ashrae green guide

ASHRAE GreenGuideThe Design, Construction,

and Operation of Sustainable Buildings

©2010, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). For personal use only. Additional reproduction, distribution, or transmission in either print or digital form is not permitted without ASHRAE's prior written permission.

This publication was developed under the auspices of TC 2.8, Building Environmental Impacts and Sustainability. TC 2.8 is concerned with the

impacts of buildings on the local, regional, and global environment; means for identifying and reducing these impacts; and enhancing ASHRAE member

awareness of the impacts.

John M. Swift, Jr., RE, CEM, LEED, is coeditor of the ASHRAE GreenGuide, Third Edi-tion, and is a principal at Cannon Design in Boston. He serves as chair of the pro-posed ASHRAE Standard for Water Efficiency in Buildings and is vice-chair of ASHRAE Technical Committee 2.8. Mr. Swift recently served on Massachusetts Governor Patrick's Zero Net Energy Buildings Task Force and was an original con-tributor to the development of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Labs 21 Environmental Performance Criteria guidelines.

Tom Lawrence, PhD, PE, LEED-AP, is also coeditor of the ASHRAE GreenGuide, Third Edition, and is a public service associate with the University of Georgia with 30 years of experience in engineering and related fields. He is chair of ASHRAE Technical Committee 2.8 and is a member of the committee that wrote ANSI/ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1-2009, Standard for the Design of High-Performance Green Buildings. Dr. Lawrence is also a member of ASHRAE's Handbook and Technical Activities Committees. As an ASHRAE Distin-guished Lecturer, he gives seminars on green building design at venues around the world.

ASHRAE STAFFSPECIAL PUBLICATIONS

Mark S. OwenEditor/Group Manager of Handbook and Special Publications

Cindy Sheffield MichaelsManaging Editor

James Madison WalkerAssociate Editor

Amelia PavlikAssistant Editor

Elisabeth ParrishAssistant Editor

Michshell PhillipsEditorial Coordinator

PUBLISHING SERVICESDavid Soltis

Group Manager of Publishing Services and Electronic Communications

Tracy BeckerGraphic Applications Specialist

Jayne JacksonPublication Traffic Administrator

PUBLISHERW. Stephen Comstock

Amelia Pavlik, assistant editor in ASHRAE Special Publications, served as staff editor for the ASHRAE GreenGuide, Third Edition.

Updates/errata for this publication will be posted on the ASHRAE Web site at www.ashrae.org/publicationupdates.


ASHRAE GreenGuideThe Design, Construction,

and Operation of Sustainable Buildings

Third Edition

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.


ISBN 978-1-933742-85-4

© 2010 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.

1791 Tullie Circle, NEAtlanta, GA 30329www.ashrae.org

All rights reserved.First edition published 2003. Second edition published 2006.

Third edition published 2010.Printed in the United States of America

Cover design by Tracy Becker

ASHRAE has compiled this publication with care, but ASHRAE has not investi-gated, and ASHRAE expressly disclaims any duty to investigate, any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like that may be described herein. The appearance of any technical data or editorial material in this publication does not constitute endorsement, warranty, or guaranty by ASHRAE of any product, service, process, procedure, design, or the like. ASHRAE does not warrant that the information in the publication is free of errors, and ASHRAE does not neces-sarily agree with any statement or opinion in this publication. The entire risk of the use of any information in this publication is assumed by the user.

No part of this book may be reproduced without permission in writing from ASHRAE, except by a reviewer who may quote brief passages or reproduce illustrations in a review with appropriate credit; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any way or by any means—electronic, photocopying, recording, or other—without permission in writing from ASHRAE. Requests for permission should be submitted at www.ashrae.org/permissions.

____________________________________________

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataASHRAE greenguide : the design, construction, and operation of sustain-

able buildings. -- 3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: "The third edition of the ASHRAE GreenGuide features informa-

tion for anyone charged with designing a sustainable building on a variety of green-design issues that should be considered when tasked with this type of project"-- Provided by publisher.

ISBN 978-1-933742-85-4 (hardcover) 1. Sustainable buildings--Design and construction. 2. Sustainable archi-

tecture. 3. Buildings--Environmental engineering. 4. Sustainable construction. I. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

TH880.A83 2010 720'.47--dc22

2010038430


Tomorrow’s Child

Without a name, an unseen face,And knowing not the time or place,

Tomorrow’s Child, though yet unborn,I saw you first last Tuesday morn.A wise friend introduced us two,

And through his shining point of viewI saw a day, which you would see,

A day for you, and not for me.Knowing you has changed my thinking,

Never having had an inklingThat perhaps the things I do

Might someday threaten you.Tomorrow’s Child, my daughter-son,

I’m afraid I’ve just begunTo think of you and of your good,

Though always having known I should.Begin I will to weigh the cost

Of what I squander, what is lost,If ever I forget that you

Will someday come to live here too.

by Glenn Thomas, ©1996

Reprinted from Mid-Course Correction: Toward a Sustainable Enterprise: The Interface Model by Ray Anderson. Chelsea Green Publishing Company, 1999.


CONTENTS

vii

Foreword xvPreface xvii

Who Should Use the ASHRAE GreenGuide xviiThe Purpose of the ASHRAE GreenGuide xviiiHow to Use the ASHRAE GreenGuide xviiiBackground on the ASHRAE GreenGuide xix

Acknowledgments xxi

SECTION I: BASICS Chapter One: Green/Sustainable High-Performance Design 3

Introduction 3Relationship to Sustainability 4Good Design 5 Commitment to Green/Sustainable

High-Performance Projects 5What Drives Green Projects 6The Impact of Carbon Considerations 7The Engineering/Energy Conservation Ethic 8References and Resources 15

Chapter Two: Background and Fundamentals 17Sustainability in Architecture 17Fundamentals of Related Engineering Topics 25Applications to HVAC Systems and Processes 32Summary of Engineering Application Fundamentals 42References and Resources 42


viii

SECTION 2: THE DESIGN PROCESSChapter Three: Project Strategies 47

Ingredients of a Successful Green Project Endeavor 47Incentives for Green Design 48Building Team Spirit 52Successful Approaches to Design 52References and Resources 57

Chapter Four: The Design Process—Early Stages 59Overview 59The Owner’s Role 62The Design Team 63The Engineer’s Role 68Project Delivery Methods and Contractor Selection 69Concept Development 74Expressing and Testing Concepts 77Building Information Modeling (BIM) 79References and Resources 87

Chapter Five: Architectural Design and Planning Impacts 89Sustainability and Energy Master Planning 89Site Location 92Site Orientation 93Building Form/Geometry 93Building Envelope 94Green-Roof and Cool-Roof Technologies 97Building Materials 100Arrangement/Grouping of Spaces 101Climatic Impacts 101Existing Buildings 102Interdependency 102Building-Type GreenTips 102References and Resources 120

Chapter Six: Commissioning 121CxA’s Role and the OPR Document 124Commissioning Phases 125Selection of a CxA 132Selection of Systems to Commission 133Commissioning Models 134References and Resources 136


ix

Chapter Seven: Green Rating Systems, Standards, and Other Guidance 137The LEED Programs 137Green Rating Systems, Standards, and Other Guidance 146ASHRAE/USGBC/IES Standard 189.1 150Guidelines 154ASHRAE Building Energy Quotient (Building eQ) Program 155References and Resources 156

Chapter Eight: Conceptual Engineering Design— Load Determination 159The Role of Energy Modeling

During Conceptual Design 161Determining the Load Drivers

with Parametric Simulations 162Energy Impacts of Architectural Features 163Thermal/Mass Transfer of Envelope 164Engineering Load-Determining Factors 165 Lighting 166System/Equipment Efficiencies 168Life-Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) 169References and Resources 179

