Western Imperialism Western Imperialism in Asiain Asia

There were several problems There were several problems encountered by the Ch'ing dynasty in the encountered by the Ch'ing dynasty in the 1919thth century that remained manageable century that remained manageable and their traditional system continued to and their traditional system continued to impress Europeans.impress Europeans.

Canton – was the only port where the Canton – was the only port where the Westerners were permitted to trade.Westerners were permitted to trade.

They were not allowed to stay beyond the They were not allowed to stay beyond the trading season for about six monthtrading season for about six month

Fire arms or women are forbidden to enter to Fire arms or women are forbidden to enter to city proper.city proper.

They are not allowed to trade elsewhere in They are not allowed to trade elsewhere in the China coastthe China coast

CANTON PORT

They were obliged to deal only with the They were obliged to deal only with the “Hong merchants”.“Hong merchants”.

Hong MerchantsHong Merchants – were licensed and acted as – were licensed and acted as intermediaries between merchants and the intermediaries between merchants and the government.government.

The Chinese viewed the westerners as The Chinese viewed the westerners as barbarians and potential troublemakers barbarians and potential troublemakers against Chinese morality.against Chinese morality.

In 1973, Viscount Macartney was sent to In 1973, Viscount Macartney was sent to China to request trading rights and to deal China to request trading rights and to deal with China as an equal nation.with China as an equal nation.

The Chinese expected him to perform K'e The Chinese expected him to perform K'e T'ou (Kowtow) but he refused to do do, T'ou (Kowtow) but he refused to do do, and failed to accomplish his mission.and failed to accomplish his mission.

KowtowKowtow is the performance of nine is the performance of nine humiliating prostrations before the emperor.humiliating prostrations before the emperor.

In 1816, England sent similar mission to In 1816, England sent similar mission to China with Lord Amherst as the head but China with Lord Amherst as the head but refused to perform the kowtow and so the refused to perform the kowtow and so the emperor ordered his immediate dismissal emperor ordered his immediate dismissal from Peking.from Peking.

KOWTOW

Opium was introduced in China from Opium was introduced in China from Formosa and the habit spread rapidly Formosa and the habit spread rapidly among the Chinese.among the Chinese.

The Chinese, alarmed by the evil effects The Chinese, alarmed by the evil effects of the opium, promulgated a law in 1729 of the opium, promulgated a law in 1729 prohibiting the smoking and importing of prohibiting the smoking and importing of opium.opium.

Opium continued to find their way into Opium continued to find their way into China with the British India as the chief China with the British India as the chief source of supply.source of supply.

OPIUM

The underlying causes of the war lay in The underlying causes of the war lay in the refusal of the Chinese government to the refusal of the Chinese government to treat foreign nations on an equal footing treat foreign nations on an equal footing with China.with China.

China still believed that they are the greatest China still believed that they are the greatest and their civilization was superior.and their civilization was superior.

Their subjects were looked down upon as Their subjects were looked down upon as barbarians o foreign devils who have no right barbarians o foreign devils who have no right to come to China except to pay tribute.to come to China except to pay tribute.

To trade with them was regarded as a To trade with them was regarded as a privilege.privilege.

First Anglo-Chinese War

In 1834, Lord Napier of England was appointed In 1834, Lord Napier of England was appointed as Chief Superintended of Trade in China with as Chief Superintended of Trade in China with instructions to deal directly with the Chinese instructions to deal directly with the Chinese officials and not with the Hong Merchants.officials and not with the Hong Merchants.

Lord Napier Failed, he died in Macao.Lord Napier Failed, he died in Macao.

Commissioner Lin's Crusade against opium Commissioner Lin's Crusade against opium started when he confiscated all the opium found started when he confiscated all the opium found in the possession of the foreign merchant in in the possession of the foreign merchant in Canton and dumped into the see.Canton and dumped into the see.

Opium WarOpium War – the first Anglo Chinese war due – the first Anglo Chinese war due to the conflict of opium question.to the conflict of opium question.

The war lasted for two years and in 1842, the The war lasted for two years and in 1842, the Chinese Government sued for peace.Chinese Government sued for peace.

