (AD-

621.1)MT or PT(5)

N/A N/A N/A

Attach-ments

BFPFP+FWPP+FWFW

(AF-227.1) MT or PT(5)

100%100%100%N/AN/A

100%100%100%N/AN/A

N/A

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7-17

Table 7.3 - Nondestructive Examination ( Cr-Mo and Cr-Mo-V Low Alloy Steels (Cr>1

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Exteof N



100%100%

100%100%

N/A



100%100%

100%100%

N/A


RT or UTMT or PT

N/A(?)

N/A N/A



(AD-413) (AD-

701.1),(3-310.1)

RT or UTMT or PT

100%100%

100%100% N/A


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PTMT or PT

100%100%

100%100% N/A


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PT(6)

100% 100%N/A


310.1(b))



nozzles.


100%100%

100%100% N/A


(AD-414, AD-601)


100%-

100%100%

N/A

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7-18


Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Exteof N


DFP +FW(pads)


(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT 100% N/A N/A



(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT N/A N/A N/A


(5)N/A N/A N/A

Attach-ments

BFPFP+FWPP+FWFW

(AF-227.1) MT or PT(5)

100%100%100%N/AN/A

100%100%100%N/AN/A

N/A

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7-19


Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE

A 1 BCategory A, Type 1,longitudinal shell buttwelds and otherCategory A, Type 1butt welds.


100%10%

100%-

10%-



100%10%

100%-

10%-


RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%

100%-

10%-



(AD-413) (AD-

701.1),(3-310.1)

RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%

100%-

10%-


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PTMT or PT

100%10%

100%-

10%-


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PT(6)

100% 100% 10%


310.1(b))



nozzles.

(AD-414) (AD-

613.1)

RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%

100%-

10%-


(AD-414, AD-601)

(AD-610.1)

RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%

100%-

10%

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7-20


Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE


DFP +FW(pads)


(AD-414) (AD-612.1)

MT or PT 100% N/A N/A



(AD-414) (AD-

612.1)


D PPPartial penetrationweld connections toshell.

(AD-414.1) (AD-621.1)

MT or PT(5)

N/A N/A N/A

Attach-ments

BFPFP+FWPP+FWFW

(AF-227.1) MT or PT(5)

100%100%100%N/AN/A

100%100%100%N/AN/A

100%100%100%N/AN/A

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7-21

Table 7. 5 - Nondestructive Examination (Austeniti c Stainless Steels)(4), (6)

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE



100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-



100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-


RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%(PT)

100%- 10%

-

C 1 B



(AD-413) (AD-701.1),(3-310.1)

RT or UT

MT or PT

100%

10%(PT)

100%

-

10%

-


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PTMT or PT

100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PT(6)

100%(PT)

100% 10%


310.1(b))

MT or PT 100%(PT)

100%(PT)

10%(PT)

D 1 B

Type 1 butt welds at

integrally reinforcednozzles.

(AD-414) (AD-613.1)

RT or UT

MT or PT

100%

10%(PT)

100%

-

10%

-


(AD-414, AD-601)


100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-

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7-22

Table 7. 5 - Nondestructive Examination (Austeniti c Stainless Steels)(4), (6)

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE


DFP +FW(pads)


(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT 100%(PT)

100%(PT)

10%(PT)



(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT 100%

(PT)

100%

(PT)

10%

(PT)


(5)100%(N/A?)

100%(PT)

10%(PT)

Attach-ments

BFPFP+FWPP+FWFW

(AF-227.1) MT or PT(5)

100%100%100%100%100%

100%100%100%100%100%

100%100%100%100%100%

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7-23

Table 7. 6 - Nondestruc tive Examination (Ferrit ic or Martensiti c Stainless Steel

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE



100%10%(PT)

100%-

N/A



100%10%(PT)

100%-

N/A


RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%(PT)

100%- N/A

C 1 B



(AD-413) (AD-701.1),(3-310.1)

RT or UT

MT or PT

100%

10%(PT)

100%

- N/A


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PTMT or PT

100%10%(PT)

100%- N/A


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PT(6)

100%(PT)

100%N/A


310.1(b))


D 1 B



(AD-414) (AD-613.1)

RT or UT

MT or PT

100%

10%(PT)

100%

- N/A


(AD-414, AD-601)


100%10%(PT)

100%-

N/A

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7-24

Table 7. 6 - Nondestruc tive Examination (Ferrit ic or Martensiti c Stainless Steel

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE


DFP +FW(pads)


(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT 100%(PT)

N/A N/A



(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT N/A N/A N/A


(5)100% 100%

(PT)N/A

Attach-ments

BFPFP+FWPP+FWFW

(AF-227.1) MT or PT(5)

100%100%100%N/AN/A

100%100%100%N/AN/A

N/A

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7-25

Table 7. 7 - Nondestructi ve Examination (High Cr Ferrit ic or Martensitic Stainless Steels (Cr>20%) and

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE



100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-



100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-


RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%(PT)

100%- 10%

-

C 1 B



(AD-413) (AD-701.1),(3-310.1)

RT or UT

MT or PT

100%

10%(PT)

100%

-

10%

-


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PTMT or PT

100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PT(6)

100%(PT)

100% 10%

C FWFillet welds for loosetype flanges. (AD-413) (3-310.1(b))

MT or PT N/A N/A 10%(PT)


nozzles.


100%10%

(PT)

100%-

10%-


(AD-414, AD-601)


100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-

D FPFull penetration nozzleattachment welds,Openings ! 6 in. dia. or

(AD-414, AD-601)


-100%

-100%

-10%

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7-26

Table 7. 7 - Nondestructi ve Examination (High Cr Ferrit ic or Martensitic Stainless Steels (Cr>20%) and

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE

openings > 6 in,diameter in shells ! 2.5in. thick.

(5) (PT) (PT) (PT)

DFP +FW(pads)


(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT 100%(PT)

N/A 10%(PT)


(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT N/A N/A 10%(PT)


(5)

100% 100%

(PT)

10%

(PT)

Attach-ments

BFPFP+FWPP+FWFW

(AF-227.1) MT or PT(5)

100%100%100%N/AN/A

100%100%100%N/AN/A

100%100%100%100%100%

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7-27

Table 7. 8 - Nondestruct ive Examination (Steels Whose Tensile Properties Have Been Enhanced

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE



100%100%

100%100%

N/A



100%100%

100%100%

N/A


RT or UTMT or PT

100%100%

N/A N/A

C 1 B



(AD-413) (AD-701.1),(3-310.1)

RT or UT

MT or PT

100%

100%

100%

100% N/A


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PTMT or PT

N/A N/A N/A


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PT(6)

N/A N/A N/A


310.1(b))


D 1 B



(AD-414) (AD-613.1)

RT or UT

MT or PT

100%

100%

100%

100%

N/A


(AD-414, AD-601)


100%100%

100%100%

N/A

D FPFull penetration nozzleattachment welds, (AD-414, (AD-610.1) RT or UT 100% 100%

N/A

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7-28

Table 7. 8 - Nondestruct ive Examination (Steels Whose Tensile Properties Have Been Enhanced

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld



ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE

Openings ! 6 in. dia. oropenings > 6 in,diameter in shells ! 2.5in. thick.

AD-601) MT or PT(5)

100% 100%

DFP +FW(pads)


(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT N/A N/AN/A


(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT N/A N/AN/A

D PP

Partial penetration weld

connections to shell. (AD-414.1) (AD-621.1) MT or PT(5)

N/A N/A

N/A

Attach-ments

BFPFP+FWPP+FWFW

(AF-227.1) MT or PT(5)

100%N/AN/AN/AN/A

100%100%100%N/AN/A

N/A

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7-29

Table 7. 9 - Nondestructive Examination (Layered Vessels)(4)

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld


ApplicableParagraph

s

ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE

A 1 BCategory A and B jointin the inner shell and inthe inner

(AF-820.20a)

---- RT or UTMT or PT

100%100%

100%N/A

N/AN/A

A 1BCategory A joints inlayer

(AF-820.20b.4) ---- RT or UT

MT or PT100%100%

100%N/A

N/AN/A

A 2BCategory A joints inlayer 1/8" through 5/16"in thickness

(AF-820.20b.1)

---- RT or UTMT (DC)

N/A100%

N/A100%

N/AN/A


(AF-820.20b.2) ---- RT or UT

MT (DC)10%100%

10%100%

N/AN/A


(AF-820.20b.3) ---- RT or UT

MT (DC)100%100%

100%N/A

N/AN/A

A 1BJoints in interlockingstrips of helically woundconstruction joint.