Chapter Nine: Indoor Environmental Quality 181Why a Chapter on This? 181Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) 181Designing Healthy Buildings 190HVAC, Building Envelope and Materials, and IAQ Interaction 194References and Resources 195

Chapter Ten: Energy Distribution Systems 197Energy Exchange 197Energy Delivery Methods 198Steam 202Hydronics 204Air 209Electric 210References and Resources 219

Chapter Eleven: Energy Conversion Systems 221Heat Generators (Heating Plants) 221


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Cooling Generators (Chilled-Water Plants) 221Cooling System Heat Sinks 224Cooling Tower Systems 224District Energy Systms 228Cooling System Heat Sinks 231Distributed Electricity Generation 231Water Consumption Due

to Cooling System Operation 237References and Resources 278

Chapter Twelve: Energy/Water Sources 279Renewable/Nonrenewable Energy Sources 279Solar 281Wind 290Hydro 292Biomass 293Water 293References and Resources 309

Chapter Thirteen: Lighting Systems 313Electric Lighting 313Daylight Harvesting 325The Light Conveyor 328Lighting Controls 328Cost Considerations 332References and Resources 336

Chapter Fourteen: Water Efficiency 337The Energy-Water Balance 338Water Supply 338Cooling Tower Systems 340Domestic Water Heating 346Sanitary Waste 347Storm Drainage 347Fire Suppression Systems 347Water Recovery and Reuse 347References and Resources 373

Chapter Fifteen: Building Automation Systems 375Control System Role in Delivering Energy Efficiency 376Control System Role in Delivering Water Efficiency 377Control System Role in Delivering IEQ 378Control System Commissioning Process 380


xi

Control System Role in Attaining LEED Certification 384Designing for Sustained Efficiency 394References and Resources 401

Chapter Sixteen: Completing Design and Documentation for Construction 403Drawings/Documents Stage 403Specifying Materials/Equipment 403Cost Estimating and Budget Reconciliation 404Bidding 404Managing Risk 405References and Resources 408

SECTION 3: POSTDESIGN—CONSTRUCTION AND BEYOND

Chapter Seventeen: Construction 411Construction Practices and Methods 411The Engineer’s Role in Construction Quality 412References and Resources 415

Chapter Eighteen: Operation/Maintenance/ Performance Evaluation 417Commissioning for Building Occupancy 417Energy Efficiency in Existing Buildings 419Retrofit Strategies for Existing Buildings 420Retrocommissioning (SM) 420Measurement and Verification (M&V) 421International Performance Measurement and

Verification Protocol 421Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP)

Guidelines Version 2.2 422FEMP M&V Option A Detailed Guidelines 422ASHRAE Guideline 14-2002 422Building Labeling 422Occupant Surveys 423References and Resources 426

References and Resources 429Terms, Definitions, and Acronyms 453Index 459


xii

GREENTIPS

ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #1: Performing Arts Spaces 103ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #2: Health Care Facilities 105ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #3: Laboratory Facilities 107ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #4: Student Residence Halls 109ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #5:

Athletic and Recreation Facilities 111ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #6:

Commercial Office Buildings 113ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #7: K-12 School Buildings 115ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #8: Existing Buildings 117ASHRAE GreenTip #9: Night Precooling 172ASHRAE GreenTip #10: Plug Loads 177ASHRAE GreenTip #11: Variable-Flow/Variable-Speed

Pumping Systems 211ASHRAE GreenTip #12: Variable Refrigerant Flow (VRF)

Systems 215ASHRAE GreenTip #13: Pulse-Powered,

Chemical-Free Water Treatment 238ASHRAE GreenTip #14: CHP Systems 241ASHRAE GreenTip #15: Low-NOx Burners 246ASHRAE GreenTip #16: Combustion Air Preheating 248ASHRAE GreenTip #17: Combination Space/Water Heaters 250ASHRAE GreenTip #18: Ground-Source

Heat Pumps (GSHPs) 252ASHRAE GreenTip #19: Water-Loop Heat Pump Systems 256ASHRAE GreenTip #20: TES for Cooling 259ASHRAE GreenTip #21: Double-Effect Absorption Chillers 264ASHRAE GreenTip #22: Gas Engine-Driven Chillers 267ASHRAE GreenTip #23: Gas-Fired Chillers/Heaters 269ASHRAE GreenTip #24: Desiccant Cooling

and Dehumidification 272ASHRAE GreenTip #25: Indirect Evaporative Cooling 275ASHRAE GreenTip #26: Passive Solar Thermal Energy Systems 295ASHRAE GreenTip #27: Active Solar Thermal Energy Systems 298ASHRAE GreenTip #28: Solar Energy System—PV 301ASHRAE GreenTip #29: Solar Protection 305ASHRAE GreenTip #30: Light Conveyors 334ASHRAE GreenTip #31: Water-Conserving Plumbing Fixtures 351ASHRAE GreenTip #32: Graywater Systems 356


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ASHRAE GreenTip #33: Point-of-Use Domestic Hot-Water Heaters 359

ASHRAE GreenTip #34: Direct-Contact Water Heaters 362ASHRAE GreenTip #35: Rainwater Harvesting 365ASHRAE GreenTip #36: Air-Handling Unit (AHU)

Condensate Capture and Reuse 369ASHRAE GreenTip #37: Mixed-Air Temperature (MAT)

Reset 395ASHRAE GreenTip #38: Cold-Deck Temperature Reset

with Humidity Override 398

Building-Type GreenTips

ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #1: Performing Arts Spaces 103ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #2: Health Care Facilities 105ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #3: Laboratory Facilities 107ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #4: Student Residence Halls 109ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #5: Athletic and Recreation Facilities 111ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #6: Commercial Office Buildings 113ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #7: K-12 School Buildings 115ASHRAE Building-Type GreenTip #8: Existing Buildings 117

DIGGING DEEPER SIDEBARS

International Perspective: Regulations and Commentary 8Some Definitions and Views of Sustainability

from Other Sources 14Justifications for Green Design 55National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s

Nine-Step Process for Low-Energy Building Design 83One Firm’s Green Building Design Process Checklist 84Canada’s C-2000 Program 85One Firm’s Commissioning Checklist 135Key Considerations in the HVAC Design Process 170How Much Water Will Collect at Design Conditions? 348One Design Firm’s Materials Specification Checklist 406Construction Factors to Consider in a Green Design 414One Design Firm’s Operations, Maintenance, and

Performance Evaluation Checklist 425


FOREWORDby William Coad

xv

Mechanical engineering has been defined as “the applied science of energy conversion.” ASHRAE is the preeminent technical society that represents engi-neers practicing in the fields of heating, refrigeration, and air conditioning—the technology that utilizes approximately one-third of the global nonrenewable energy consumed annually.

ASHRAE membership has actively pursued more effective means of utilizing these precious nonrenewable resources for many decades from the standpoints of source availability, efficiency of utilization, and technology of substituting with renewable sources. One significant publication in ASHRAE Transactions is a paper authored in 1951 by G.W. Gleason, Dean of Engineering at Oregon State Univer-sity, titled “Energy—Choose it Wisely Today for Safety Tomorrow.” The flip side of the energy coin is the environment and, again, ASHRAE has historically dealt with the impact that the practice of the HVAC&R sciences have had upon both the indoor and the global environment.

However, the engineering community, to a great extent, serves the needs and desires of accepted economic norms and the consuming public, a large majority of whom have not embraced the energy/environmental ethic. As a result, much of the technology in energy effectiveness and environmental sensitivity that ASHRAE members have developed over this past century has had limited impact upon society.