OPIUM WAR

The Treaty on Nanking was signed on The Treaty on Nanking was signed on August 29, 1842.August 29, 1842.

Canton and four other ports of China: Amoy, Canton and four other ports of China: Amoy, Foochow, Ningpo, and Shanghai were opened Foochow, Ningpo, and Shanghai were opened to trade.to trade.

Foreigners were permitted to reside at the Foreigners were permitted to reside at the treaty ports.treaty ports.

The trade of the monopoly of the Hong The trade of the monopoly of the Hong merchants was abolished.merchants was abolished.

China was to cede the island of Hongkong to China was to cede the island of Hongkong to England.England.

She was also to pay an indemnity of She was also to pay an indemnity of $21,000,000.00.$21,000,000.00.

Another nation sought also the advantages Another nation sought also the advantages acquired by the English. U.S. And France acquired by the English. U.S. And France followed and included the clause of most-followed and included the clause of most-favored nation.favored nation.

Equal participation in all privileges, immunities and Equal participation in all privileges, immunities and advantages that China might grant to the advantages that China might grant to the government or subjects of another nation.government or subjects of another nation.The American treaty - principle of Extraterritoriality.The American treaty - principle of Extraterritoriality.

American citizens committing offenses on China were to be American citizens committing offenses on China were to be tried by the consular representative of the U.S.in accordance tried by the consular representative of the U.S.in accordance with American laws and American judicial procedure.with American laws and American judicial procedure.

This principle deprived China of another This principle deprived China of another important attribute of sovereignty, that was important attribute of sovereignty, that was jurisdiction over alien residents. jurisdiction over alien residents.

Another war was necessary to force the Another war was necessary to force the Chinese government to observe her treaty Chinese government to observe her treaty obligations.obligations.

In 1856, a war broke out between England and In 1856, a war broke out between England and China because of the seizure of the crew of a China because of the seizure of the crew of a small British vessel by Chinese authorities.small British vessel by Chinese authorities.

French joined England against China .French joined England against China .

In 1858, China sued for peace.In 1858, China sued for peace.

At At Tientsin'sTientsin's, she concluded treaties, not only , she concluded treaties, not only with England and France but also with U.S. and with England and France but also with U.S. and Russia.Russia.

2nd Opium War

China agreed to open new ports.China agreed to open new ports.Permit the navigation of the Yangtze River.Permit the navigation of the Yangtze River.Diplomatic representatives were allowed to Diplomatic representatives were allowed to reside at Peking.reside at Peking.Opium trade was also legalizedOpium trade was also legalizedReligious practice were tolerated including Religious practice were tolerated including the protection to be given to the missionaries.the protection to be given to the missionaries.

The Chinese fortified the Taku forts and The Chinese fortified the Taku forts and placed obstructions on the approaches to placed obstructions on the approaches to Peking in violation of the treaty signed in Peking in violation of the treaty signed in 1858.1858.The English and French forces burned The English and French forces burned down te beautiful summer palace, Yuan down te beautiful summer palace, Yuan Ming Yan.Ming Yan.

Later, a new treaty known as Peking Later, a new treaty known as Peking Convention of 1860 was signed.Convention of 1860 was signed.China was to pay England and France an China was to pay England and France an indemnity.indemnity.Peninsula of Kowloon was ceded to England.Peninsula of Kowloon was ceded to England.

Russia, taking advantage of China's Russia, taking advantage of China's embarrassing conditions, offered to help but at embarrassing conditions, offered to help but at the end of the war demanded the cessation of the end of the war demanded the cessation of the territory east of Ussuri as compensation for the territory east of Ussuri as compensation for her services. China Yielded to the demand, thus her services. China Yielded to the demand, thus giving Russia an excellent natural port at giving Russia an excellent natural port at Vladivostok.Vladivostok.

Port of VladivostokPort of Vladivostok

THE END!

Thanks forListening!

Group Four Presentation

➲ Made and Reported by: ELIZABETH QUERUBIN

Submitted to: Mrs. Jovy Cuadra.