(AF-820.20b.5) ----

MT(6)

100% 100% N/A

B 2B [Step welded girth joint]Category B step weldedgirth joints in layer 1/8"through 5/16" inthickness

(AF-820.20c.1)

AD-1117.2b-1, b-2 RT or UT

MT (DC)N/A100%

N/A10%

N/AN/A

B 2BCategory B step weldedgirth joints in layer 5/16"

through 5/8" inthickness

(AF-820.20c.2) RT or UT

MT (DC)

N/A

100%

N/A

100%

N/A

N/A

B 2BCategory B step weldedgirth joints in layer 5/8"through 7/8" inthickness

(AF-820.20c.3) RT or UT

MT or PT10%100%

10%100%

N/AN/A

B 2BCategory B step weldedgirth joints in layer over

(AF-820.20c.4)

AD-1117.2d-2 RT or UT 100% 100% N/A

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7-30


Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld


ApplicableParagraph

s

ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE

7/8" in thickness MT or PT 100% N/A N/A

A 1B Category A fullthickness welding ofsolid section to layeredsection

(AF-820.20d)

AD-1117.2.a,b-3,c,d-1, elf,1117.5a-1,b-1

RT or UTMT or PT

100%100%

100%N/A

N/AN/A

B 1B Full thickness weldingof solid section tolayered section

(AF-820.20d)

AD=1117.1a,c,d,e,f, AD-1117.2d-1,e,f,1117.6a,e

RT or UTMT or PT

100%100%

100%N/A

N/AN/A

C 1B Flat head and tubesheet weld joints

(AF-820.20e)

AD-1117.3a,b,c,d,

RT or UTMT or PT

100%100%

100%N/A

N/AN/A

C 2B Flat head and tubesheet weld joints (stepwelded girth joint)

(AF-820.20e)

AD-1117.3f

Same as Category B step welded girth joint

D B Nozzle andcommunicatingchamber to layeredshell or layered head

(AF-820.20f)

AD-1118.1e,f,g,h

RTMT or PT

100%100%

100%N/A

N/AN/A

D 1B Full thickness weldingof solid section tolayered section

(AF-820.20d)

AD-1118.RT or UTMT or PT

100%100%

100%N/A

N/AN/A

D FP Nozzle andcommunicatingchamber to layeredshell or layered head

(AF-820.20f)

AD-1118.1a,b,c-1,c-2,d

RT or MT 100% 100% N/A

D PP Nozzle andcommunicatingchamber to layeredshell or layered head

(AF-820.20f)

AD-1118.1i,j,k,l MT or PT 100% 100% N/A

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7-31


Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld


ApplicableParagraph

s

ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE

Transition weld

FW Transition welds (AF-820.20h.1)

AD-1117.1,1117.2a,b-1,b-2,b-3,c,d-1,d-2,1117.4 and1117.5

MT or PT 100% 100% N/A

Transition weld

Build-up

Transition welds (AF-820.20c.2)

AD-1117.2.e, f

RT or UT 100% 100%N/A

Attach-ments

BFPFP+FW

PP+FWFW

Attachment welds (AF-820.20g) MT or PT

(5)100% 100% N/A

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Table 7. 10 - Nondestructi ve Examination (Non-ferrous Alloys)(4)

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld


ApplicableParagraph

s

ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE



100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-



100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-


RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%(PT)

100%- 10%

-

C 1 BCircumferential buttwelds at forged flatheads with hubs andweld neck flanges.

(AD-413) (AD-701.1),(3-310.1)

RT or UTMT or PT

100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PTMT or PT

100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-


(AD-413)(AD-701.3),(3-310.1)

MT or PT(6)

100%(PT)

100% 10%


310.1(b))

MT or PT 100% 100% 10%(PT)

D 1 BType 1 butt welds atintegrally reinforcednozzles.