In 1975, when ASHRAE published ASHRAE Standard 90-75, Energy Conservation in New Building Design (ASHRAE 1975), that standard served as our initial outreach effort to develop an awareness of the energy ethic and to extend our capabilities throughout society as a whole. Since that time, updated revisions of Standard 90 have moved the science ahead. In 1993, the chapter on “Energy Resources” was added to the 1993 ASHRAE Handbook—Fundamen-tals. In 2002, ASHRAE entered into a partnering agreement with the U.S. Green Building Council, and it is intended that this and future editions of this design guide will continue to assist ASHRAE in its efforts at promoting sustain-able design, as well as the many other organizations that have advocated for high-performance building design.


xvi

The consuming public and other representative groups of building professionals continue to become more and more aware of the societal need to provide buildings that are more energy resource effective and environmentally compatible. This publi-cation, authored and edited by ASHRAE volunteers, is intended to complement those efforts.

ASHRAE will continue to advance its leadership through initiatives such as “The Sustainability Roadmap.” Information on this effort can be found on ASHRAE’s Engineering for Sustainability Web site, www.engineeringfor sustainability.org/.


PREFACEby John Swift and David Grumman

xvii

When the ASHRAE GreenGuide was first developed in 2003, it was intended that the Guide would be a continuous work in progress. The second and now this third edition fulfill that intent and represent ASHRAE’s continued commitment to leadership in the areas of high-performance building design and operation.

The third edition features new information on guidelines on sustainable energy master planning, updates on teaming strategies, information on how issues related to carbon emissions affect building design and operational deci-sions, building information modeling, strategies for greening existing buildings, updates on newly developed green building rating systems and standards, addi-tional information on building energy modeling and follow-up measurement and verification, compliance strategies for key ASHRAE standards. This edition also includes new chapters on water efficiency and indoor environmental quality, and new GreenTips including those with green strategies for chilled-water plant and boiler plant design.

WHO SHOULD USE THE ASHRAE GREENGUIDEThe ASHRAE GreenGuide is primarily for HVAC&R designers, but it is

also a useful reference for architects, owners, building managers, operators, contractors, and others in the building industry who want to understand some of the technical issues regarding high-performance design from an integrated, building systems perspective. Considerable emphasis is placed on teamwork and close coordination between parties.

This is intended to be a publication that a design engineer, about to embark on a green building design project as part of a team, could read for immediate ideas and guidance on what to do, where to turn, what to advise, and how to inter-act with other team members in a productive way. This Guide is intended to be a key reference for engineers to find information about any green-design subject that may arise. A comprehensive index is provided to facilitate rapid access to reference material on a given subject.


xviii

THE PURPOSE OF THE ASHRAE GREENGUIDE When the original subcommittee first started its work, it set forth some charac-

teristics of what the guide was to be. One was that it have a well-defined purpose. That purpose was to provide guidance on how to apply green design techniques, not necessarily to motivate the use of them. Much has been written on the need for green building design, and this aspect is covered herein. The reader should assume that when the HVAC&R designer finds himself or herself in a situation where a green design is to be done, this Guide will help answer the following question: “What do I do now?”

Other characteristics sought were that it be relevant to the target audience, use-ful and practical, concise and succinct, well organized and logical. Furthermore, the Guide is intended to be used as a tool to encourage team effort and to stimulate innovative ideas and independent thought. Finally, we wanted the reader to be able to find information easily.

HOW TO USE THE ASHRAE GREENGUIDEThis document is intended to be used more as a reference than as something

one would read in sequence from beginning to end. The table of contents is the best place for any reader to get an overall view of what is covered in this publication. Throughout the Guide, numerous techniques, processes, measures, or special sys-tems are described succinctly in a modified outline or bullet form. These are called ASHRAE GreenTips. Each GreenTip concludes with a listing of other sources that may be referenced for greater detail. (A list of GreenTips and Digging Deeper sidebars can be found in the Table of Contents.)

All readers should take the time to read Chapter 1, “Green/Sustainable High-Performance Design,” which provides some essential definitions and meanings of key terms. Chapter 2, “Background and Fundamentals,” might well be skipped by the more experienced readers. This chapter covers the background of the green design movement and what other organizations have done, and it reviews some engineering fundamentals that govern the technical aspects of green design.

Chapter 3 provides an overview of project strategies. Chapter 4 covers the early stages of the design process, and Chapter 5 highlights architectural design and planning impacts. These chapters are essential reading for all who are interested in how the green design process works. Building-Type GreenTips are included at the end of Chapter 5. Chapter 6 provides an overview of the commissioning process, a critical component that needs to be addressed from the beginning on all truly suc-cessful high-performance building projects. Chapter 7 describes green rating sys-tems and the relevant standards and paths to compliance, as they relate to the work of the mechanical engineers. GreenTips focused on compliance with ASHRAE Standards are provided at the end of Chapter 7.


xix

The next nine chapters deal with virtually all of the practical suggestions for possible strategies and concepts to be appropriately incorporated into a green build-ing design. Chapters 17–18 cover what happens after the design documents for the project have been completed—that is, during construction, final commissioning, and the post occupancy phases of a building project. There is some sound advice and helpful tips in these chapters. So, even though they cover a postdesign time frame, reading them should not be put off until construction begins.

At the end of the Guide there is a comprehensive “References and Resources” section, which compiles all the sources mentioned throughout the guide, and an index for rapid location of a particular subject of interest.

BACKGROUND ON THE ASHRAE GREENGUIDEThe GreenGuide Subcommittee of ASHRAE Technical Committee (TC) 1.10,

Energy Resources, was responsible for creating this guide. (Just prior to completion of the first edition, TC 1.10 merged with Task Group [TG] Buildings’ Impact on the Environment [BIE] to form TC 2.8, Building Environmental Impact and Sus-tainability.) Members of that first subcommittee were David L. Grumman, Fellow ASHRAE, chair and editor; Jordan L. Heiman, Fellow ASHRAE; and Sheila Hay-ter, chair of TC 1.10.

The idea for the publication was initiated by 1999–2000 ASHRAE President Jim Wolf and carried forward by then President Elect (and subsequently President) William J. Coad.

The GreenGuide Subcommittee responsible for the second and third editions con-sisted of John Swift, Tom Lawrence, and the people noted in the Acknowledgments section.

All work performed—by the authors, editors, developing subcommittees, other reviewers, and TC participants—was voluntary.


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

xxi

The following individuals served as coeditors on this edition of the ASHRAE GreenGuide, provided written materials and editorial content, and formed the Senior Editorial Group of the ASHRAE TC 2.8 GreenGuide Subcommittee for the second and third editions:

John M. Swift, Jr.Cannon Design, Boston, MA

Thomas LawrenceUniversity of Georgia, Athens, GA

The following individuals contributed written materials on various topics for one or all of the first three editions of the ASHRAE GreenGuide. All or portions of these contributions were incorporated, with editing.

David L. GrummanEditor of the first edition of the

GreenGuideGrumman/Butkus Associates,

Evanston, IL

H. Jay EnckSenior Editor of the second editionCommissioning & Green Building

Solutions, Buford, GA

Malcolm LewisSenior Editor of the second edition

CTG Energetics, Irvine, CA

Rand Ekman, Stu BrodskyOWP/P- Cannon Design, Chicago, IL

Mark LoefflerAltier Ten, New Haven, CT

B. Andrew PriceStanley Consultants, Inc.

Muscatine, IA

Steven BaumgartnerBuro Happold

Consulting Engineers, PC New York, NY

Dimitri ContoyannisIntegrated Environmental

Solutions Limited San Francisco, CA

Dunstan MacauleyEncon Group, Inc., Kensington, MD

Kevin CrossHoneywell, Ft. Collins, CO

Jason PerryUniversity of Georgia, Athens, GA

Neil MoiseevShen Milsom & Wilke, Inc.,

New York, NY

John Lane and Daryn ClineEvapco, Inc., Taneytown, MD


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John AndrepontThe Cool Solutions Company, Lisle, IL

