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TRANSCRIPT
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Derivative AnalysisAssignment Title: Pakistan Financial Market Structure
Prepared By:
Syed Imran Haider (10123027)
Muhammad Imran Mushtaq (11122003)Fahad Nadeem (11223022)
Fakhar Abbas (11122002)
Submitted To:
Mr. Faisal Munir
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Table of ContentsBasic Financial System: ................................................................................................................................. 3
Financial Market: .......................................................................................................................................... 3
Pakistan Financial Market Structure: ............................................................................................................ 4
Money Market .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Money Market Players: ............................................................................................................................. 5
Money Market Products: .......................................................................................................................... 5
Capital Market: ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Pakistan Debt Market ............................................................................................................................... 6
Equity Market: .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Equity Market Products: ........................................................................................................................... 7
Derivative Market: .................................................................................................................................... 7
Derivatives in Pakistans Capital Market:.................................................................................................. 8
Stock Index Futures: .................................................................................................................................. 8
Cash Settled futures: ................................................................................................................................. 8
Deliverable Futures: .................................................................................................................................. 9
Mutual Funds: ............................................................................................................................. 9
Types of Mutual Funds ............................................................................................................... 9
Open-ended Funds....................................................................................................................... 9
Closed-end Funds ........................................................................................................................ 9
Roles Among Financial Intuitions: ............................................................................................... 12
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Basic Financial System:
Main purpose of financial market is to facilitate the flow of funds lender to borrowers. When any
entity is needed finance, it will have two options, either to borrow finance directly from lender or
to approach an intermediary or market where it can get finance,
The funds from lenders to borrows are transferred via financial intermediaries or financial
market. A perfect example of financial intermediary is a bank which collects funds from borrows
in shape of deposits and lend those funds in shape of loan. In financial markets, the borrowers
collect the funds by sharing ownership of their companies in shape of securities or pay coupon
by issuing bonds. Furthermore, the financial intermediaries and financial market are also
interconnected to each other
Financial Market:
Financial is a marketplace where buyers and sellers participate in the trade of assets such as
equities, bonds, currencies and derivatives. The buyers comes in financial market in order for the
Purpose of investment and sellers comes here for the purpose of acquiring finance for the
businesses.
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Pakistan Financial Market Structure:
Following is the hieratical structure of Pakistans financial market:
Money Market
Money market refers to the market for short term assets that are close substitutes of money,
usually with maturities of less than a year.
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Money Market Players:
Central Bank (State Bank of Pakistan). Commercial Banks, Co-operative Banks and Primary Dealers are allowed to borrow and
lend.
Specified Pakistani Financial Institutions, Mutual Funds, and certain specified entities areallowed to access to Call/Notice money market only as lenders.
Individuals, firms, companies, corporate bodies, trusts and institutions can purchase thetreasury bills, CPs and CDs.
Money Market Products:
Following are some instruments used in money market:
Treasury Bills Certificate of Deposit Commercial Paper Local Authority Bills Bills of Exchange Call Deposit Term Deposit Floating Rate Notes
Capital Market:
Capital market is a financial market in Pakistan where long term debts and equity type securities
and derivatives are traded. Here long term means the security must have the maturity greater than
one year. The companies consider capital market for long term investment to their businesses.
The capital market securities have two major types, The debs security and equity type security.
In debts securities, the institutions issue bonds in order to borrow funds and in equity type
security, the institutions issue securities which let the owner of security to enjoy ownership of
that specific institution in order to share the profit and loss.
When a financial instrument is first issued, it is sold in the primary market. A secondary market
is such in which financial instruments are resold among investors. No new capital is raised by the
issuer of the security. Trading takes place among investors. Secondary markets are also classified
in terms of organized stock exchanges and over-the counter(OTC) markets. Stock exchanges are
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central trading locations where financial instruments are traded. In contrast, an OTC market is
generally where unlisted financial instruments are traded.
Pakistan Debt Market
A debt market establishes a structured environment where debt type securities can be tradedwith ease between interested parties. The debt market often known by other names, based on the
types of debt instruments that are traded in that market. In the event that the market deals mainly
with the trading of municipal, corporate and Federal bond issues or National Savings Bond, the
debt market may be known as a bond market. If mortgages and notes are the main focus of the
trading, the debt market may be known as a credit market. When fixed rates are connected with
the debt instruments like Fixed Income Securities, the market may be known as a fixed income
market. If TFCs are trading in the market, the market would be known as TFC Market.
The bond market in Pakistan covers debt and debt like securities issued by the government,
statutory corporations and corporate entities. The market is regulated under the Regulation
Governing Bonds Automated Trading Regulations.
Equity Market:
Equity market is a market where shares of the companies are traded. The share of a company
gives the ownership of the company to the share holder so shareholder can share the profit and
loss of a company.
When a financial instrument is first issued, it is sold in the primary market which is called Initial
Public Offering . A secondary market is such in which financial instruments are resold among
investors. No new capital is raised by the issuer of the security. Trading takes place among
investors.
