Prof. Walid ChakrounKuwait UniversitySixth "Zayed Seminar" onGreen Economy: Success Stories from the GCCMay 8-9 , 2013

ASHRAE 90.2 –KuwaitWhat Can be Learned From It?

Today’s building designsmortgage our energy future.

3

Why Are Buildings So Important?

• World total energy consumption is expected to increase as high as 50 percent in less than a decade.

• Buildings are responsible for 38% of total energy use –that figure increases to up to 70% in some countries.

40% of U.S. Primary Energy Consumption

Source: 2007 Buildings Energy Data Book. Tables 1.1.3, 1.2.3, 1.3.3

Fastest Growing Energy Sector

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Qua

ds

Year

IndustrialTransportationBuildings Total

Source: EIA Annual Energy Review, Tables 2.1b-2.1f., June 2007

Building Energy Efficiency

“…is the single most important opportunity for reducing greenhouse gas emissions” (2007-2008 ASHRAE President Kent Peterson)

“…is the “fastest-growing success story of the last 50 years” (American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy)

ASHRAE Standards

• ASHRAE had existing standards for residential and commercial buildings, for residential and commercial ventilation requirements and others

Standard 90.2

The purpose of this standard is to provide minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design of residential buildings.

Standard 90.1• Recently established by U.S.

Department of Energy as the commercial building reference standard for state building energy codes.

• States must certify compliance by October 2013

• DOE determined 18.5% less building energy use than 2007 standard

• It was determined to be 30% less building energy use than 2004 standard

Green Building Standard

• Published in January 2010• Serves as benchmark for

sustainable green buildings – does not apply to all buildings

• Addresses energy, impact on the atmosphere, sustainable sites, water use, materials and resources and IEQ

www.ashrae.org/greenstandard

ASHRAE 90.2 KuwaitEnergy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise

Residential Buildings in KuwaitCase Study

The Kuwaiti Government Needed:

• A comprehensive residential building energy efficiency standard in response to a growing residential energy need

• A standard that covered the building design and all of its components, including air conditioning and ventilation air

Requirements

The ministry requested a standard for use with residential houses

•Written in simple code language

•To be developed within six months

•To be a stand alone standard

The Solution

1. In late 2009, a group of ASHRAE members from the United States and Kuwait University came together to create a version of ASHRAE Standard 90.2-2007 to take into account the differences between existing standards and the needs of Kuwait

2. Existing Kuwaiti building and energy requirement related documents were reviewed, and an outline of the requirements for the new standard was developed

3. The appropriate sections of the various existing standards were identified and pulled together to form an outline of a 90.2 Kuwait standard

4. The outline was then further tailored and filled in to meet the needs of the Kuwait residential construction market

5. Specific new materials were developed for the Kuwait standard, such as the requirement for creating a positive pressure environment to control the infiltration of dust

The Solution

The Solution

6. Upon completion of a first public review draft, it was presented to, and discussed with, a group of Ministry of Energy and Water engineers

The Solution

7. Their input was then factored into a revision of the draft standard, and it was again presented to, and discussed with, a second group of Ministry of Energy and Water engineers

8. Input from the second review was then factored into the final ASHRAE Standard 90.2 Kuwait

The Results

• ASHRAE Standard 90.2 Kuwait was then published in March 2010, and subsequently presented to the Kuwait Ministry of Energy and Water

• The project was so successful that the ministry is considering more cooperation with ASHRAE on modifying the school and hospital design guidelines developed earlier by ASHRAE to suit Kuwait.”

ASHRAE 90.2Kuwait

Energy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings in Kuwait

ASHRAE 90.2Kuwait

Energy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential Buildings in Kuwait

Standard 90.2 Kuwait Content

1) Purpose2) Scope3) Definitions, Abbreviations, Acrony

ms, and Symbols4) Administration and Enforcement5) Building Envelope Requirements6) Heating, Ventilating, and Air

Conditioning7) Indoor Environmental Quality 8) Lighting9) Climatic Data

• Normative Appendix A—Rated R-value of Insulation and Assembly U-Factor, C-Factor, and F-Factor Determinations

• Informative Appendix B—HVAC and Ventilation Systems

2.) Scope

This standard provides minimum energy-efficiency requirements for the design and construction of:a. new residential dwelling units and their

systems

b. where explicitly specified:1. new portions of residential dwelling units and

their systems2. new systems and equipment in existing dwelling

units

4.) Administration and Enforcement

• Scope• Administrative Requirements• Compliance Paths• Compliance Documentation

5.) Building Envelope Requirements

• Roof Insulation• Above-grade Wall Insulation• Below-Grade Wall Insulation• Floor Insulation• Fenestration and Doors

Table 5.1 Building Envelope Requirements - IP (SI) Units

Opague Elements Assembly Maximum Insulation Min R-Value Assembly Maximum Insulation Min R-Value

RoofsInsulation Entirely Above Deck (Cont. Ins.) U-0.048 (0.273) R-20 (3.5) C.I. U-0.093 (0.527) R-10.0 (1.8) C.I.

Walls, Above-GradeMass (Continuous Insulation) U-0.080 (0.453) R-13.3 (2.3) C.I. U-0.104 (0.592) R-9.5 (1.7) C.I.

Walls, Below-Grade C-0.119 (0.678) R-7.5 (1.3) C.I. C-1.14 (6.473) NR

Floors

Mass U-0.087 (0.496) R-8.3 (1.5) C.I. U-0.137 (0.780) R-4.2 (0.7) C.I.Steel-Joist U-0.052 (0.296) R-19.0 (3.3) U-0.052 (0.296) R-19.0 (3.3)

Wood-Framed and Other U-0.033 (0.188) R-30.0 (5.3) U-0.051 (0.288) R-19.0 (3.3)

Slab-On-Grade-Floors F-0.520 (0.90) R-15 (2.6) for 24 in (60 cm) F-0.73 (1.263) NR

Opague DoorsAll Assemblies U-0.5 (2.839) U-0.5 (2.839)

Fenestration Assembly Maximum U Assembly Maximum SHGC Assembly Maximum U Assembly Maximum SHGC

Vertical Glazing, 0%-30% of WallAll Assemblies U-0.47 (2.668) SHGC-0.25 U-0.65 (3.695) NR

Skylight with Curb, Glass, % of Roof0%-3.0% all types U-0.75 (4.259) SHGC-0.35 U-1.8 (10.22) SHGC-0.35

Residential Conditioned Residential Unconditioned

Opaque Elements

OR

6.) Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning

• New Buildings• Additions to Existing Buildings• Alterations to Ventilating and Air-Conditioning in

Existing Building• Equipment Efficiencies, Verification, and Labeling

Requirements• Minimum Equipment Ventilation and Air

Conditioning System Construction and Insulation

Equipment Type (a)

Size Category (IP)

Size Category (SI)

Heating Section Type

Sub-Category or Rating Condition

(IP) Cooling Efficiency

(SI) Cooling Efficiency

Test Conditions

Test Procedure

<65,000 Btu/h <19 kW 7.23 EER or > 1.66 kW/ton or < ARI 210/240

≥65,000 Btu/h and

<135,000Btu/h

≥19 kW and

<40 kW7.06 EER or > 1.70 kW/ton or

<

≥135,000 Btu/h and

<240,000 Btu/h

≥40 kW and

<70 kW7.06 EER or > 1.70 kW/ton or

<

≥240,000 Btu/h and

<760,000 Btu/h

≥70 kW and

<223 kW6.52 EER or > 1.84 kW/ton or

<

≥760,000 Btu/h ≥223 kW 6.22 EER or > 1.93 kW/ton or <

Through-the-Wall, Air Cooled ≤30,000 Btu/h ≤8.8 kW 6.67 EER or > 1.80 kW/ton or

<Small Duct, High-Velocity, Air Cooled

<65,000 Btu/h <19 kWSplit

Systems 6.67 EER or > 1.80 kW/ton or <

TABLE 6.4 Electrically Operated Air Conditioners, and Packaged Units - Efficiency Requirements

a - All units shall operate continously at 125F (52C).

ARI 210/240

ARI 340/360

Electric Resistance (or None)

Split System

and Single Package

Air Conditioners, Air Cooled

118.4/80/67 F (IP)

48/26.6/19.4 C (SI)

40

45

50

55

60

65

70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Capacity vs. Outdoor Temperature

Outdoor Temperature - F

Uni

t Cap

acity

-B

tu/h

(000

s)

Air Conditioner System Performance

Air Conditioner System Performance

4

4.5

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

70 80 90 100 110 120 130

Power vs. Outdoor Temperature

Outdoor Temperature - F

Uni

t Pow

er-k

W

Air Conditioner System Performance

6

8

10

12

14

16

70 80 90 100 110 120 130

EER vs. Outdoor TemperatureU

nit

EE

R-B

tu/W

hr

Outdoor Temperature - F

Air Conditioner System Performance

0.5

0.7

0.9

1.1

1.3

1.5

1.7

1.9

2.1

70 80 90 100 110 120 130

kW/ton vs. Outdoor Temperature

Outdoor Temperature - F

Uni

tP

erfo

rman

ce -

kW/to

n

7.) Indoor Environmental Quality

• Whole-Building Ventilation• Local Exhaust• Minimum Filtration• Air-Moving Equipment• Noise Level

8.) Lighting

Installed Interior Lighting Power

9.) Climatic Data

• Geographical Data• Extreme Recorded Conditions• Design Conditions

House / AC Unit Performance

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

225 275 325 375 425 475 525 575

Outdoor TemperatureIndoor Temperature

am Time of Day pm

Hea

t Flo

w -

Wat

ts

Tem

pera

ture

-C

House / AC Unit Performance

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

225 275 325 375 425 475 525 575

Outdoor TemperatureA/C Unit CapacityIndoor Temperature

am Time of Day pm

Hea

t Flo

w -

Wat

ts

Tem

pera

ture

-C

House / AC Unit Performance

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

225 275 325 375 425 475 525 575

Outdoor TemperatureHouse LoadIndoor Temperature

am Time of Day pm

Hea

t Flo

w -

Wat

ts

Tem

pera

ture

-C

House / AC Unit Performance

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

225 275 325 375 425 475 525 575

Outdoor TemperatureHouse LoadA/C Unit CapacityIndoor Temperature

am Time of Day pm

Hea

t Flo

w -

Wat

ts

Tem

pera

ture

-C

Questions/Discussion