Paul Torcellini and Michael DeruNational Renewable Energy

Laboratory, Golden, CO

Wladyslaw Jan KowalskiPennsylvania State University,

University Park, PA

Steven RosenAutodesk, Boston, MA

Jerry AckermanClearwater Systems Corporation,

Essex, CT

Jordan L. HeimanSt. Louis, MO

Mark Mendell, Sara Schonour, Michael Forth, and James Bones

Cannon Design, Boston, MA

Len DamianoGreen Building Controls Subcommittee

Chair, ASHRAE TC 1.4, and Ebtron

Kimberly BarkerASHRAE TC 1.4, and Siemens

Bill BeckerChicago ITT and Urban Wind Design,

Chicago, IL

Bion HowardBuilding Environmental Science

and Technology, Hilton Head, SC

Mark HertelASHRAE TC 6.7, and SunEarth, Inc.

Constantinos A. BalarasInstitute for Environmental Research

& Sustainable Development,National Observatory of Athens (NOA)

E. Mitchell SwannMDC Systems Corp., LLC

Ainul AbedinPast President,

ASHRAE Pakistan Chapter

Brian A. RockSchool of Architecture

and Urban Design, The University of Kansas,

Lawrence, KS

Amy ButterfieldGeorgia Institute of Technology,

Atlanta, GA

Michael GallivanTurner Construction Co., Inc.

Mark Hydemann and Glenn Fried-man

Taylor Engineering, Alameda, CA

Ron PerkinsSupersymmetry USA, Navasota, TX

Vikas Patnaik and Mick SchwedlerTrane, Co., LaCrosse, WI

Hal LevinBuilding Ecology Research Group,

Santa Cruz, CA

Krishnan GowriPacific Northwest Laboratory,

Richland, WA

Gail S. BragerUniversity of California, Berkely, CA

Dean BorgesUniversity of Nevada, Reno, NV

Paul McGregorMcGregor & Associates,

Lake Cove, Australia

Brad JonesSebesta Blomberg, Boston, MA

David BeargLife Energy Associates, Newton, MA

Karl StumSummit Building Engineering, LLC,

Vancouver, WA

Guy S. FrankenfieldNatgun Corporation


xxiii

James BenyaBenya Lighting Design, West Linn, OR

Stephen CarpenterEnermodal Engineering, Ltd.,

Kitchener, ON CAN

Michael DeruNational Renewable Energy

Laboratory, Golden, CO

Kevin DickensJacobs Facilities, Inc., St. Louis, MO

Michael Haggans and Garrick Maine

Flad & Associates, Madison, WI

Jordan L. HeimanSt. Louis, MO

Mark HydemannTaylor Engineering, Alameda, CA

James KellerGausman & Moore, St. Paul, MN

John KokkoEnermodal Engineering, Ltd.,

Kitchener, ON CAN

Nils L. LarssonCETC, National Resources Canada,

Ottawa, ON CAN

Blair McCarryKeen Engineering Co., Ltd., North

Vancouver, BC, CAN

Ron PerkinsSupersymmetry USA, Navasota, TX

Douglas T. ReindlUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison,

Madison, WI

Wayne RobertsonEnergy Ace, Inc., Decatur, GA

Marc RosenbaumEnergysmiths, Meriden, NH

Mick SchwedlerTrane, La Crosse, WI

Eddie LeonardiSchool of Mechanical

and Manufacturing Engineering,The University of New South Wales,

Sydney, Australia

Eugene StamperNew Jersey Institute of Technology

(retired), Newark, NJ

Stephen TurnerStephen Turner, Inc., Providence, RI

Charles WilkinHanson Professional Services, Inc.,

Springfield, IL

Lastly, we want to express our thanks to Megan Firko, a mechanical engineer at Cannon Design, Boston, Massachusetts, for her help with organizing the graphics that were used in the third edition and obtaining the necessary permissions to use them.


Section 1:Basics