100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-


(AD-414, AD-601)


100%10%(PT)

100%-

10%-

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Table 7. 10 - Nondestructi ve Examination (Non-ferrous Alloys)(4)

Vessel Class 1 2


JointCategory

Type ofWeld


ApplicableParagraph

s

ApplicableFigures

Type ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

Extent ofNDE

ExtenNDE


DFP +FW(pads)


(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT 100%(PT)

100%(PT)

10%(PT)

D FW

Fillet welded studded

pad type or screwedconnections to shell.

(AD-414) (AD-612.1) MT or PT 100%(N/A?)

100%(PT)

10%(PT)


(5)100%(N/A?)

100%(PT)

10%(PT)

Attach-ments

BFPFP+FWPP+FWFW

(AF-227.1) MT or PT(5)

100%100%100%100%100%

100%100%100%100%100%

100%100%100%100%100%

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7-34

Notes:For vessels for which a fatigue analysis is not required and when materials over 1/2 in. (13mm) thick do not include Sexamination method substitutions may as follows.(a) Visual examination may be substituted for MT or PT as follows:

Category Weld Type Conditions

C FP & PP When thinner of materials joined <1

/2 in. (13 mm)D FP When thinner of materials joined <

1/2 in. (13 mm) and thicker of materials joined < 1

1/4 in. (32 mm

Pad FW Wherever pads are permitted Attachments All When thinner of materials joined <

1/2 in. (13 mm) and thicker of materials joined < 1

1/4 in. (32

(b) MT or PT may be substituted for RT or UT for butt type welds in Category C locations when the thinner of the mmm) and the normal diameter of the opening does not exceed 10 in. (254 mm).(c) All welds made by the electron beam welding process shall also be ultrasonically examined for their entire length iof Article 9-3.Ultrasonic examination in accordance with Article 9-3 may be substituted for radiography for the final closure construction of the vessel does not permit interpretable radiographs in accordance with Code requirements. Thequipment shall not be justification. The written examination procedure shall be available to the Inspector and shall bthe Inspector to be capable of detecting and locating discontinuities described in this Divsion.

Welding on forged bottles of SA-372 Types IV & V materials is limited to seal welds after final treatment. See AF-7welds permitted before final heat treatment. All welds permitted shall be examined before and after pressure test.(4) See Table 2.1.2 for P-No. and Group No. designations and thickness limitations for each vessel Class and the app(5) The examination shall be performed after PWHT, if done (see…)(6) All austenitic chromium-nickel alloy steel welds, both but t and fillet, in vessels whose shell thickness exc¾ in. (19 mm) shall be 100% examined by liquid penetrant (PT) method (see…).(7) One spot shall be examined on each vessel fo r each 50 ft (15.2 m) increment of weld or fraction thereof.(See paragraph …

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Table 7.11 - NDT Techniques, Method, Characterization, Acceptance Criteria

NDT Technique(Abbreviation)

Method Characterization and Acceptance Criteria

Visual Examination (VT) 7.10.8.2 7.10.7.1

Radiography (RT) 7.1.2.1 7.10.7.2

Ultrasonic Examination

(UT)

7.1.2.2 7.10.7.3

Magnetic Particle Testing(MT)

7.1.2.3 7.10.7.4

Liquid Penetrant Testing(PT)

7.1.2.4 7.10.7.4

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Revision 2 ASME Section VIII Division 2 ReWrite 7-37 ________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table 7. 12 - Selection o f Non-Destruct ive Testing Technique for Determining Internal Flaws in FullPenetration Joints

Parent material normal thickness t in millimetersMaterial andtype of joint t

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Table 7.13 - Visual examination acceptance criteria

IDENTIFICATION OF IMPERFECTIONS MAXIMUM PERMITTED

Category No. Type of Imperfection 1) Definition of maximum permitted 2)

1 Cracks (all) Not permitted

2 Gas cavity (all)Shrinkage cavity (all)

Diameter: d = 2 mm or depth h = 1mm with additional conditions that :

- it does not occur at a stop orrestart- it is not systematic on the sameweld for pressure welds or loadcarrying attachment welds

3 Slag inclusions (all)Flux inclusions (all)Oxide inclusions (all)Metallic inclusions (all)

Not permitted when occurring atthe surface (shall be removed bygrinding for example)

4.1 Lack of fusion (all) Not permitted4

4.2 Lack of penetration Not permitted if a full penetrationweld is required

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5.1 Undercut T > 16 mm h = 0.5 mm longimperfections

5.2 Shrinkage Groove Long imperfections not permittedShort imperfections : h = 1 mm, asmooth transition is required

5.3 Excess weld metal h = 1 mm + 0,15b smoothtransition is required

5.4 Excessive convexity h= 1 mm + 0,15b smooth transitionIs required

5.5 Excessive penetration h = 1 mm + 0,6b, maximum 4 mm

5.6 Local protrusion Occasional local protrusionexceeding h (see 504) Is permitted

with a maximum that shall berelated to the operation conditions .

5.7 Overlap Not permitted

5.8 Linear misalignment See section --- of this standard

5.9 Angular misalignment See section --- of this standard

5.10 Sagging Long Imperfections: not permittedShort Imperfections : permitted if h< 0,1t < 1 mm.

5.11 Burn through Not permitted5.12 Incompletely filled

grooveLong Imperfections: not permitted

Short Imperfections : permitted if h< 0,11 < 1 mm.

5

5.13 Excessive asymmetryof fillet weld.

h = 2 mm + 0,15a

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5.14 Root Concavity Long Imperfections: not permittedShort imperfections: h = 1 mm asmooth transition Is required

5.15 Root porosity Not permitted

5.16 Poor restart Not permitted

6.1 Stray flash or arcstrike

Not permitted, grinding is requiredplus MT or PT to insure that nocrack is left

6.2 Spatter Shall normally be removed from allpressure parts and from both loadcarrying attachment weld. Isolated,non systematic spatter mayhowever be permitted oncomponents made from steel 1. : inthe special case of circumferential

welded fins which are attached totubes by a mechanized weldingprocess, spatter shall beminimized, but any produced mayremain, regardless of the materialor heat treatment involved.

6.3 Torn surface Not permitted, shall be ground, asmooth transition is required

6.4 Grinding mark Not permitted, shall be flushed bygrinding. a smooth transition isrequired

6.5 Chipping mark Not permitted, shall be flushed bygrinding, a smooth transition Isrequired

6

6.6 Underflushing Not permitted, any localunderflushing shall be related tothe design characteristics(calculated thickness + corrosionallowance = minimum thickness forbase material) (Thickness shall bemeasured by ultrasonic method incase of doubt

1) The following symbols are used:a : nominal fillet weld throat thicknessb : width of weld reinforcementd: diameter of pore

h : height of imperfectionst : wall or plate thickness

2) short imperfection : one or more imperfections of total length not greater than 25 mm in any 100 mmlength of weld or a maximum of 25 % of the weld length for a weld shorter than 100 mm. longimperfections : one or more imperfections of total length greater than 25 mm in any 100 mm length of theweld or a minimum of 25% of the weld length for a weld shorter than 100 mm

.

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TABLE 7.14 - RADIOGRAPHIC ACCEPTANCE STANDARDS FOR ROUNDED INDICATIONS (ExamplesOnly)

Maximum Size of Acceptable

Rounded Indication, in.

Thickness t, in.

Random Isolated

Maximum Size of Nonrelevant

Indications, in.

Less than 1/8 1/4 t 1/3 t 1/10 t

1/8 0.031 0.042 0.015

3/16 0.047 0.063 0.015

1/4 0.063 0.083 0.015

5/16 0.078 0.104 0.031

3/8 0.091 0.125 0.031

7/16 0.109 0.146 0.031

1/2 0.125 0.168 0.031

9/16 0.142 0.188 0.031

5/8 0.156 0.210 0.031

11/16 0.156 0.230 0.031

3/4 to 2, incl. 0.156 0.250 0.031

Over 2 0.156 0.375 0.063

Figure 7.1 Illustration of Welded Join t Locations Typical of Categories A,B,C, and D

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