Secondary markets are also classified in terms of organized stock exchanges and over-the
counter(OTC) markets. Stock exchanges are central trading locations where financial
instruments are traded. Some major stock exchanges of Pakistan are, Karachi Stock Exchange,
Lahore Stock Exchange and Islamabad Stock Exchange
In contrast, an OTC market is generally where unlisted financial instruments are traded.
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Equity Market Products:
There are two major types of stocks issued by the companies
Common stocks
Preferred stocks
Common stocks are those stocks which give the voting rights to the share holder and shareholder
shares the profit and loss of the company not by a fix amount but according to his share. The
shareholders dividend may vary according to profits of the company
In preferred stocks, the shareholder does not have the voting rights and shares a fix amount of
profit of the company as dividend.
Derivative Market:Derivative is a financial instrument whose characteristics and value depend upon the
characteristics and value of an underlying asset, typically a commodity, bond, equity or
currency. Examples of derivatives include futures and options (Source: Investor Words.com)
Financial markets can be classified in terms of cash market and derivative markets. The cash
market, also referred to as the spot market, is the market for the immediate purchase and sale of a
financial instrument. In contrast, some financial instruments are contracts that specify that the
contract holder has either the obligation or the choice to buy or sell another something at or bysome future date
Pakistan equity derivatives products were launched on the Karachi Stock Exchange in 2001.
Initially one month deliverable single stock futures were introduced.
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Derivatives in Pakistans Capital Market:
Stock Index Futures:
Stock Index futures are traded in terms of number of contracts. Each contract is to buy or sell a
fixed value of index. Stock index futures contract settlement occurs 90 days after the contract is
purchased.
Cash settled futures:
A standardized contract to buy and sell certain underlying instrument at a certain date in future at
a specific price. All settlements occur purely on cash basis. Settlements occurs 30, 60 or 90 days
after the contract is purchased.
Derivatives
Financial
Deliverable Features
Cash Satteled
Features
Index Features
commodities
Deliverable Futures
(Gold Futures, Rice
Future,)
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Deliverable Futures:
Forward contract to buy and sell an underlying instrument with actual delivery of underlying
instrument. Settlement occurs 30 days after the contract is purchased.
Mutual Funds:A mutual fund is a collective investment scheme, which specializes in investing a pool of money
collected from many investors for the purpose of investing in securities such as stocks, bonds,
money market instruments and similar assets. A fund's portfolio is structured and maintained to
match the investment objectives stated in its prospectus.
One of the main advantages of funds is that they give small investors access to professionally
managed, diversified portfolios of equities, bonds and other securities, which would be quite
difficult (if not impossible) to create with a small amount of capital. The income earned through
these investments and the capital appreciations realized are shared by its unit holders in
proportion to the number of units owned by them.
Types of Mutual Funds
Funds can be open-ended funds or closed-end funds depending on their structure.
Open-ended Funds
These funds are in a continuous process of issuing shares/ units on demand and redeeming
shares/ units on demand. The shares/ units do not trade on a market. The number of shares/ units
outstanding varies each time the net asset valuation calculation is carried out, which is daily for
most open-ended funds.
Closed-end Funds
Closed-end funds issue a specific number of shares. Their capitalization is fixed. The shares are
not redeemable, but are readily transferable and traded on either a stock exchange or the over-
the-counter market. The price of a closed-end fund share fluctuates based on investor supply and
demand. Closed-end funds are not required to redeem shares and have managed portfoliosProducts of Mutual funds:
Stock Funds Income and Money Market Funds
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Hybrid Funds Pension Funds Islamic Funds Specialty Funds
Depositaries:
Central Depository Company of Pakistan Limited (CDC) is the only depository in Pakistan. The
Company started operations in September 1997. CDC is the sole entity handling the electronic
(paperless) settlement of transactions carried out at all three stock exchanges of the country.
Non Banking Financial Institutions:
A non-bank financial institution (NBFI) is a financial institution that does not have a
full banking license or is not supervised by a national or international banking regulatory agency
but facilitates bank-related financial services.
In Pakistan, Following are some non banking financial intuitions:
Leasing Companies Investment Banks
Modarba Companies Housing Finance Companies
Pakistan Financial Regulation:
There are two main regulatory authorities in Pakistan which regulate and control the financial
institution according to prescribed laws:
State Bank of Pakistan Security and Exchange Commission of Pakistan
The following table is displaying the role of these authorities in order to control financial
institutions:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_institution -
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State Bank of Pakistan
Public Sector Banks
Private Banks Foreign Banks
Investment Banks
Development Banks
Micro Finance Banks
Islamic Banks
Securities and Exchange Commision of Pakistan
Insurance Companies
Stock Exchanges
Leasing
Modarba
Mutual Fund
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Roles Among Financial Intuitions:
Financial Intermediaries perform intermediary role between surplus unit and deficit units in
financial market. The funds from surplus units, policy holders and employee and employers are
transferred to depository institutions, finance companies, mutual funds, insurance companies and
pensions funds and ultimately reach to deficit units which can be firms, government, agencies or
some individuals as shown in following figure: